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思想与哲学(9) - “我的本体”(C) 2014-01-11 05:43:24
思想与哲学(9) - “我的本体”(C)


思维,是人的精神的主要部分(另一部分是心理的因素,这里不讨论)。精神作为一
种“物质”,被“正式发现”,是4百年前欧洲近代史的开创者,大哲学家笛卡尔的
功劳。


笛氏认为,世界上只有两种存在,一种叫普通的物质,一种叫“精神物质”。大家
知道,他将后者的发现拿来用作自己哲学的出发点。但他没有深究这个精神物质发
现的意义。也就是说,精神到底意味着什么?精神的本质是什么?后来的哲学家,
也都是拿来他的精神的发现,如同笛氏本人一样,用在自己的体系中。如康德明确
地将范畴从中提出(区别与亚里士多德的范畴提法);黑格尔认为,精神,是他的
“哲学百科全书”系统的源泉,称为“绝对精神”。因为他科学逻辑,辩证法,就
是由“潜在-自然-精神”的三步曲组成。叔本化认为精神中的“意志”,才是一切
之首,背离康德,黑格尔等的传统的西方哲学,而从心理的角度探讨哲学的问题。




从“一切现象都是范例”的观点看,我认为,精神的神奇性在于,精神突破了物质
性的“限制”,变成了具有“无限/绝对”性的本质。


这是什么意思呢?我们知道,我们周围的任何事物,其根本特性,是它的“有限性”。
想一想这些事物,哪一种不是从一物转为他物呢?从自然界的“食物链”,到麦克
斯韦的电磁转化方程组,到爱因思坦的质量能量转化关系的公式,“E=MC^2”,等。
它们都是,从一种有限物质变成另一种有限物质,无一例外。而精神的特性,尤其
是思维的特性,却是我们只要“INPUT”进有限的物质,而“OUTPUT”出来的,竟然
是“无限的物质” - 精神。这不很奇怪吗?思维的这种无限性,在范例中被称为
“无限本质”或“绝对性”。它正是突破了一切普通物质的局限,变成了一种全新
的物质,所以笛氏称它为“精神物质”。


在心理方面,我们不也常说“无限的欲望”或叫“贪得无厌”。或是“极端的理想
者”(见高伐林“我们都是毛泽东时代的‘废品’”),即具有“无限意志”的人:
如叔本华,尼采,希特勒,毛泽东等。但很少有人问(如果曾有过),人的这些无限
的“贪欲”和“野心 (“意志”的贬义词)”,都是哪里来的?如果世界上没有一种
无限的“物质”,作为它们的基础和来源,难道它们是从天上掉下来的吗?它们是
“纯粹从外界”来的吗?比如人们看见宇宙之大,世界之无极,也学会这样看问题
吗?我的回答是,没有纯粹的“外部原因”,我们内心必定有与之相呼应的成分,
既毛泽东所谓“外因通过内因而起作用” - 这个内因,就是我们的“思维”动力在
其背后。


思维是一台“virtual machine”,它有无限的功能。它需要feed in 普通物质即可:
如血液,空气,食品,异性,心理的需要,等等。思维的产品,不仅是可以从“一
物到他物”,如上面的例子,或“悲愤出诗人”等,而且还可以像魔术师一样,
“凭空产生”某物。比如,“心动”,“偶生一念”等等。也就是说,物质的世界,
人通过其“精神”,可以将其转化为另外一种完全不同的产品,“精神产品”。奇
怪不奇怪呢?事实上,正是对我对自己的这个思维功能的思考,或叫“思维对思维
的思维”,使我发现了海德格尔终身寻求的未竟之志:存在的本质是什么?我可以
确定地告慰这个德国近代最后的哲学大家:这个本质就是范例本体论中的“绝对”
范畴。进一步说,绝对,不仅是人的思维的本质,而且还向外伸向了世界:它是
“现象万物”的本质。我的思维,就是“我的本体”。而“绝对”范畴,就是世界
的本体。我的本体是个人的思维,它是绝对世界本体大海中的一滴水。懂了人人
“我的本体”,即自己思维,的性质,也就懂了世界的本体的本来面貌- "万物皆备于我”。


不是在满世界到处找哲学的本体或存在在哪里,而是从自己的内在思维开始,得到
悟性认识,再转向外界:如同康德的认识论一样,现在轮到了对本体的研究转变 - 
这就是为什么我在<论范例>中说:“范例学”的本体研究,是哲学史上对本体研究
的“哥白尼革命”,即,“绝学”的诞生。


(全文完)


P. S.


我不打算再写如何发现“思维本体”的过程了,有兴趣者请自己看<论范例>(可以去
“八股问”网免费下载或购书)。







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作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-12 04:29:45
小子哎,别不依恋好。俺的算法已经是总帐了。即不管 patern,把所有可能对您有利的都算上在内了。否则,按照您的patern,HTHTHTHT...., 概率将永远是 1/2^N

例如,

抛十次硬币,按照patern HTHTHTHTHT出现的概率为: 0.0000976
抛100次,按照patern HTHTHTHTHT.。。。出现的概率为: 7.88x10^(-31)
抛1000次硬币,按照patern HTHTHTHTHT.......出现的概率为: 9.33x10^(-302)
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 03:52:59
嘎子,上次的概率事件,我还没跟你算清账呢!

“一个事件的概率 = 有利样本数/全部样本数。以抛十次硬币出现五次正面的概率为例:

全部样本为 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 2^10 = 1024. 即10个正面和反面情况的所有可能排列,即全排列。有利样本是在1024个可能排列中,任何出现五正五反的的情况:比如,HHHHHTTTTT,HHTTHHTTHHTT, HTHTHTHTHT, .... 总共有 C(10,5)= 10!/5!/(10-5)!= 252种.因此,抛十次硬币出现五次正面五次反面的概率为: 252/1024 = 0.246, 即四分之一稍弱。

兔子的直觉认为,在所有252个有利事件中,按照 HTHTHTHTHT 的顺序出现的可能性应当是最大的。其实正相反,这个 HTHTHTHTHT, 它不仅只是252个有利事件中的一件,它也只是全部1024 事件之一。这个概率只是 0.246 的 1/252, 即 0.246/252 = 1/1024.

这个例子可以很好地说明人的直觉是多么不靠谱。按一般直觉,抛十次硬币,出现五次正面的概率,应当接近0.5 左右,而不是 0.246. 这是否因此抛硬币的次数不够多呢?比如,抛100次出现50次正面的概率,应当向0.5 靠近吧。又错了!

抛抛100次出现50次正面的概率为:0.079
抛抛1000次出现500次正面的概率为:0.025 - See more at: http://blog.creaders.net/Bunny/user_blog_diary.php?did=170416#sthash.hQj2Q9YJ.dpuf”

--- 你这里说的是形成任何一个“pattern”的概率,而我说的是计算正反的总数,既,每次投币的正反,与前次没关系。

我让你们再混水摸鱼!哪个慕大博士还连byte都用上了,真真个书呆子!
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-12 02:41:49
俺是否发火,确实与您无关,只要您的脸皮够厚就行。那你就等着砸砖吧。今年是俺的砖头年。

你上面所说的逻辑之荒唐,根本无需俺来揭穿。万维读者自有定夺。
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 02:08:08
您喜欢不喜欢,发火与否,跟范例学本身没有丝毫关系。因为范例学已经公布于世,成为既成事实了。

正像地球不会因为您不喜欢而不再转动一样。发火的唯一功能,是引起同类的共鸣-如果有另个鸭子存在,而不是兔子。
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 01:46:34
傻嘎子,证明吹牛只有2个办法,提出反例或引出逻辑矛盾。

比如,兔子说范例是迄今为止最深刻的哲学。您只有指出任何其他人的思想比起范例深刻,或发现范例学存在自相矛盾,您就证明成功。

比如陈光标说,他是中国最大的慈善家,因此是中国的道德领袖。只需找出比他捐款更多的人,他的话就被证明是吹牛了。
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-12 01:14:22
您只要不吹牛逼,俺就保证做到不发火。
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 01:05:35
美国教授:典型的中国学生-只会漫无边际地乱下结论,而不懂提交严谨证明的重要性!东方文化培养出来的思维!
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 00:51:10
慕容的提问使我想起一点:不懂本体论不是哲学家。本体论的深刻程度,决定了哲学家的“大小”-if you will.
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 00:44:00
证明的思想,是逻辑和科学的领域,他们是哲学的子集。凡证明,必须最少假设二有个事物存在:证明对象和证明工具。这意味您只承认二元世界了。我们知道,这是有争议的,如果不是完全错误的话。
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-12 00:18:20
【Why so? Any proof?】

玩驴打挺,可不是咱哲学家玩的把戏。至少俺没过。
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-12 00:15:43
俺最近一直在思考一个问题。哲学究竟是个什么东西?无论人们怎样定义,有一条是不能变的。哲学不应当是笨蛋的避难所。否则,我们就无法区真理和谬论的区别,无法区别伪科学和科学的区别,无法区别专制主义和普世价值的区别, 无法区分张香玉和爱因斯坦的区别。

与科学不同,哲学是一个纯粹停留在思想(或者准确地说,是大脑)里的东西。这是否意味着这些思想没有检验的标准,或者说,哲学思想根本就无需检验, 或根本就无法检验?其实根本不是这样。这是一个逻辑怪圈。一方面,伟大的哲学思想确实只是出于极少数人,而且这些思想也确实没能被被绝大多数老百姓所理解。这个事实本身,就给笨蛋提供了一个利用神秘主义迷惑老百姓的工具。俺认为事实正好相反,哲学思想的应当有比科学思想更严格的检验标准才对。一个好的哲学思想,必须禁得住一切逻辑的轰炸, 必须具有逻辑的自洽性。要想戳穿像张香玉,严新,兔子,以及中共的荒唐,只需用一个最简单的,诸如“用俺的茅攻击您的盾会如何“这样的反证逻辑即可。

对于张香玉,只要让她证明她的宇宙语同猪的叫声确有区别即可。

对于严新,只要在森林点上一把火,让后让他扑灭即可。

对于兔子,只要让他证明他的绝对精神,同精神病的精神的区别即可。

对于中共,只要让习近平证明,世界上其他不会做梦的民族,日子过得都不如中国好即可。如果这个逻辑不够给力,咱可以用另外一个逻辑,如何区别中国梦同希特勒的德国梦的区别。
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-12 00:06:18
Why so? Any proof?
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-11 22:58:29
英语玩够了吧。还是别扯鸡巴蛋了,说点儿正经的吧。你在两个地方露了怯,一个是您不懂逻辑的充分性和必要性的区别。另一个是您的科学素养基本上等于零。这两条加在一起,决定了您老兄根本就玩不了哲学。当然,中国人的认知能力普遍低下,这一点万维就是一个证明。但是老兄如果以为这样,您就可以在万维胡侃哲学,这就错了。原因是,并非所有的中国人都向您想象的那么混,那么容易受骗。

一个毫无科学素养的家伙,竟然大言不阐地胡说什么笛卡尔的东西没有价值。搞笑也没怎么个搞法。
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-11 18:12:57
In the court, the judge asked:

-- "What did Rabbit do for putting him in jail?"

The police shook his head and turned to the waitress.

-- "Rabbit harassed me with obscene language!"

-- "Like what?" the Judge asked.

-- "All women need are only men; and all men need are more than only women....", the waitress said.

-- "Not guilty!", the judge declared.

-- "cause THAT is exactly what I felt about my wife!", the Judge said to the audience.
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-11 17:49:08
Dean, to the physics department. "Why do I always have to give you guys so much money, for laboratories and expensive equipment and stuff. Why couldn't you be like the math department - all they need is money for pencils, paper and waste-paper baskets. Or even better, like the philosophy department. All they need are pencils and paper."


The First Law of Philosophy: For every philosopher, there exists an equal and opposite philosopher.
The Second Law of Philosophy: They're both wrong.



Descartes is sitting in a bar, having a drink. The bartender asks him if he would like another. "I think not," he says and vanishes in a puff of logic.


What is Mind? No Matter.
What is Body? Never Mind.


The French existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre was sitting in a cafe when a waitress approached him: "Can I get you something to drink, Monsieur Sartre?"
Sartre replied, "Yes, I'd like a cup of coffee with sugar, but no cream".
Nodding agreement, the waitress walked off to fill the order and Sartre returned to working. A few minutes later, however, the waitress returned and said, "I'm sorry, Monsieur Sartre, we are all out of cream -- how about with no milk?"






A boy is about to go on his first date, and is nervous about what to talk about. He asks his father for advice. The father replies: "My son, there are three subjects that always work. These are food, family, and philosophy."
The boy picks up his date and they go to a soda fountain. Ice cream sodas in front of them, they stare at each other for a long time, as the boy's nervousness builds. He remembers his father's advice, and chooses the first topic. He asks the girl: "Do you like potato pancakes?" She says "No," and the silence returns.

After a few more uncomfortable minutes, the boy thinks of his father's suggestion and turns to the second item on the list. He asks, "Do you have a brother?" Again, the girl says "No" and there is silence once again.

The boy then plays his last card. He thinks of his father's advice and asks the girl the following question: "If you had a brother, would he like potato pancakes?"



I passed my ethics exam. Of course I've cheated.


Philosophy is a game with objectives and no rules.
Mathematics is a game with rules and no objectives.
Theology is a game whose object is to bring rules into the subjective.


A renowned philosopher was held in high regard by his driver, who listened in awe at every speech while his boss would easily answer questions about morality and ethics.
Then one day the driver approached the philosopher and asked if he was willing to switch roles for the evening's lecture. The philosopher agreed and, for a while, the driver handled himself remarkably well. When it came time for questions from the guests, a woman in the back asked, "Is the epistemological view of the universe still valid in an existentialist world?"

"That is an extremely simple question," he responded. "So simple, in fact, that even my driver could answer that, which is exactly what he will do."







One more final exam:
Q: Is this a question?
A: If this is an answer!




A philosopher went into a closet for ten years to contemplate the question, What is life? When he came out, he went into the street and met an old colleague, who asked him where in heaven's name he had been all those years.
"In a closet," he replied. "I wanted to know what life really is."
"And have you found an answer?"
"Yes," he replied. "I think it can best be expressed by saying that life is like a bridge."
"That's all well and good," replied the colleague, "but can you be a little more explicit? Can you tell me how life is like a bridge?"
"Oh," replied the philosopher after some thought, "maybe you're right; perhaps life is not like a bridge."Raymod Smullyan, "5000 B.C."

Two freshman philosophy students see the following bulletin posted on the wall of their lecture hall:
Crash Course in Logical Assumptions
Saturday, September 26, 1998, All Day

Neither of them knows what it means and they are both curious. The pair decide to find the professor and ask some questions. When they locate the professor's office, the bolder of the two enter the building while the other remains outside.
Student: "Uh...Sir..What does Crash Course in Logical Assumptions mean?"
Professor: "Well, it involves taking information that you have, forming assumptions using logic, and then creating new information. Let me try to answer your question by asking you a question. Do you own a car?"
Student: "Uh...Yes, I do."

Professor: "Well, then I can now logically assume that you drive."
Student: "Yes, I drive. "

Professor: "Then I can logically assume that you drive on weekends."
Student: "Yeah, I drive on weekends, I go out on dates."

Professor: "Then I can logically assume that you have date partners."
Student: "Well, yes, I have a girlfriend."

Professor: "Then I can logically assume that you are heterosexual."
Student: "Uh...hell yes! OK, I think I understand what this course is about now. Thanks a lot for your time."

Once back outside, his friend asks him: "So, what's it all about?"
"Its about using information and stuff...Let me answer your question by asking you a question. Do you own a car?"
"No."
"Uh...Then you're homosexual, dude!"



Don't LOOK at anything in a physics lab.
Don't TASTE anything in a chemistry lab.
Don't SMELL anything in a biology lab.
Don't TOUCH anything in a medical lab.
and, most importantly,
Don't LISTEN to anything in a philosophy department.


The point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as to seem not worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it.Bertrand Russell, Science and Religion

If metaphysics is being qua being;
and if epistomology is knowing qua knowing;
then metaphilosophy must be... qua qua qua.






What's the difference between a philosopher and an engineer?
About 50,000 a year.


Graduate student lends his advisor a book on tensed logic by Arthur N. Prior. Advisor reads it, then tells his student that he dropped it off in the student's mail box. Moments later the student returns, and breathlessly exclaims: "Professor, professor. Someone's stolen my Prior."
To which the professor sagely replies: "You're lucky around this department they haven't stolen your posterior."



A philosophy professor walks in to give his class their final. Placing his chair on his desk the professor instructs the class, "Using every applicable thing you've learned in this course, prove to me that this chair DOES NOT EXIST."
So, pencils are writing and erasers are erasing, students are preparing to embark on novels proving that this chair doesn't exist, except for one student. He spends thirty seconds writing his answer, then turns his final in to the astonishment of his peers.

Time goes by, and the day comes when all the students get their final grades...and to the amazement of the class, the student who wrote for thirty seconds gets the highest grade in the class.

His answer to the question: "What chair?"



Did you hear about the guy who went to the solipsist convention?
Nobody showed up.


What happened to the existentialist who had a flat tire in the middle of a very busy street?
He just sat in his car holding his head and repeating. "The spare, I only reach the spare."Will Reed

Monism is the theory that anything less than everything is nothing.Saul Gorn "S. Gorn's Compendium of Rarely Used Cliches"
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作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-11 17:34:38
作为中国人,俺的英语之臭也是绝对的。重编!老子还不信了。


When absolutely drunk in a bar, the great Chinese Philosopher, Rabbit, harassed a woman bartender badly. He later argued with the police: "I have absolute right to do that. As you know, I am absolutely a famous philosopher and my mind is absolutely absolute."

"Well",he police replied,"As a policeman, I think I am absolutely right to put such an absolutely stupid philosopher like you into jail. Follow me please."
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-11 17:00:44
Should be "more than absolutely right."
回复 | 0
作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-11 16:52:54
When got drunk a bar, Modern Chinese Philosopher, Rabbit, harassed a woman bartender badly. He late said to police: "I have full rights to do that. You know, I am a philosopher and my mind is absolute."

"As a policeman, putting a crazy philosopher into jail is more absolutely right. Follow me please." Police replied.
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-11 16:06:57
“Jean-Paul Sartre is sitting at a French cafe, revising his draft of Being and Nothingness. He says to the waitress, ‘I’d like a cup of coffee, please, with no cream.’ The waitress replies, I’m sorry, Monsieur, but we’re out of cream. How about with no milk?’”
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作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-11 15:56:24
Descartes finished his breakfast in a bar and stood up.

The bartender walks up to him and says, “Would you care for one more drink?”

Descartes replied, “I think not.” and the bartender turned around calling to the front "Get his bill ready, pls".

The front hostess shouted back "for whom?"

The bartender turned his head but found nobody there.
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作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-11 15:33:05
首先,祝泼粪大师新年快乐!(真的,泼粪那么不得了吗? 对人类吧?俺动物类只看您说的是否有道理。不明白这个,白认识师兄三年了!与你们总书记有什么关系?没话找话吧?)。

你对迪的认识是对的,除了证明上帝的存在,他的精神发现用处不大。他开创的分析方法却是开天辟地的!他导致了科学的诞生- 可以说和科学实证是一路货色。祝继续干正经事!
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作者:嘎拉哈 留言时间:2014-01-11 14:55:12
俺说过,世界上的哲学家有三类:1.懂哲学的哲学家;2. 不懂哲学的哲学家;3. 不懂却自以为懂的哲学家。习近平就属于第三类。

读了兔子的这篇,俺要宣布俺的第二个”重要发现“了。俺发现,但凡一个重要的哲学思想,都有至少一百个胡乱解读者。所有这些胡解者,通通都是第三类哲学家。有习近平作伴,兔子就不是一个人在战斗了。看到这样的评论,想必兔子的血压必定会升高。这不是给俺泼粪吗?兔兄您先别生气,其实在俺看来,您还不如习近平呐。

俺这样说是有根据的。在万维玩哲学的人不少,但最气死人不偿命的,当兔子莫属了。习近平虽然喜欢谈马列,但没见他自称自己是”站在马列的肩膀上“,自己的思想是”哥白尼革命“。也没见习近平”顺我者马列,逆我者下载马列。“

笛卡尔是人类当代科学思维的奠基人。俺主观上不大相信笛卡尔会糊涂到去证明心灵物质的物理性存在的地步。这里面一定有问题。直到最近看了布莱因。马吉和伯纳德。威廉姆斯的一段关于笛卡尔思想的讨论才知道,原来,人们对所谓对笛卡尔的“我思故我在”的本意存在普遍的误解。而且,笛卡尔对科学本质的看法,同今天的科学实证主义是惊人的一致。

笛卡尔的这句话,只不过是为人类个体存在的独立性的一个辩解而已。笛卡尔的哲学思想,在今天看来,也并没有什么大问题。比如,笛卡尔对真理和信仰的区别,对存在和思维的区别,还是看的很清楚的,而且他一直都是把”上帝“放在信仰的层次来辩护的。这就对了嘛。笛卡尔一直都在努力建立这样一个”逻辑体系“,在这个逻辑体系下,让那些怀疑上帝”怀疑主义者“们,失去辩解的机会。

有人把哲学的目的定义为发现真理。这一点俺不想争论,因为俺认为这不重要。您说啥就是啥吧。但是俺认为,想要的东西不等于就是一定能够得到的或者已经得到的东西。两者完全不是一码事。

如果让俺定义哲学的目的,俺认为,至少在科学和哲学分家的今天,哲学的目的不应当再是发现真理,而应当是像笛卡尔那样,建立和研究思维的”逻辑体系“。当代哲学的全部意义,如果真的存在,那就是探讨思维的”逻辑“性。一切具有生命力的”逻辑体系“,都有这样一个特点,那就是让读者有一种”正合俺意“,或者”确实是那么回事“的感觉。在这样的逻辑体系下,像兔子这样的死乞白赖地声称:”您爱信不信,俺就是哥白尼,不信咱们四百年后见。“或者像习近平这样叫喊”马列主义普遍真理“的这这样混帐逻辑, 就通通失去了辩解的机会。

如果说笛卡尔确实存在某些”未竟事业“,那就是认识到这个世界上存在着两种”逻辑“。即用于意识形态意义上的逻辑和用于物理世界的逻辑。这是两套完全不同的逻辑。这涉及真理和信仰的区别,涉及科学实证和普世共识的却别。因此俺认为区分两个逻辑很重要。
回复 | 0
作者:stinger 留言时间:2014-01-11 07:54:00
我的慕大哲学家呀,究竟谁像你那样在乎“哲学家”的名称呢?像牛顿和莱不尼兹那样争夺微积分发明权,你以为真正的哲学家,如苏格拉蒂,会那样吗?

(我连“人“都不叫,叫“兔子“,明白为什么吗?)
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