60岁 1934
威廉·薩默塞特·毛姆(William Somerset Maugham,1874年1月25日-1965年12月16日,享年91岁零10个月),英国現代小說家、劇作家。
毛姆生於巴黎的英國大使館,八歲時母親去世,悲傷的毛姆遂把她的一幅相片保留在床邊直到自己逝世;十歲時父親勞伯特·奧蒙得·毛姆(大法官)亦去世,他繼承了一筆每年300鎊的遺產。
毛姆於坎特伯雷國王學校畢業後入海德堡大学學習。[1]後來因為染上肺疾而前往法國南方裏維艾拉療養,開始閱讀法國作家的作品,
1897年醫科畢業後毛姆成為婦產科醫生,並以自己的經驗創作了第一部長篇小說《蘭貝斯的麗莎》(Liza of Lambeth)。此後棄醫從文,毛姆開始寫作,一寫就七十年。《人性的枷鎖》(Of Human Bondage)是毛姆的代表作,帶有自傳色彩。
CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. AND MAUGHAM, SOMERSET
丘吉尔与毛姆
辜鸿铭(1857.7.18-1928.4.30,享年70岁零9个月),字汤生,号立诚,自称慵人、东西南北人,又别署为汉滨读易者、冬烘先生,英文名字Tomson。祖籍福建省同安县,生于南洋英属马来西亚槟榔屿。学博中西,号称“清末怪杰”,精通英、法、德、拉丁、希腊、马来亚等9种语言,获13个博士学位,是满清时代精通西洋科学、语言兼及东方华学的中国第一人。
他翻译了中国“四书”中的三部——《论语》、《中庸》和《大学》,创获甚巨;并著有《中国的牛津运动》(原名《清流传》)和《中国人的精神》(原名《春秋大义》)等英文书,热衷向西方人宣传东方的文化和精神,并产生了重大的影响,西方人曾流传一句话:到中国可以不看三大殿,不可不看辜鸿铭。
“ 我想大多数人接触毛姆,几乎都是从毛姆的那「三部曲」来接触的。不
管是刘瑜曾经极力推荐的以高更为原型的《月亮》也好,自传体的《人生的
枷锁》以及题目中的《刀锋》也罢。读罢,如果是喜欢上毛姆的风格,恐怕
会不停下的去读完其他两本。如果是不喜欢,也许就是一本收。
这,恐怕就是毛姆最大的魅力之一,至少对于我来说是这样。单论语言风
格,毛姆的作品应该是冷静的不能再冷静。讽刺的不能再讽刺。诙谐的不能
再诙谐。那种典型的英国人式的讽刺加幽默,让你很容易对着毛姆的短篇集
一篇又一篇的读下去不能停手。
所以,毛姆其受众面之广,也难怪日本人在上世纪80年代曾做过一个榜
单,评选世界上最伟大的小说家。第一名是莎士比亚,第二名是,毛姆。
但是毛姆自己又说了,他自己最多最多也就是二十世纪二流的小说家里最一
流的。或者说,他的桥牌水平和他的写作水平差不太多。”
访问哲学家辜鸿铭〔英〕威廉.S.毛姆 1925 曹山 译
在如此偏僻的地方发现如此巨大一个城市,是出乎意料之外的。 向晚,从城门的雉堞上望得见西藏的雪山。这里人口稠密,只有走在城墙上才走得自在;就是步子迅疾 的人,走完一周也得花三个小时。 周围一千英里内没有铁路;诚旁的 河流如此之浅,只冇载轻的平底帆 船才能安全航行。坐舢板到长江上 游,得花五天。一吋问你感到烦 躁,不禁自问,火车轮船到底足否 象毎日搭乘的我们所想象的那样为 生活所必需;因为在这里,一百万 人口成长发育,结婚,生儿存女、 死亡;在这里,一百万人口致力于 商业,工艺和思想。
THE PHILOSOPHER 1925
It was surprising to find so vast a city in a
spot that seemed to me so remote. From
its battlemented gate towards sunset you
could see the snowy mountains of Tibet. It
was so populous that you could walk at ease only
on the walls and it took a rapid walker three hours
to complete their circuit. There was no railway
within a thousand miles and the river on which
it stood was so shallow that only junks of light
burden could safely navigate it. Five days in a
sampan were needed to reach the Upper Yangtze.
For an uneasy moment you asked yourself whether
trains and steamships were as necessary to the
conduct of life as we who use them every day con-
sider ; for here, a million persons throve, married,
begat their kind, and died ; here a million persons
were busily occupied with commerce, art, and
thought.
而这里还住着一位著名的哲学 家,我之所以踏上这个颇为劳顿的旅程,动机之一就是想见他一面。 他是中国最大的儒教权咸。据说他 操一口流利的英语与德语。他曾给慈禧太后手下最大的总督当过多年 秘书,如今已经退隐。然而,一年 到头,每周总有儿天开门揖客,接 待求学的人,宜讲如家的教义。他 有一班门生,但为数甚少,因为学 生多半嫌弃他那朴素的寓所和严厉 的教诲,而更向往洋大学的奢华的 楼房与蛮子的实用的科学:这一层若有人提起,只能使他嗤之以鼻而 已。据我听到的关于他的种种传闻 判断,他是个性格倔强的人。
当我提出会见这个名人的愿望时,主人立即表示要为我安徘一次 会晤;但日子一天天过去,却音讯全无。我打听吋,主人耸一耸肩。
“我派人送信叫他快来,”他说。 “不知怎的,他还没来。他是个固 执的老头。”
我想,以这种倨傲的态度去接 近一位哲学家成何体统,难怪他对 这种召见置之不理。我遣人送去一 信,以毕恭毕敬的措词问他,是否 允许我前去造访。不出两小时便收 到复信,定于次日上午十时会面。
我雇了一乘轿子。路途似乎长 得无穷无尽。我经过拥挤的市街与 冷落的市街,终于来到一条阒无人 迹的街道。在一抹白色的墙上一扇 小门前,轿夫把轿子放下。一个轿 夫叩门,有顷,门上开启一个窥视 孔; ―对黑眼珠朝外张望;交谈了 儿句;最后放我进去。一个面容枯 槁苍白,衣衫破旧的青年示意让我 跟他进去。他是这个伟人的仆人还 是门生,不得而知。我穿过一个破 相的院落,踏进一间长而低矮的房 间,室内陈设稀疏,有一张美国活 动顶板的书桌,两三把乌木椅子与 两张中国式小台子。靠墙是书架, 上面放着许多本书;不消说,多半 是中文书,但也有不少英文、法文 与德文版哲学与科学著作;还有数百本未经装订的学术评论。墙上余 下方挂着各种书法的卷轴,想来 是孔夫子语录。地上没铺地毯。室 内冷清、空旷、简陋。书桌上孤零 零放着一只长花瓶,全靠瓶里一棵黄菊花稍减室内凄清的景象。
我等了许久,那引路的宵年才 送来一壶茶、两只杯子与一听弗吉 尼亚香烟。他前脚出去,哲学家后 脚进来。我赶紧表示,承他接见, 不胜荣幸之至。他挥手叫我就座, 并沏了杯茶。
“你想来看我,我感到荣幸,” 他答道。“你的同胞专跟苦力打交 道;他们以为,中国人不是苦力就 是买办,两者必居其一。”
我冒昧进行抗辩。但他用意何 在,我没搞清。他坐在椅子上朝后 仰着,用嘲弄的祌情看我一眼。
“他们以为,只要一招手我们 非来不可。”
我这时才明白,原来对我朋友 那封倒楣的倍他还在记恨。我不知 怎样回答才好。于是含糊地说了句 恭维话。
"I am flattered that you wished to see me,"
he returned. "Your countrymen deal only with
coolies and with compradores ; they think every
Chinese must be one or the other."
I ventured to protest. But I had not caught
his point. He leaned back in his chair and looked
at me with an expression of mockery.
"They think they have but to beckon and we
must come."
I saw then that my friend's unfortunate com-
munication still rankled. I did not quite know
how to reply. I murmured something compli-
mentary.
他是个老人,高个儿,一根细 长的灰色的发辫,双目大而明亮, 眼睑很厚,他牙齿不全,而且发 黑。他瘦骨嶙峋,双手小而纤细, 枯涩,象爪子似的。听说他是个大 烟鬼。他衣衫褴楼,一件黑袍子, 一顶小黑帽子,都很破旧,深灰色 的裤子在脚踝处系着袜带。他注视着。他不知该取什么态度才好,仿 佛在小心提防着他人。哲学家在关 心精神事物的人们中间当然拥有高贵的地位。本杰明.迪斯雷利认 为,对高贵的人我们理应百般奉 承。于是我恭维起来。少顷,我感到他举止略冇放松。他象个站在镜 头前照像的人,动作表情呆板偶 硬,但在听到快门卡嗒一声之后便 松弛下来,神态恢复自然。他给我 看他的著作。
He was an old man, tall, with a thin grey queue,
and bright large eyes under which were heavy
bags. His teeth were broken and discoloured. He
was exceedingly thin, and his hands, fine and small,
were withered and claw-like. I had been told that
he was an opium-smoker. He was very shabbily
dressed in a black gown, a little black cap, both
much the worse for wear, and dark grey trousers
gartered at the ankle. He was watching. He did
not quite know what attitude to take up, and he
had the manner of a man who was on his guard.
Of course the philosopher occupies a royal place
among those who concern themselves with the
things of the spirit and we have the authority of
Benjamin Disraeli that royalty must be treated
with abundant flattery. I seized my trowel. Pres-
ently I was conscious of a certain relaxation in
his demeanour. He was like a man who was all
set and rigid to have his photograph taken, but
hearing the shutter click lets himself go and eases
into his natural self. He showed me his books.
“我在柏林得到博士学位,你 知道,”他说。“后来在牛津攻读一 段时间。但是英国人,恕我直言, 在哲学方面缺少才能。”
虽然他说时带着抱歉的口吻, 但说一句稍含挖苦的话在他显然不 无快意。
“我们有些竹学家在思想界也 不无影响,”我暗示道。
“休姆与伯克利?我在牛津时 那些执教的哲学家就生怕触犯他们 的神学同事。他们不愿遵循自己的 思想以得出其合乎逻辑的结论,唯 恐危及自己在大学社会中的地位。”
“现代美国在哲学方面的发展, 你研究过没有?”我问道。
“你是指的实用主义么?那是 愿意相信不可信的东西的人的最后 —个避难所。我需要的与其说是美 国哲学,不如说是美国石油。”
"I took the Ph. D. in Berlin, you know," he
said. "And afterwards I studied for some time in
Oxford. But the English, if you will allow me to
say so, have no great aptitude for philosophy."
Though he put the remark apologetically it was
evident that he was not displeased to say a slightly
disagreeable thing.
"We have had philosophers who have not been
without influence in the world of thought," I sug-
gested.
"Hume and Berkeley? The philosophers who
taught at Oxford when I was there were anxious
not to offend their theological colleagues. They
would not follow their thought to its logical con-
sequences in case they should jeopardise their
position in university society.
"Have you studied the modern developments of
philosophy in America ?" I asked.
"Are you speaking of Pragmatism? It is the
last refuge of those who want to believe the in-
credible. I have more use for American petroleum
than for American philosophy."
他的见解很尖刻。我们再度坐下来,又喝一杯茶。他开始侃侃而谈。他说一口略为正式但却道地的 英文。他不时地借用一个德文短 语。如果他那样性格刚愎的人也可 能受旁人的影响,那么他是受了德 国的影垧。德国人的条理与勤勉给 他留下了深刻的印象。而当一位用功的教授在一本学术杂志上发表了 一篇论述他的一部著作的论文吋, 使他明显地感到德国人在哲学上的敏锐。
“我写过许多书,”他说。“而那 是欧洲的刊物对我表示的唯一的一 次关注。”
但是他对四方哲学的研究,到 头来只不过是使他相信,智慧,说 到底,无法逾越儒家教义的界限。 他信心十足地接受孔子的哲学。这 种哲学迎合他精神上的需要,迎合 之彻底.使一切外国学问延得徒然 无益。我对此颇感兴味,因为它证 实了我的一个见解,即哲学乃是性 格问题,而不是逻辑问题:哲学家 不是按证据而是依自己的性情来相信的;他的思想.仅仅使他的直觉认 为真实的东西成为合理而已。如果说懦教如此牢固地控制着中国人, 那是因为它解释并表达了中国人的 思想,而这则是其他任何思想体系 所无法企及的。
But his study of Western philosophy had only
served in the end to satisfy him that wisdom after
all was to be found within the limits of the Con-
fucian canon. He accepted its philosophy with
conviction. It answered the needs of his spirit
with a completeness which made all foreign learn-
ing seem vain. I was interested in this because it
bore out an opinion of mine that philosophy is
an affair of character rather than of logic: the
philosopher believes not according to evidence,
but according to his own temperament; and his
thinking merely serves to make reasonable what
his instinct regards as true. If Confucianism
gained so firm a hold on the Chinese it is because
it explained and expressed them as no other sys-
tem of thought could do.
主人点燃一根纸烟。他声咅最初轻微而疲乏,但随着他对话题兴 趣的增加,嗓门也放大了。他谈得 很激烈。在他身上毫无圣贤那种憩 静闲适。他是个雄辩家,战士。他 厌恶现代个人主义者的呼声。对他 来说,社会是唯一的单位,而家庭 则是社会的基础。他拥护旧中国与 旧学派,拥护君主制与孔子的严峻 的教义。当他提及那些刚从洋大学毕业的大学生用亵渎祌叨的手撕下 世界上最古老的文明吋,他不禁怒 火中烧。
“但是你,你可知道你们在干 什么吗?”他大声说。“你们自以为 胜我们一筹,理由何在?你们在艺 术上还是在文学上比我们高明呢? 我们的思想家不及你们的深刻么? 我们的文明不及你们的精致,不及 你们的复杂,不及你们的典雅么? 吓,还在你们住山洞、亵兽皮的时 候,我们就是个有教养的民族了。 你可知道,我们做过世界史上绝无 仅有的实验?我们试图以智慧而不 是武力来统治这个伟大的国家。而 一连几世纪我们是成功的。那么白 种人何以轻视黄种人呢?要不要我 来告诉你?因为白人发明了机关 枪。那是你们的优势。我们是不能 自卫的民众,你们可以把我们打入 永劫不复的境地。我们的哲学家以 为世界可以用法律与秩序的力量来 治理,你们打破了这个梦想。而现 在你们正在把你们的秘决教给我们 的年轻人。你们把可恶的发明强加 在我们头上。我们有机械天才,你 难道不知道么?这个国家里有四万 万世界上最讲实际最勤劳的人民, 你难道不知道么?你以为我们要很 久才学会么?等黄种人也能象白人 —样制造出精良的枪枝,象白人一 样瞄准开火时,你们的优势还算得 了什么?你们曾经诉诸机关枪,你们也未必将受机关枪审判。”
My host lit a cigarette. His voice at first had
been thin and tired, but as he grew interested in
what he said it gained volume. He talked ve-
hemently. There was in him none of the repose of
the sage. He was a polemist and a fighter. He
loathed the modern cry for individualism. For
him society was the unit, and the family the foun-
dation of society. He upheld the old China and
the old school, monarchy, and the rigid canon of
Confucius. He grew violent and bitter as he
spoke of the students, fresh from foreign universi-
ties, who with sacrilegious hands tore down the
oldest civilisation in the world.
"But you, do you know what you are doing?"
he exclaimed. "What is the reason for which you
deem yourselves our betters? Have you excelled
us in arts or letters? Have our thinkers been less
profound than yours? Has our civilisation been
less elaborate, less complicated, less refined than
yours ? Why, when you lived in caves and clothed
yourselves with skins we were a cultured people.
Do you know that we tried an experiment which
is unique in the history of the world? J We sought
to rule this great country not by force, but by
wisdom. And for centuries we succeeded. Then
why does the white man despise the yellow?
Shall I tell you? Because he has invented
the machine gun. That is your superiority.
We are a defenceless horde and you can blow us
into eternity. You have shattered the dream of
our philosophers that the world could be governed
by the power of law and order. And now you are
teaching our young men your secret. You have
thrust your hideous inventions upon us. Do you
not know that we have a genius for mechanics?
Do you not know that there are in this country
four hundred millions of the most practical and
industrious people in the world? Do you think
it will take us long to learn? And what will be-
come of your superiority when the yellow man can
make as good guns as the white and fire them as
straight ? You have appealed to the machine gun
and by the machine gun shall you be judged."
但此刻我们被打断了。一个小 姑娘悄悄进来,紧紧地依偎着这位 老绅士。她用好奇的目光注视着 我。他告诉我,这是他最小的孩 子。他拥抱她,怜爱地吻她,一边喃喃地说着亲昵的话。她身穿黑外 衣,下面是齐脚踝的黑裤子,背后 垂着一根长辫。她出生那天,适值 革命以皇帝的退位而告成功。
“当时我想,她迎来了新纪元 的春天,”他说道。“她只是这个伟大 民族的秋天的最后一?朵花儿而已."
他从活动顶板书桌抽屉里取出 几个铜钱,交给她,打发她走,
“你瞧,我留辫子,”他说着把 辫子握在手里。“它是个象征。我是 旧中国最后―个代表。”
他语气缓和下来,向我叙述, 哲学家们在过去漫长的岁月里是怎 样带着门生周游列国,教诲一切贤 明之士。国王拜他们为相,封他们 为侯。他知识渊博,而他雄辩的语 句则使他对祖国历史事件的叙述听 来有声有色。我不禁觉得,他或多 或少是个可怜的角色。他感到自己 有治国之才,但没有国王封他官职;他一心想把自己极为丰富的学 问传授给他心灵所渴望的大批学 生,但前来领教的却只是寥寥几个可怜的衣食不周的愚钝的乡巴佬。
He talked to me, more gently now, of how phi-
losophers in long past days wandered from state
to state with their disciples, teaching all who were
worthy to learn. Kings called them to their coun-
cils and made them rulers of cities. His erudition
was great and his eloquent phrases gave a multi-
coloured vitality to the incidents he related to me
of the history of his country. I could not help
thinking him a somewhat pathetic figure. He felt
in himself the capacity to administer the state,
but there was no king to entrust him with office;
he had vast stores of learning which he was eager
to impart to the great band of students that his
soul hankered after, and there came to listen but
a few, wretched, half-starved, and obtuse pro-
vincials.
有一两次,我知趣地暗示我该告辞了,但他不肯放我走。现在我终于非走不可了。我站起来。他 握住我的手。
“我想送你一样东西,作为你访问中国最后一个哲学家的纪念,可我是个穷人,不知送什么东西才配你笑纳。”
我抗议道,我对这次访问的记忆本身就是件无价的厚礼。他莞尔而笑。
“在当今这退化的时代里,人们都很健忘。我想送你一件实物。就送一本我的著作吧,可你又不识中文。”
他带着友好而又为难的神情看着我。我灵机一动。
“送我一幅墨宝吧,”我说。
“你喜欢那个?”他笑了。“我年轻时大家认为我的书法本领并不值得一提哩。”
他在书桌旁坐下,取过一张白纸放在面前。他在砚台上倒了几滴水,磨了磨墨,提起毛笔。他洒脱地一挥手就落笔书写起来。我一边望着他写,一边颇觉好笑地想起旁人告诉我的关于他的另一件事来。这位老绅士只要一凑到几个钱,似乎总跑到那些须用雅号称呼的女人居住的街巷里去挥翟一通。他的长子乃是城里有地位的人,听到他这种丑闻又气又羞;只是他孝顺心切,才没呵斥这个登徙子。我想,这种放荡对一个做儿子的来说叫人狼狈的,但研究人性的却能淡然视之。哲学家们往往在书斋里精心结撰自己的理论,对自己仅仅间接 了解的人生做出结论。我常常感 到,如果他们亲身经历降临于常人 头上的种种变迁的话,那他们的著 作必将有一种较为确定的意义。我 愿意用宽容的态度看待这个老绅 士在幽僻处狎妓调情的行为。也许 他只是试图解释人类最不可思议的 幻觉而已,
他写毕,在纸上洒了一点灰吸 干墨迹,站起来交给我。
“你是写的什么?”我问道。 他眼中似乎闪过略带恶意的目光。
“恕我冒昧,送你小诗两首。”
“没想到你还是个诗人。”
“当中国还是个不开化国家 吋,”他讥刺地反驳道,“凡是有文 化的人就都能写出至少是高雅的诗来.”?我接过纸,看着上面的中国 字。这些宇形成一幅悦目的图案。?“你何不给我翻译出来?”
“Tradutore-tradittore<拉丁文,译者背叛作者〉,”他答道。“你 总不能指望我背叛自己吧。还是去 “找一个你的英国朋友。那些对中国 了解最多的人往往一无所知,不 过你至少可以找到一个能够译个 大意的人来。”
我向他告辞。他彬彬有礼地送 我上轿。我得到机会就把诗交给我认识的一个汉学家。下面就是他的 译文。我坦白说,我一读之下,不 免感到几分惊讶一那当然是毫无理由的。
当初你不爱我:
你的声音甜蜜;
你的眸子充满笑意;
你的手儿柔软。
后来你爱我了 ;
你的声音悲切;
你的眸子充满泪水;
你的手儿戏忍。
爱情竞会使你失去魅力,
好不叫人心伤,悲哀,
当初我企望岁月抉快流逝,
好让你失去 ?你眸子的光泽,
你肌肤的桃色,
连同你青春的全部残醅的娇艳.
到那时只冇我才爱你
而你也终于会恩意。
艳羡仰慕的岁月匆匆逝去
而你也失去了 你眸子的光泽,
你肌肤的桃色,
连同你青春的全部绡埭的娇艳。
唉唉,我不爱你
也不在乎你是否愿意。
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