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· 镜子测试.白婴儿15个月就能认出
· 谁还在为美国儿童打72针疫苗洗地
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和我党威武外长有一拼的大清常委李鸿章同志
   

 和我党威武外长有一拼的大清中央政治局常委李鸿章同志

问:俊朗外长发言怒斥前后,为啥身体晃啊晃的呢?

答:发功前,需要运作一口丹田之气。

      120年前的1896年李鸿章出访欧美大事记

 2015-12-03 01:52:31


      1896年李鸿章出访欧美大事记(一)

                1896年李鸿章出访美国时在纽约留影

    

 1895年,甲午中日战争中北洋舰队的全军覆灭及其后丧权辱国的《马关条约》的签订,时任直隶总督兼北洋大臣以及对日谈判钦命全权代表的李鸿章,遭到了全国人民的强烈抗议和谴责。清廷革去其直隶总督、北洋大臣之职,徒留文华殿大学士虚衔。赋闲在北京东安门外的贤良寺内。

日本在东北势力的急剧膨胀,引起了俄国的警惕和担忧。俄国政府借1896526沙皇尼古拉二世加冕典礼的机会向清政府发出邀请,希望能派员参加,更重要的是,讨论如何限制日本在中国东北的利益。李鸿章当时赋闲在家,且是亲俄路线的坚决拥护者,自然是出使大臣的最佳人选。清廷决定派使团赴俄,顺访英、法、德、美等国。

1896年,李鸿章已是年逾古稀的七十四岁高龄的老人。临行前家人恐其不测,专门准备一副楠木棺材随行。李鸿章使团一行除其子李经方、李经述外还有兵部主事于式枚、洋员德国人德璀琳、总税务司英国人赫德的弟弟赫政、英国医生伊尔文等一行45人。

1896328,从上海出发,历时 190天,直到 10  3 日回到天津,整整半年多。其间,经过四大洲,横渡三大洋, 水陆行程9万多里,访问了俄、德、荷、比、法、英、美、加8个国家,尤其是欧美五大强国:俄、德、英、法、美。他是清代大臣中第一个进行环球访问的外交特使

李鸿章出访行程:

1896228,慈禧召见李鸿章;

189633,李鸿章离京南下,

1896314,抵沪;

1896327(农历二月十四日),年已74岁衰龄的李鸿章携随员45人,从上海登上法国邮船爱纳司脱西蒙号

1896328,从上海出访欧美。

1896103,返回到天津。

一、     出访欧美赴第一站俄国海上航行(30天)

18963281896426李鸿章乘坐法轮赴俄,航行30天。

1896328, 李鸿章乘坐法轮爱纳司脱西蒙号出访欧美。离沪,出东海,经太平洋、印度洋,入苏伊士运河北口的塞得港,改乘由俄国马赫托姆斯基公爵专程前来迎候的俄罗斯号

李鸿章带领随员共45人,在俄、德、法、英、美 5国驻华使馆人员的陪同下,乘坐法国邮船爱纳斯脱西蒙号从上海出发。经过1个月的航行 ......

 一、     访问俄国(45天)

18964271896610日,从到俄国港口敖德萨离俄前,访问45天。

1896427抵达俄国的黑海港口敖德萨,又改乘火车北上,

1896430李鸿章一行抵达俄国圣彼得堡。李鸿章并未安排在国宾馆住宿,而是住在一位名叫巴舍夫的商人家中。巴舍夫是俄国著名的巨商,富比王侯。李鸿章到巴舍夫私邸时首先看到的是一座中式大牌楼,上面插满龙旗,中间竟镶着李鸿章的照片。李鸿章受到了巴舍夫一家最隆重的接待。

谢·尤利耶维奇·维特伯爵(Count Sergei Witte, 1849~1915年)曾先后担任过沙皇政府的交通大臣、 财政大臣、大臣委员会主席和大臣会议(内阁)主席,由当时的财政大臣维特伯爵负责全程接待李鸿章一行。维特是第一次世界大战以前欧洲最为杰出的外交家之一,可见俄国政府对中国使团的重视。维特尤其注意在细节上照顾这位风烛残年的老人。按照外交惯例,公开场合吸烟极不礼貌。维特考虑到李鸿章吸烟的习惯,每次专派两人伺候,将点燃的香烟送到口中。


不妨饶有兴趣地先欣赏一番95年前的1921年出版

   《维特伯爵回忆录》英文版相关片段:


I was told that in conducting negotiations with Chinese 

officials it was necessary, above all, not to show any haste, 

for they consider that very bad taste, and business must be 

transacted slowly and ceremonially. Li Hung Chang was 

the first to pay me a visit in my capacity of Minister of 

Finances. When he entered my reception room, I came out 

to meet him in my official uniform. We greeted each other 

and bowed. Then I led the way to a second reception room 

and ordered tea served. Tea was served with great and 

elaborate pomp. My guest and myself sat, while all the 

members of his retinue as well as my attendants remained 

standing. When we had taken our tea, I inquired of Li 

Hung Chang whether he did not want to smoke. 


     He emitted a sound not unlike 

         the neighing of a horse. 


Immediately two Chinamen came running from the adjacent 

room, one carrying a narghile ((印度)水烟袋)and the other 

tobacco. Then began the ceremony of smoking. Li Hung Chang 

sat quietly inhaling and exhaling the smoke, while his attend- 

ants with great awe lighted the narghile, held the pipe, 

took it out from his mouth and put it back. It was apparent 

that Li Hung Chang wanted to impress me with all these 

solemn ceremonies. On my part, I made believe that I did 

not pay the slightest attention to all these proceedings. 


—— THE MEMOIRS OF COUNT WITTE    1921


“从第一次谈判开始,就有人对我说,同中国官员 谈判首先就是不要着急,因为一着急他们就会认为是 风度不好,什么事都要干得从容不迫,一切都要遵从 各种中国礼仪。所以,当李鸿章来到我的客厅(财政部 客厅)时,我就身穿文官礼服出去迎接,我们行了大礼,深深地相互鞠躬,接着我引他进入第二间会客厅, 下令献茶,我同李鸿章坐了下来,他的所有随从以及 我方官员全都站着。我问李鸿章吸不吸烟?这时李鸿章发出了一声马嘶叫似的声音,立即有两名中国人从隔壁快步出来,一人端着水烟袋,另一人拿着烟丝,然后就是吸烟的仪式:李鸿章端坐不动,只是用嘴吸烟喷烟,而点烟袋,往他嘴里送烟嘴,换烟丝,这些完全由旁边的中国人十分虔敬地来做。显然,李鸿章想通过这样的礼仪 对我产生强烈的印象。对此,我当时表现得十分沉着, 并做出对这一切处之泰然的样子。” 

—— 沙皇政府财政大臣谢·尤利耶维奇·维特伯爵回忆录


在俄期间,沙皇尼古拉二世两次秘密召见李鸿章,亲自与其谈判签约一事。

189653维特向李鸿章提出在中国境内借地修路问题,并把此举以俄国支持中国的完整性作为承诺来诱骗李鸿章。在俄方的诱骗和李鸿章的退让下,

1896518到达俄罗斯旧都莫斯科拜会了新沙皇。

                            1896年李鸿章出访欧美大事记(一)

     李鸿章参加沙皇尼古拉二世加冕典礼与俄国沙皇二世合影

1896526,俄国沙皇尼古拉二世加冕典礼队伍走过克里姆林宫广场。李鸿章也前往祝贺。

尼古拉二世奢侈的加冕典礼仪式上,按照规定依次演奏来访各国国歌。当首席典礼官冯德·帕连高声宣布,“下面演奏大清帝国国歌时。因为当时的清王朝根本没有自己的国歌。这时,大清黄龙旗下内心尴尬却面色冷峻、神态庄严的李鸿章突然从他坐着的轮椅上站了起来,在各国嘉宾莫名诧异的目光注视下,这个被英国记者称为“来自另外一个世界”的身材高挑、容貌慈祥、穿着蓝色长袍的老人,把端庄优雅的微笑投向在场的每一位嘉宾,然后扯开他那沙哑干涩的喉咙,用力唱起了他家乡安徽的庐剧。

1896527,各国显要都入宫庆贺。李鸿章被安排在首席贺臣的行列中,同英国皇太子、德国亲王,日本皇弟等人平起平坐,可谓风光一时。

189663,李鸿章在《中俄密约》上签了字。这一条约的签订,使沙皇俄国骗取了在中国东北修筑过境铁路的特权。

李鸿章与俄国政府秘密签订条约,史称《中俄密约》。主要内容有:

一,中俄两国遇有战事,互相援助;二,中俄两国不得私自同敌国订立和约;三,如遇紧要战事,中国所有口岸允许俄国军舰驶入;四、中国允许俄国修筑一条从黑龙江、吉林到海参崴的铁路等。

                1896年李鸿章出访欧美大事记(一)
                                             李鸿章向法国总统递交国书

李鸿章在这一天前往爱丽舍宫觐见法国总统富尔,应邀参观了法军为国庆而举行的军事表演,参加法国国庆活动。晚上李鸿章夜游塞纳河,感受到了法国人的浪漫。1896720李鸿章的一举一动、一言一行,都成为法国报刊追踪的焦点,甚至连发行量超过百万的法国第一大报、也是欧洲第一家日报的Le Petit Journal,用头版整版的篇幅,刊登了李鸿章身着黄马褂的大幅彩色画像。

纵览这家报纸直到1944年停刊为止的全部历史,除了欧洲的君主们以外,以个人肖像、尤其是一个东方人的个人肖像作为封面人物,仅此一次。

1896年李鸿章出访欧美大事记(一)
 1896年,李鸿章出访法国时,法国《小日报》(Le Petit Journal)刊登的李鸿章彩色画像

Once, I remember, while I was visiting him, the Emir of Bokhara 

was announced.

 (The Emirate of Bukhara was a Central Asian state that existed 

from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu 

Darya and Syr Daryarivers, known formerly asTransoxiana.)


The Chinaman immediately assumed his most 

important air, and seated himself majestically in an arm- 

chair. When the Emir entered the reception room where 

Li Hung Chang sat, the latter rose from his seat, took 

several steps toward him and greeted him. As I knew 

both men very well, I did not withdraw. The Emir was 

visibly shocked by Li Hung Chang's important air and he 

gave him, first of all, to understand that he, the Emir, was 

a royal personage and that he paid Li Hung Chang a visit 

merely out of respect for the latter's sovereign, the Chinese 

Emperor. He kept on inquiring about the health of the 

Emperor and of the Emperor's mother and evinced no 

interest in the person of his host, which according to Chinese 

notions is very insulting. 

On his part, Li Hung Chang kept questioning the Emir 

as to what was his faith. He explained that the Chinese 

adhered to the religious teachings of Confucius, and he 

wondered, he said repeatedly, what was the religion of the 

Emir and his subjects. The Emir declared that he was a 

Moslem and went so far as to present the principles of the 

religion founded by Mohammed. When the visit was over, 

Li Hung Chang accompanied his guest to the very carriage 

in which the Emir had come. When the carriage was 

already in motion, Li Hung Chang shouted to the interpreter 

who was with the Emir: 


"Please tell the Emir that I forgot to say to him that the 

Mohammed he spoke about had been in China. There he 

was found out to be a convict and they chased him out of 

the country. Then he must have gone to the Emir's people 

and founded his religion among them." 


“这也许是那个时期中国外交史上唯一的一次胜利” ——《围城》


This sally was so unexpected that the Emir was taken aback 

and retorted nothing. Having thus retaliated for the offence 

the Emir had done him, Li Hung Chang returned to his reception 

room in high spirits

   —— THE MEMOIRS OF COUNT WITTE   1921


更使沙皇财政大臣维特伯爵惊愕的是,李鸿章竟然以傲慢轻侮的态度对待俄国的一位贵宾。有一次,维特正在李鸿章那里,忽然有人来报告说:参加沙皇加冕典礼的布哈拉国元首艾米尔前来拜会。李鸿章立即十分严肃地在安乐椅上正襟危坐,直到艾米尔走进客厅,他才站起来略走几步表示欢迎。艾米尔“显然感到李鸿章摆的架子冒犯了他。因此,他首先向李鸿章示意:他是沙皇的重臣,他亲自来访李鸿章只是出于对中国皇帝的尊重。”言外之意,他的来访同李鸿章个人完全无关。他向中国皇帝、皇太后致意,对李鸿章却不置一词。李鸿章心知其意,心中盘算着应付办法。他们只谈宗教,不及其他。李鸿章声称“中国人一向信奉早由孔夫子定下来的信仰原则”,艾米尔则表示:“他是穆斯林,遵循穆罕默德制定的教规”。艾米尔告辞时,李鸿章前倡后恭,居然一直把他送到马车旁。“这时,李鸿章的形象已显得比布哈拉艾米尔这位显贵卑微得多了。”正在一旁的维特暗自称奇,以为艾米尔这位显要人物的态度折服了目高于顶的李鸿章。


不料,正当车夫挥鞭待行时,李鸿章猝不及防地喊住马车,

对着艾米尔口出不逊,公然把伊斯兰教创始人穆罕默德

( 571年4月24日-632年6月7日,年仅61岁)诬蔑为

早年被中国撵走的“苦役犯”。“这一招来得十分突然,

如此狂妄的行为显然把布哈拉艾米尔弄得十分难堪。”


维特恍然大悟,断定“这是李鸿章对布哈拉文米尔对他那种不可一世的威风的报复。”李鸿章对于这种违背外交准则、愚昧无知、妄自尊大的行径,不以为耻,反而为荣,抛下相顾失色的观众,得意洋洋地回到自己的房子里去了。

        

        大清帝国国歌



 
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