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China is building a powerful digital surveillance state. Jason Lee/Reuters
China is setting up a vast surveillance system that tracks every single one of its 1.4 billion citizens — from using facial recognition to name and shame jaywalkers, to forcing people to download apps that can access all the photos on their smartphones.
The growth of China's surveillance technology comes as the state rolls out an enormous "social credit system" that ranks citizens based on their behaviour, and doles out rewards and punishments depending on their scores.
Not much is known so far about how China will monitor its citizens for the social credit system, but some of the technology currently available in China could well be used in the system. Tech companies in China are required to share data with the government upon request.
Scroll down to see all the ways China is already monitoring its citizens.
1. Using facial recognition technology that can pick people out of massive crowds.
谷歌同学“优秀”译文：
中国正在建立一个庞大的监控系统，追踪其14亿人口中的每一个人 - 从使用面部识别到名字和羞辱行者，迫使人们下载可以访问他们智能手机上所有照片的应用程序。
中国监控技术的发展是随国家推出一个庞大的“社会信用体系”，根他们的行为对公民进行排名，并根他们的得分进行奖励和惩罚。
迄今为止，关于中国如何监督公民参与社会信用体系的情G目前尚不清楚，但目前在中国可用的一些技术可以很好地用于该体系。 中国的科技公司应要求与政府共享数。
向下滚动查看中国已经监测其公民的所有方式。
1. 使用面部识别高超技术，可以
从乌央乌央人群中瞬间把你揪出来 ！
A crowded railway station in Guangzhou, southern China. Reuters
At least 16 cities, municipalities, and provinces across China have already started using a facial recognition system that can scan the country's entire 1.4 billion-strong population — with 99.8% accuracy, Chinese state media reported.
China's facial recognition surveillance has already proven to be eerily effective: Police in Nanchang, southeastern China, managed to locate and arrest a wanted suspect out of a 60,000-person pop concert earlier this month, the state-run Xinhua news agency said.
中国南部 州拥挤的火车站。路透社
中国官方媒体报道，中国至少有16个城市，市和省已经开始使用可识别全国14亿人口的全国人脸识别系统 - 准确率达到99.8％。
中国的面部识别监视已被证明是一件非常有效的事情：国有的新华社说，中国东南部的南昌警方本月早些时候设法从一个6丌人的流行音乐会中找到并逮捕了一名通缉犯。
英国 播公司记者在中国西南部的贵阳进行了一次面部识别系统的测试，结果发现，当局只需要7分钟就能抓住他。观看如何：
阅读更多：一个中国城市正在使用面部识别技术，可以韺U警方在短短2分钟内发现并逮捕犯罪分子
2.让群聊管理员监视群员。
路透社/丹尼莫洛索克
中国认为，对于他们在消息应用上发起的任何群聊中发布的内容，中国人应承恩D事责任。该法规甚至适用于私人和加密应用程序，例如WhatsApp。
政府还要求技术公司监控并保存六个月的会话记录，并向当局举报任何非法活动。
3.L迫市民下载允许政府监控
手机照片和视频的应用程序。
左侧的屏幕截图显示Jingwang提示用户删除手机中的“危险内容”，而右侧则显示该应用程序的访问权限。京望威视/开放技术基金
美国政府资助的开放技术基金说，政府已经迫使中国西部的少数民族维吾堭雕U载扫描照片，视频，音频文件，电子书和其他文件的应用程序。
该开放技术基金报道称，该应用名为净网（用中文发音为“净王”，字面意思是“净化网络”），提取包括电话号码和型号在内的信息，并通过文件搜索。
它还警告用户删除它认为危险的文件，并将有关这些文件的信息发送到外部服务器。
4.观察人们如何在网上购物。
马云的阿里巴巴使用大量的大数来评估客户。王贺/盖蒂
阿里巴巴此前表示，其可选的信用系统芝麻（芝麻）信用，根他们的在线活动对用户进行了排名。
芝麻信贷的技术官李应云告诉笔者去年的Rachel Botsman，每天玩视频游戏十个小时的人会被认为是“闲散人员”，而那些在线购买纸尿裤的人“更有可能有责任感，“因为他们很可能是父母。
尽管芝麻信用已经表示，它不再试图量化用户的在线行为，但公司已经看到了它从用户挖掘的海量数。
根“华妫鞲报”报道，包括阿里巴巴在内的中国科技公司应要求与政府共享数。
5.执法人员佩戴特殊眼镜识别拥挤的地方人员，
如街道和火车站。
一位演员穿开发眼镜的中国科技公司LLVision Technology在宣传视频中佩戴面部识别眼镜。托马斯彼得/路透社
今年早些时候推出的面部识别眼镜与一个可以让人们与犯罪嫌疑人相匹配的数库相关联。
开发眼镜的LLVision Technology首席执行官吴飞告诉“华妫鞲报”，他的技术可以在0.1秒内从数库中识别出人脸数。
吴先生告诉“日报”，眼镜已经韺U当局查出涉嫌交通违法行为和贩卖人口等罪行的嫌疑人。
5.执法人员佩戴特殊眼镜识别拥挤的地方人员，如街道和火车站。
一位演员穿开发眼镜的中国科技公司LLVision Technology在宣传视频中佩戴面部识别眼镜。托马斯彼得/路透社
今年早些时候推出的面部识别眼镜与一个可以让人们与犯罪嫌疑人相匹配的数库相关联。
开发眼镜的LLVision Technology首席执行官吴飞告诉“华妫鞲报”，他的技术可以在0.1秒内从数库中识别出人脸数。
吴先生告诉“日报”，眼镜已经韺U当局查出涉嫌交通违法行为和贩卖人口等罪行的嫌疑人。
6.在火车站安装“机器人警察”，扫描人们的脸部并与想要的逃犯相匹配 - 就像这个在中国中部郑州的人。
6.在火车站安装“机器人警察”，扫描人们的脸部并与想要的逃犯相匹配 - 就像这个在中国中部郑州的人。
报道，这个机器人警察可以清洁，监控空气质量，并在附近发现火寣C张涛/ VCG通过盖蒂
7.使用面部识别技术铲除乱穿马路人。
中国新华社报道，中国的一些城市已经在他们的街道上安装了面部识别摄像头，这些摄像头立即将行人的脸部与中央警察数库相匹配。
jaywalkers的照片，姓氏和编辑的身份证号码显示在路边的大屏幕上。
在中国东南部的深圳等城市，信息也会上传到官方社交媒体帐户和网站（请参阅上述视频中的工作方式）。
在中国西南部的福州，警方甚至向行贿者的雇主讲述他们的“不当行为”。
“南华早报”报道，中国AI公司负责深圳面部识别技术的Intellifusion正在研究一种系统，该系统可以在事件发生后立即向Jaywalkers发送短信，提醒他们罚款。
8.随意拦截行人检查他们的手机。
8.随意拦截行人检查他们的手机。
2017年3月，一名警察在新疆喀什的一名男子的身份证上查看身份证。托马斯彼得/路透社
BuzzFeed新闻报道，新疆武警和准军事部队是维吾堣数民族居住的中国西部地区，阻止随机行人检查他们的手机和笔记本电脑是否被禁止的应用程序和被认为对中共有危险的消息。
这种搜查方法已经导致多名维吾堣H被拘留和逮捕。
9.跟踪人们的社交媒体帖子，这些帖子可以与用户的家人和地点相关联。
9.跟踪人们的社交媒体帖子，这些帖子可以与用户的家人和地点相关联。
中国东北部太原的一家网吧。路透社
中国东部武夷的一名妇女在她的儿子肖恩张在三月份从他的微博账户中转发了一份反习近平的帖子后，接到警察的电话，尽管他一直在温哥华工作。
警方告诉张女士，该职位并不好，并要求立即将其解除。
警方如何设法找到张的帖子或追踪他的账户到他母亲的地址仍不得而知。张先生说：“我的社交媒体帐户可能正在密切监视之中，他们会阅读我说的所有内容......我可能在他们的观察名单上。”
10.腹建预测软件来汇总关于人们的数 -
不需要他们的知识 - 并标记他们认为有威胁的人员。
10.腹建预测软件来汇总关于人们的数 -
不需要他们的知识 - 并标记他们认为有威胁的人员。
北京天安门 场的安全摄像机。埃德琼斯/法新社/盖蒂图片社
Human Rights Watch报道，该软件收集来自闭路电视摄像机，身份证检查和“wifi嗅探器”的数 - 拦截 线网络的工具，并通过它们传输和解码通过它们传输的数。
中央系统也被称为“综合联合作战平台”（IJOP），然后分析人们的概G，预测他们是否会伤害中共政权，并警告地方当局可能发生叛乱分子。
人权观察高级中国研究员玛雅王说，这有效地允许中国当局任意拘留他们认为是政治异议人士的人。
新疆喀什地区主要由维吾堭维吾堭琤e领，已经定期使用IJOP。
面部技术和数字数收集在中国比世界其他地方更为宽松。相比之下，欧盟正在制定新的数隐私法规，限制企业可以收集的个人，生物特征和社交媒体数的数量。
面部技术和数字数收集在中国比世界其他地方更为宽松。相比之下，欧盟正在制定新的数隐私法规，限制企业可以收集的个人，生物特征和社交媒体数的数量。
马克扎克伯格在北京天安门 场慢跑。 Facebook的
点击此处阅读Business Insider全面报道的新的欧盟数隐私规则，即通用数保护条例（GDPR）。
这个国家的人们对这个现代监督国家的感受是分歧的。虽然有人指出了侵犯消费者和公民权利的行为，但其他人表示，由于政府的“大哥”式监控，他们感到安全。
这个国家的人们对这个现代监督国家的感受是分歧的。虽然有些人指出侵犯消费者和公民权利的行为，但另一些人则说他们因政府而感到安全
一名警察在新疆喀什的一条街上观看，而维吾堭琲澈胪l们玩耍。凯文弗雷/盖蒂
中国AI公司SenseTime告诉Quartz，它通过将一个人的脸与政府数库相匹配，韺U许多公司打击身份盗用。
重庆绿色智能技术研究所为全国62个机场开发面部识别系统，并称其已经大规模加速对数百名旅行者的安全检查。
A BBC reporter who tested a facial recognition system in Guiyang, southwest China, found that it only took seven minutes for authorities to catch him. Watch how:
2. Getting group chat admins to spy on people.
REUTERS/Danny Moloshok
China holds people criminally liable for content posted in any group chat they initiate on messaging apps. The regulation applies even to private and encrypted apps, such as WhatsApp.
The government also requires tech companies to monitor and keep records of conversations for six months, and report any illegal activity to authorities.
3. Forcing citizens to download apps that allow the government to monitor their cell phone photos and videos.
The screengrab on the left shows Jingwang prompting users to delete "dangerous content" on their phone, while the one on the right shows the app's access.Jingwang Weishi/Open Technology Fund
The government has forced Uighurs, an ethnic minority in western China, to download an app that scans photos, videos, audio files, ebooks, and other documents, the US-government funded Open Technology Fund said.
The app, named 浄网 (pronounced "jingwang" in Mandarin Chinese, and literally means "cleansing the web"), extracts information including the phone number and model, and scours through its files, the Open Technology Fund reported.
It also warns users to delete files it deems dangerous and sends information about those files to an outside server.
4. Watching how people shop online.
Jack Ma's Alibaba uses a lot of big data to evaluate its customers. Wang He/Getty
Alibaba previously said that its optional credit system, Zhima (Sesame) Credit, ranked its users based on their online activities.
Zhima Credit's technology officer, Li Yingyun, told author Rachel Botsman last year that people who played video games for ten hours a day would be considered an "idle person," while those who buy diapers online were "more likely to have a sense of responsibility," as they were likely to be parents.
Although Zhima Credit has since said that it no longer tries to quantify users' online behaviour, the company has already given a glimpse of the massive amount of data it mines from its users.
Chinese tech companies, including Alibaba, are required to share data with the government upon request, according to The Wall Street Journal.
5. Having law enforcement officers wear special glasses to identify people in crowded places, like streets and train stations.
An actor wears facial recognition eyewear in a promotional video by LLVision Technology, the Chinese tech company that developed the glasses.Thomas Peter/Reuters
The facial recognition glasses, which were unveiled earlier this year, are linked to a database that can match people with criminal suspects.
Wu Fei, the CEO of LLVision Technology which developed the glasses, told the Wall Street Journal that his technology can identify faces from a database of 10,000 in 0.1 seconds.
The glasses have already helped authorities identify people suspected of misdeeds ranging from traffic infringements to crimes like human trafficking, Wu told the Journal.
6. Installing 'robot police' in train stations that scan people's faces and match those of wanted fugitives — like this one in Zhengzhou, central China.
This robot police can reportedly clean, monitor the air quality, and locate fires in the vicinity as well. Zhang Tao/VCG via Getty
7. Using facial recognition technology to root out jaywalkers.
Several Chinese cities have already installed facial recognition cameras around their streets that immediately match jaywalkers' faces to a central police database, according to the state-run Xinhua news agency.
The jaywalkers' photos, surnames, and redacted ID numbers are displayed on a massive screen next to the road.
In cities like Shenzhen, southeastern China, the information is also uploaded to official social media accounts and websites (see how it works in the video above).
In Fuzhou, southwestern China, police even tell jaywalkers' employers about their "misdeeds."
Intellifusion, the Chinese AI firm in charge of the facial recognition technology in Shenzhen, is working on a system that sends texts to jaywalkers alerting them of their fine immediately after the incident, the South China Morning Post reported.
8. Stopping pedestrians at random to check their phones.
A police officer checks the identity card of a man in Kashgar, Xinjiang, in March 2017. Thomas Peter/Reuters
Armed police and paramilitary forces in Xinjiang, a territory in western China inhabited by the Uighur minority, stop random pedestrians to check their phones and laptops for banned apps and messages deemed dangerous to the Chinese Communist Party, BuzzFeed News reported.
This method of searching has already led to multiple Uighurs being detained and arrested.
9. Tracking people's social media posts, which can be linked to the user's family and location.
An internet cafe in Taiyuan, northeastern China. Reuters
A woman in Wuyi, eastern China, received a call from the police hours after her son, Shawn Zhang, retweeted an anti-Xi Jinping post from his Weibo account in March— even though he was based all the way in Vancouver.
Police told Zhang's mother that the post was not good and requested that it be removed immediately, Zhang told BI.
How police managed to find Zhang's posts or trace his account to his mother's address remains unknown. Zhang said: "My social media account is probably under their close monitoring. They will read everything I say... I am probably on their watch list."
10. Building predictive software to aggregate data about people — without their knowledge — and flag those they consider threatening.
Security cameras in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Ed Jones/AFP/Getty Images
The software gathers the data from CCTV cameras, ID checks, and "wifi sniffers" — tools that intercept wireless networks, and hoover up and decode the data transmitted through them,according to Human Rights Watch.
The central system, also known as the "Integrated Joint Operations Platform" (IJOP), then analyses people's profiles, predicts whether they could harm the Chinese Communist regime, and alerts local authorities to potential rebels.
This effectively allows Chinese authorities to arbitrarily detain people they see as political dissidents, Human Rights Watch senior China researcher Maya Wang said.
Kashgar prefecture in Xinjiang, which is predominantly occupied by ethnic Uighurs, already uses IJOP regularly.
Facial technology and digital data collection is used much more liberally in China than elsewhere in the world. The EU, by comparison, is rolling out new data privacy regulation that would restrict the amount of personal, biometric, and social media data that companies can collect.
Mark Zuckerberg jogging through Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Facebook
People in the country are split over how they feel about this modern surveillance state. While some have pointed out the violation of consumers' and citizens' rights, others say they feel safe because of the government's "Big Brother"-esque surveillance.
A police officer watches over a street in Kashgar, Xinjiang, while ethnic Uighur children play. Kevin Frayer/Getty
SenseTime, the Chinese AI company, told Quartz that it helped many companies combat identity theft by matching a person's face to government databases.
The Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, which developed facial recognition systems for 62 airports around the country, also claimed that it had already massively sped up security checks for hundreds of travellers.
Source: Human Rights Watch, BuzzFeed News
