参考资料， http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/324/5930/1029 Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation Matthew G. Vander Heiden,1,2 Lewis C. Cantley,2,* Craig B. Thompson3,* In contrast to normal differentiated cells, which rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy needed for cellular processes, most cancer cells instead rely on aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed "the Warburg effect." Aerobic glycolysis is an inefficient way to generate adenosine 5'-triphosphate （ATP）, however, and the advantage it confers to cancer cells has been unclear. Here we propose that the metabolism of cancer cells, and indeed all proliferating cells, is adapted to facilitate the uptake and incorporation of nutrients into the biomass （e.g., nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids） needed to produce a new cell. Supporting this idea are recent studies showing that （i） several signaling pathways implicated in cell proliferation also regulate metabolic pathways that incorporate nutrients into biomass; and that （ii） certain cancer-associated mutations enable cancer cells to acquire and metabolize nutrients in a manner conducive to proliferation rather than efficient ATP production. A better understanding of the mechanistic links between cellular metabolism and growth control may ultimately lead to better treatments for human cancer. 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 2 Beth-Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 3 Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100122222228.htm Potential Way to Reverse Cancer Cell Metabolism and Tumor Growth ScienceDaily （Jan. 25, 2010） — A team of scientists led by Professor Adrian Krainer, Ph.D., of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has discovered molecular factors in cancer cells that boost the production of an enzyme that helps alter the cells' glucose metabolism. The altered metabolic state, called the Warburg effect, promotes extremely rapid cell proliferation and tumor growth.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080312141243.htm Fundamental Process Of Tumor Growth Explained ScienceDaily （Mar. 13, 2008） — Nearly 80 years ago, scientist Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells perform energy metabolism in a way that is different from normal adult cells. Many decades later, this observation was exploited by clinicians to better visualize tumors using PET （positron emission technology） imaging. But it has not been known exactly how tumor cells perform this alternate metabolic feat, nor was it known if this process was essential for tumor growth.
