| 十四行詩概論
嚴禁匿名轉載
聲明:有關系統紹介西方詩體的知識很少,因此,如果轉載必須署名“潘學峰”
有關內容是我的《英語詩歌學概論》中的內容
十四行詩體(Sonnet)
最早在13世紀中期到14世紀中期西西里詩歌學派代表詩人之一賈科莫·德·Lentini(Giacomode Lentini)在組歌詩體的基礎上創立而成。 除了創造出“十四行”詩體,賈科莫最終還創造了意大利語中的很多新的詞彙,因此,十四行詩體首先在意大利流行,並在14世紀意大利文藝復興結束之後經SirThomas Wyatt傳至英國。Sir Thomas Wyatt和GeoffreyChaucer使得十四行詩體和英國當時鄉村盛行的抒情詩和敘事詩結合,成為英語文化中最普遍的詩體。十四行詩體在16世紀末期和17世紀早期的英格蘭得到了詩人的熱衷,包括Wyatt、SirPhilip Sydney、Edmund Spenser、 William Shakespeare等人都非常熱衷十四行詩的寫作。其中Spenser和 Shakespeare 繼承了SirThomas Wyatt傳入的Petrarchan 十四行詩,並進一步創立了各自的十四行詩體, 最終形成了三種主要的十四行詩版式,即Petrarchan十四行詩、Spenserian十四行詩和Shakespearean十四行詩。即使如此,使十四行詩體真正進文學殿堂,成為更為流行的英語詩歌詩體形式應該歸功於莎士比亞。莎士比亞在其創作的戲劇和詩歌作品中大量使用十四行詩體。儘管莎士比亞可能並不一定屬於最擅長、最有創意的“十四行詩”作家,但卻是他使這種詩體變得家喻戶曉。迄今存留的莎士比亞十四行詩大約有154首。
十四行詩體是學者、學生等喜聞樂見,願意採用的一種詩歌創作版式。十四行詩的韻律是可變的,但英語文學作品中有兩種韻律形式較為常見,一是所謂的莎翁韻律:“a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d”-“efefgg” ,另一種則是所謂的彌爾頓韻律:“a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a”“-cdcdcd”韻式 。十四行詩一般常用抑揚五步格。
十四行詩歌的結構也是可變的,至少存在20種格式,但以14行最為常見。十四行詩歌每行含有10個音節(syllable),通常為兩個“四行詩”加兩個“三行壓韻詩句”(tercet)組成(8行+6行=14行) 或者採取三個“四行詩”和一個結尾對偶句(中國的對聯形式)組成。
六種最常見的十四行詩體格式分別為:彼特拉克格式、Curtal格式、斯賓塞格式、莎士比亞格式、彌爾頓格式和terza rima(三拍子)格式。
十四行詩體主要用於浪漫、快樂和愛情冒險等主題。
例詩:
(1)彼特拉克詩體:
由兩段四行體和兩段三拍子(見後面,三拍子詩體)組成。
比如:
Visions
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Being one day at my window all alone,
So manie strange things happened me to see,
As much as it grieveth me to thinke thereon.
At my right hand a hynde appear’d to mee,
(第一段四行詩格式,韻律為:a-b-a-b)
So faire as mote the greatest god delite;
Two eager dogs did her pursue in chace.
Of which the one was blacke, the other white:
With deadly force so in their cruell race
(第二段四行詩, 韻律:c-d-c-d)
They pincht the haunches of that gentle beast,
That at the last, and in short time, I spide,
Under a rocke, where she alas, opprest,
(第一段三拍子,韻律為:-efe)
Fell to the ground, and there untimely dide.
Cruell death vanquishing so noble beautie
Oft makes me wayle so hard a desire.
(第二段三拍子,韻律為:fgg)
(每一詩行含10音節)註解:這首十四行詩含有一個完整的三拍子韻式:efe, 最後一個“三拍子”(三行)韻式並不遵從三拍子韻式,而是一種三拍子和十四行詩的混合處理方法,即遵守了十四行詩最後兩行“對偶”的要求,這兩行押相同的韻,即起韻按照三拍子用“f”但對偶句用相同的韻。所以為“fgg”。
(2)切短(Curtal)格式
顯然,十四行詩體的切短格式必然會使之少於十四行。
比如:
From La Vita Nuova
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
And now (for I must rid my name of ruth)
Behooves me speak the truth
Touching thy cruelty and wickedness:
Not that they be not known; but ne'ertheless
I would give hate more stress
With them that feed on love in every sooth.
Out of this world thou hast driven courtesy,
And virtue, dearly prized in womanhood;
And out of youth’s gay mood
The lovely lightness is quite gone through thee.
(只有10行,比較少見的變體,通常出自一些著名詩人之手)
(3)斯賓塞詩體
Amoretti
Edmund Spenser (c. 1552-1599)
What guile is this, that those her golden tresses(a)
She doth attire under a net of gold;(b)
And with sly skill so cunningly them dresses,(a)
That which is gold or hair, may scarce be told?(b)
Is it that men’s frail eyes, which gaze too bold,(b)
She may entangle in that golden snare;©
And being caught may craftily enfold(b)
Their weaker hearts, which are not yet well aware?(c)
Take heed therefore, mine eyes, how ye do stare©
Henceforth too rashly on that guileful net,(d)
In which if ever ye entrapped are©
Out of her bands ye by no means shall get.(d)
Folly it were for any being free,(f)
To covet fetters, though they golden be.(g)
韻式:a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c-d-c-d-f-g
(4)莎翁格式:
Sonnets
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
From fairest creatures we desire increase,
That thereby beauty’s rose might never die.
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory:
But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
Feed'st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament
And only herald to the gaudy spring,
Within thine own bud buriest thy content
And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding.
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.
(沒有明顯的分段,但韻律具有分段,為:abab-cdcd-efef-gg)(基本上類似彼得拉克十四行韻式)。
(5)彌爾頓格式:
To Cyriack Skinner (Milton’s pupil)
John Milton (1608-1674)
Cyriack, this three years’ day these eyes, though clear
To outward view, of blemish or of spot,
Bereft of light, their seeing have forgot;
Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appear
Of sun or moon or star throughout the year,
Or man or woman. Yet I argue not
Against Heaven’s hand or will, nor bate a jot
Of heart or hope, but still bear up and steer
(前八行為一個模塊, 韻律:abbaabba)韻式中心對稱。
Right onward. What supports me, dost thou ask?
The conscience, friend, to have lost them overplied
In liberty’s defense, my noble task,
Of which all Europe talks from side to side.
This thought might lead me through the world’s vain mask
Content, though blind, had I no better guide.
(此六行為一個模塊,韻律:cdcdcd)後六行韻式“迴旋”
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