編者按：拙作《旅遊整合世界》是一本從“旅遊”的視角闡述人類文明發展規律的著作。這裡說的“旅遊”當然是指“大旅遊”概念，而不是傳統眼睛裡“吃住行、游購娛”的範疇。拙作自2008年1月問世以來，在國內一直受學術圈“排擠”，搞旅遊專業的說我寫的是政治，不接納；搞政治學的又說我寫的是旅遊，看不上。我雖完全“笑納”，但有時心裡還是七上八下，畢竟我是做記者出身，搞學術打的是“野拳”，不像學院派那麼中規中矩。 2012年12月，筆者應聯合國記者協會邀請，參加其一年一度頒獎盛會。在紐約期間，抽空拜訪了在紐黑文大學任教的華裔神探李昌鈺博士，同去的還有著名肖像攝影家傅小海先生。中午，李博士請我們在學校食堂吃便餐，排隊時，正好遇到該校一位領導（可能是副校長或教務長），他們打招呼，李並介紹說國內來的客人應邀去聯合國演講，來學校看他。該領導聽說我要去聯合國演講，似乎產生了興趣，問演講內容關乎哪個領域。我就把拙作內容簡單介紹了一下，他說：“哦，政治旅遊學方面的”。我一聽，問：“美國有這門學問嗎？”他說：“有啊，上個世紀就有人提出‘政治旅遊’或‘旅遊政治’概念。”聽到這裡，我即刻興奮起來。那一天的“便餐”真是比山珍海味還美。 後來，我查找資料，發現“此言不虛”，早在上個世紀五六十年代，耶魯、哈佛大學就有教授提到“政治旅遊”和“旅遊政治”話題，只是一直以來，西方世界還沒有此類專著出版，中國人“一不留神”拔“頭籌”了。更讓筆者欣慰的是，10餘年來，學術圈的“冷”反襯政治圈的“熱”。許多政治人物都與拙作有交集，有的看完還“身體力行”（當然言“英雄所見略同”更準確）。如奧巴馬給了中國人“十年旅遊簽證”、馬英九大力開放兩岸旅遊、薄熙來用該理念設計了重慶LOGO、陳希同在小湯山“保外就醫”寫了一幅“旅遊整合世界”書法贈送（這讓我有點詫異）…… 如今，人類到了“大轉折”時期，許多讀者尤其是海外讀者對拙作，“只聞其聲不見其人”，筆者在此選取拙作最後一章，也是拙作“關鍵”內容之一即第六章第三小節，以饗讀者。希望對讀者了解當下和未來有所幫助，共同為反對戰爭、推動人類和平出力！正如筆者在拙文從《旅遊整合世界》看全球政客在大轉型中的歷史抉擇中所言：“在歷史大轉型的關鍵時期，對於全球政客尤其是大權在握者來講，流芳千古與遺臭萬年的機率同等！” 謝謝大家！
2008年1月第一次出版 
2015年後版本
正在籌備中的“總統旅遊論壇”LOGO
目錄 第一章 總論
第一節 旅遊是人類本能屬性和社會屬性相結合的產物
第二節 古代旅遊是有權有錢有閒人的活動
第二章 科學技術的發展開啟了人類旅遊的新紀元
第一節 影響人類旅遊活動的幾項重大發明
第二節 旅遊範圍和旅遊人數發生質的飛躍
第三節 近代中國旅遊
第三章 旅遊的過程是人類文明傳遞的過程
第一節 旅遊是不同文明之間的橋梁
第二節 沒有傳播就沒有文明
第四章 旅遊的整合力是人類文明發展的加速器
第一節 旅遊有着包容廣泛的硬整合力
第二節 旅遊有着不可估量的軟整合力
第五章 人類文明的發展促動旅遊價值的提升
第一節 戰爭是古代人類文明傳播的主渠道
第二節 戰爭傳播文明更摧毀文明
第三節 人類文明未來發展趨勢
第六章 人類文明“整合”的最終選擇——旅遊
第一節 和平發展逐漸成為人類共識
第二節 現代旅遊發展與日俱進 第三節 現實發展所預示的樂觀前景
《旅遊整合世界》第六章第三節摘錄: 三、現實發展所預示的樂觀前景 （1）人類的交流已完成兩次大的飛躍 迄今為止，人類的旅遊活動已進行了兩次大的飛躍—— 第一次出現在工業革命時期。由於蒸汽機的發明，生產力得到大大提高，人們不僅有了更多的休閒時間，而且因為輪船、火車的出現，使得人們第一次脫離了以動物體力為源動力的交通工具時代。人們的旅遊範圍和旅遊過程中的舒適度、安全度都發生了革命性的變化。尤其重要的是，旅遊不再是少數人的專利，普通白領、藍領也踏上了旅遊的征途，人類開始進入“大眾旅遊”時代。 人類旅遊活動的第二次飛躍始於20世紀八九十年代。以信息技術革命為中心的高新技術的迅猛發展，不僅衝破了國界，加快了信息的交流和分享，而且縮小了地球的距離，使世界經濟越來越融為一體即“經濟全球化”。 經濟全球化主要表現為貿易自由化、生產國際化、金融全球化和科技全球化。目前，經濟全球化已顯示出強大的生命力，並對世界各國經濟、政治、軍事、社會、文化等所有方面，甚至包括思維方式等，都造成了巨大的衝擊。這是一場深刻的革命，任何國家都無法迴避。 經濟全球化不僅促動了現階段人類資源、資金、技術、產品、市場的大規模流動，而且促動了人類前所未有的大規模的交流，人類由此從“大眾旅遊”時代進入到“全球旅遊”時代 。 雖然人們還無法預期人類旅遊活動第三次飛躍的準確時間，但人類“核心價值觀的統一”將是旅遊活動第三次飛躍的重要標誌，也是人類“地球村”真正實現的前提。 因為只有全人類“核心價值觀的統一”， 傳統的政治、宗教矛盾才能基本消除，人類交流的成本才能降到最低，人類才能最大限度地將地球資源用於創造財富、發展科技、保護民族文化、促進各國公民自由交流即提升人類的整體力量上來。 到那時，世界各國的政治、經濟和文化的發展變得相對均衡，人類的旅遊活動不再受政治——自由往來、經濟——每個人都有足夠的費用、交通工具——一天之內到達地球任何一點等幾乎所有條件的束縛，只需要戰勝自己。 而這美好願景的實現是快是遲，很大程度上取決於全人類的“自覺”行為。經濟全球化的發展，為人類旅遊整合世界的進程提供了迫切的需要，也提供了實現這種需要的現實條件和物質基礎。 可以說，經濟全球化，既是旅遊整合世界得以展開的舞台，又為旅遊整合世界的表演提供了道具。正是在經濟全球化的作用之下，旅遊整合世界才有機會和可能充分展示人類文化發展的一幕幕悲喜劇。 所以，旅遊整合世界的過程性決定了人類文化的整合過程是貫穿經濟全球化的長期過程。信息科技的革命性進步，以網絡空間為主要特徵的信息時代的來臨，使得社會文化形式以前所未有的加速度進行更新。旅遊整合世界就是在這種更新當中發揮着自己潛移默化的作用。 在全球化時代，人類文化的發展也表現出許多新的特徵。主要為：文化多樣性成為全球文化發展的主要表現形式；文化帝國主義成為全球文化發展的新問題；追求文化發展的先進性成為各種不同文化共同的目標。 文明的衝突和融合是旅遊整合世界的主要表現形式。經濟全球化的飛速發展，為地域文化的碰撞與互動提供了更多機會，也為文明的衝突和融合的深入化提供了新的空間。正是在這種不同地域文化形式之間的衝突和變化中，旅遊整合世界才得以逐漸實現。 不同民族之間互相尊重對方的文化，增進相互理解，使不同的文化互補，使本民族文化得到發展。對於文化差異，如果漫不經心，就會造成誤解，嚴重者造成衝突就不足為奇了。 文化差異雖然會造成不同民族之間交流的障礙，可正是地球上有了文化差異的存在，世界才變得豐富多彩，才有了以各種各樣的旅遊活動為表現形式的人類的交往，人類才有了共享文明的機會。 李小龍是國際著名的華人武打明星。位於歐州中部的波斯尼亞的莫斯塔爾市市中心廣場幾年前豎起一座李小龍雕像。波斯尼亞作家加塔諾認為這有助於消除文化差異和種族隔閡。他說：“一個人眼中的英雄可能是另一個人眼中的壞人，但李小龍是一個真正的國際英雄，並且是波斯尼亞所有種族的英雄”。 在哲學上，文化衝突與文化融合是對立統一的關係。文化的衝突是文化融合得以實現的前提條件。只有通過異質文化之間的相互競爭和對立，人類文化才能在相互衝突中找到各自的優勢與缺點，並在相互之間的取長補短中實現自身的進步，為文化融合的實現奠定前提和基礎。 旅遊整合世界的過程，就是人類文化的相互衝突的表現形式與相互融合的發展趨勢之間，建立起來的一種富有張力的文化發展過程。 在人類旅遊整合世界的不同階段、不同層次，人類文化的衝突與融合具有不同的表現，各自包含其特殊的含義。但是從人類文化發展的長河來看，這種對立統一是人類社會進步的主要方式。 經濟全球化時代的文化衝突，雖然也強調不同文化主體之間的差異性，強調不同文化形式的存在價值，但是在其中都開始重視吸收和借鑑異質文化形式中的有用成分，改善和提高自己的適應性和生命力。 可以這麼說，人類文化的求同存異思想，在經濟全球化時代表現得比以往任何時候都更加強烈。因為在各種不同地域文化的發展中，大家都開始對一些具有“普世性”的問題諸如全球意識、全球倫理、網絡文化、大眾文化、消費文化、生態文化、可持續發展理念、現代性理念等等，予以更多關注。 人們都在試圖尋找一種具有普遍價值的文化形式，以解決人類社會共同面臨的問題，或以此尋找巨大的政治和商業利益。可以說，這種對共同價值目標的追求，是人類文化的融合所要追求的理想境界。 （2）“民族意識”正向“人類意識”過渡 正是在人類文化的流變與整合之中，人類文化形態不斷發出新的面貌，體現新的形式，作為文化主體的人的文化特質也在這種摒棄與吸收之中，逐漸展現其特有的魅力。 喬布斯去世後，美聯社說，他“是一位CEO，一位科技奇才，一位未來學家，一位革新者，一位鑄造者”；對於喬布斯的成就，《華爾街日報》同樣也作了個人英雄主義的解讀。 有人把喬布斯的成功歸功於美國的“制度”，那麼，為什麼有着相似“制度”的日本、歐洲沒有產生喬布斯？甚至一樣生活在美國，能和喬布斯站在同樣高度的創新者也鳳毛麟角。 傳統上把這一切歸結為“天才”，而如今，人們更樂意把這一現象看作是成功者的個人經歷、理念、個性對創新在起着決定性作用，其中有很多因素對企業家是有特殊意義的。 中國著名經濟學家葉檀女士把喬布斯的成功歸咎為“完美融合中西方文化精華”。 她認為，強大的技術團隊，快捷的物流鏈條，全球的營銷網絡，是蘋果成功的技術基礎，而支撐喬布斯內在的強大精神力量卻來自東方。 她在《每日經濟新聞》報上著文稱：“喬布斯有信仰，佛教禪宗不僅讓喬布斯擁有精神支撐，更讓喬布斯擁有了簡潔的人生目標與審美趣味，所有的蘋果產品設計都體現出簡潔流暢之美。蘋果設計以其日本枯山水式的凝練意境，俘獲了萬眾用戶之心。他既不盲從世俗之見，也不盲目遵從自己的內心，而是以強大的精神開拓新的道路。”她認為在中國很少有企業家、哲學家融合兩者，而喬布斯做到了。 葉檀說，甚至喬布斯的座右銘都是東方式的——“Stay Hungry，Stay Foolish”即“求知若渴，處事若愚”。這一箴言既符合儒家的教誨，也符合道家的內核。一個美國的企業家居然能夠如此精準地抓住東方文化的內核，貫穿在自己所有的行動中，實在讓人感慨。 美國影片《2012》在該國上映首個周末，就稱霸各地票房榜，並在全球狂攬225億美元。它在中國的票房打破了9天吸金21億的紀錄。導演艾默里奇曾充滿自信說：“我決心讓這部影片成為災難片之冠。” 《2012》電影的主題其實並不複雜——“人類即將毀滅，全球共拯災難”。影片把全人類的命運捆綁在一起，片中充滿多元文化的要素，從而引起全球觀眾的興趣，製作方賺個盆滿缽滿，自然而然。 如今，越來越多的“人類意識覺醒者”把這一對人類的整體關切，灌輸到形式多樣的文化產品中。他們不單是為追求全球化背景下的市場最大化，更多體現的是關注人類未來命運的責任感和使命感。 中國著名洲際戰略學家樂後聖先生在其所著《文化軍事戰略》中寫道：“在人類文明發展史上，新文明的形成都是原有的文明形態、方向上的一次大轉折……因此，新文明的產生都是一場文明革命。” 而在人類的每一次大變革中，新派政治家、宗教家們都是不可或缺的強力推手。 《世界是平的》一書中說，全球發展可以劃分為三個階段：第一個階段的主體是國家，第二個階段的主體是跨國公司，第三個階段的主體是個人。 也就是說，隨着人類文明的發展，“群眾創造歷史”的時代真正來臨。這不是否定個人的作用，相反，未來的世界是一個表現自我的年代，是一個由無數個“自我”組合起來唱主角的時代。 傳統政治家們或許對日本頻繁更換首相有些厭倦，或對俄羅斯的普京、梅德韋傑夫唱政治“二人轉”頗有怨言，但在選民控制的世界裡，政治人物無論是“曇花一現”還是“基業長青”，本質上都顯示出他們是多麼的“微不足道”——因為決定國家方向的不再是“個體”而是“整體”。 縱觀歷史，人類的發展由蒙昧走向文明，由神秘走向開放，由專制走向民主，這是誰也無法改變的規律。從某種程度來說，整個人類歷史其實就是統治者與被統治者的矛盾史。 在歷史的長河中，每當被統治者發明了一個新的、更強大的控制統治者的手段，人類的文明就進了一大步。例如工業革命給世界帶來的現代民主制度，它給選民一張選票，這張選票神奇般地控制了統治者的張狂。 統治者控制被統治者的最大武器是壟斷信息。在古代，書籍和教育是皇宮貴族的專利，一般平民難以企及；在今天，世界上一些獨裁政府仍然是靠杜絕國民的外界信息作為延長專制統治的重要手段。 二次世界大戰期間，希特勒前期之所以能夠成功，最重要的原因就是他的宣傳部長戈培爾通過玩弄信息，從而控制公民的大腦。二戰後人們不允許統治者利用控制輿論來玩弄群眾的大腦。在獨立媒體的監督下，統治者對被統治者的信息優勢越來越小。 人類進入21世紀的第一個十年，互聯網發明國的美國因“維基解密”事件而鞏固了其作為世界信息科技最發達國家的地位。 2010年7月26日，“維基解密”在《紐約時報》《衛報》和《鏡報》配合下，在網上公開了多達92萬份的駐阿美軍秘密文件，引起軒然大波。 2011年出版的《維基解密：阿桑奇和他的解密王國》一書寫道：“剛剛過去的一年，無疑是維基解密網站聲名鵲起的一年，更是世界政治和外交陷入空前大混亂的一年。9萬份機密文件，揭開阿富汗戰爭殺戮平民的真相；40萬份秘密戰地日記，讓美國徹底背上伊拉克戰爭的罪惡；1000餘封頂級科學家的往來郵件，戳穿全球變暖的驚天謊言；25萬份外交電報，讓各國首腦形象盡失……掀起這一切的，只是一個人和一個網站。” 這是一個人類文明進步的轉折點。“維基解密”標誌着人類政治文明已經全速進入信息時代。統治者不得不忌憚他們的政治行為而最大限度置於民眾的監督之下。正如阿桑奇自己所說的那樣：“此次行動將會改變世界歷史”。 正當“維基解密”掀起的沖天大浪餘波未平，美國又爆發了另一場影響全球的事件——“占領華爾街”運動。 2011年9月17日，上千名示威者聚集在美國紐約曼哈頓，試圖占領華爾街。他們通過互聯網組織起來，要把華爾街變成埃及的解放廣場。示威者稱，他們的意圖是要反對美國政治的權錢交易、兩黨政爭以及社會不公正。 示威者們最著名的口號是：“我們都是99%”。他們強調，99%的美國人被金融危機剝奪了財產，剩下的1%的人卻依然擁有一切；99%的人不能再忍受1%的人的貪婪。 不到三個星期里，星火燎原，“占領華爾街”運動爆發成一個全美性的大規模民眾抗議活動。目前已有200多個美國城市積極呼應，紛紛舉行了持久的抗議活動。 歐洲、亞洲、大洋洲、南美洲也爆發了民眾響應的集會， “占領華盛頓”、“占領倫敦”、“占領墨爾本”，甚至“占領台北”等活動也開始露出了苗頭。北京時間10月6日，河南鄭州的幾百名市民在文化宮門前打起橫幅，聲援地球另一側的那場“偉大的華爾街革命”。 10月6日的白宮新聞發布會上，美國總統奧巴馬第一次對“占領華爾街”運動做出了回應。“我理解公眾對於國家金融系統工作的關心，示威者們表達的是自己沮喪的情緒。”他說，“美國人看到，作為金融行業的一個樣本，華爾街並不總是能遵守規則。” 這位美國歷史上第一位黑人總統最為示威者詬病的決定是，2008年金融危機時對銀行展開了高達7870億美元緊急救助。當時很多人以為，根據救市政策，自己會從這些流向華爾街的資金中獲益。但隨後，他們對此卻沒有明顯的感受，華爾街卻照樣派發高額的紅利。 美國經濟學者奧爾森20多年前在其名著《國家的盛衰》中指出，在一個強盛的國家中，某些行業即特殊利益集團，會不斷積蓄力量，用金錢等實力去影響政府，使政府的政策向該行業傾斜，從而獲致更多金錢，再進一步用來影響政府決策。 美國的金融集團，正是這樣一種在近年依靠其巨大實力為自己爭得政策傾斜，以致過度發展的特殊利益集團。次貸危機後，美國會去年通過了加強金融規管的《多德弗蘭克法案》。但華爾街以其強大遊說力量施壓國會和政府，長時間的博弈妥協，減弱了法案力量。 在歐洲，也有類似的不公。英國示威者珍妮·麥金太爾在接受路透社記者採訪時說：“我們不要一個建立在取悅大商賈、偏袒金融系統基礎上的所謂民主，這不是民主。” “這不是資本主義，不是市場經濟，而是一個扭曲的經濟。”哥倫比亞大學經濟學教授、諾貝爾經濟學獎得主約瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨支持示威者說，“如果這種形勢繼續下去，我們就無法實現增長，也無法成功創造一個公正的社會。” 日本《行政調查新聞》評論稱，一小撮的富裕階層統治着國家，很多人在貧困當中喘息，“資本主義國家的多數是這樣的狀態，由此產生的不滿正在世界掀起波瀾”。 中國現代國際關係研究院學者袁鵬認為：“在21世紀，全球公民社會將經歷又一輪覺醒，各國人民在這一過程中表達出共同的訴求，無論哪種體制都不能例外。” 出人意料的是，這場聲勢浩大、席捲全球的“占領華爾街”運動卻是一場沒有確定的領袖，沒有系統的組織，沒有惑人的口號，甚至沒有明確的目標的“漫散”運動。 在示威活動的前兩周，美國媒體對這次運動的報道寥寥無幾。在10月5日，全美500份紙質報紙的首頁上只有60份（也就是12%）報道了有關占領華爾街的遊行。這讓很多人猜測：“大財團和華爾街大鱷的關係太好，屏蔽了新聞報道”。 而活動的“組織者”倒是對此充滿理解——“對於媒體而言，很難報道這個運動，因為這是一場沒有領導的示威。”在9月的一次採訪中，帕特里克·布魯納說。 布魯納是整個“占領華爾街”運動的媒體公關負責人，同時，也是一個剛畢業卻找不到工作的大學生，並且在運動開始後才加入，當了志願者。在大多數媒體的報道里，這個23歲的瘦瘦的年輕人，就是示威者們的“官方代表”。 “有些人不拿我們當回事，覺得我們只是個小運動，並且馬上會結束。”一位示威者比克在接受媒體採訪時說，“而我們能做的只有一件事：用事實讓他們睜開眼睛。” 香港鳳凰衛視著名評論員阮次山先生在回答主持人提問時說：“產生這場占領華爾街的風潮我們現在還不能說他是一場運動，運動要有組織者，要有領袖，要有適當的口號，可是占領華爾街這個風潮到現在除了他是烏合之眾以外，看不出是誰在後面主導，看不出他領袖何在，看不出風潮所宣誓的什麼樣意義。” 這顯然是在用傳統的眼光掃描新問題！事實上，在從工業社會邁入信息社會的人類大變革當中，許多“精英”還無法真正洞察人類文明即將發生的前所未有的革命性轉變。 與之前人類經歷過的所有時代相比，信息社會的到來，無數個“自我”形成的澎湃力量，是任何壁壘都無法阻擋的。在信息社會，“意見領袖”就是最高的領袖，網絡就是最大的組織。 甚至無須提升到“意見領袖”的高度，有時一個小小的“P（屁）民”，只要他的思想能放出光芒，就可能點燃世界範圍內的熊熊大火，像“維基解密”的阿桑奇一樣。 這一次的矛頭是指向金融界，下一次可能又是另一個領域。他們不想推翻誰。正如美國總統奧巴馬所說：“為了讓現實符合理想，經常需要說出令人難受的事實，並以非暴力抗爭創造緊張局勢。” 與傳統社會相比，網絡在集合力量方面變得簡單而有效率。每個人都是領導者，每個人都是組織者，人類“自覺”意識的表達找到了最有價值的載體，從而形成推動變革的力量。 2011年11月16日，美國近140名百萬富翁請求國會，為國家考慮，應向他們多徵稅。 據英國媒體報道，這些企業和商界領袖向總統奧巴馬及國會領袖致函稱：“請做這件正確的事，提高對我們的徵稅。”信中提到，良好的經濟曾讓他們受益，現在也希望別人能得到好處。 這封信由“財政力量之愛國富豪團”(Patriotic Millionaires for Fiscal Strength)的138名成員聯名簽署。該組織一年前成立，當時旨在說服國會終止前總統小布什實施的富人減稅政策，不過未獲得成功。 “占領華爾街”運動遠未結束之際，該組織又向由12名國會議員組成的“超級委員會”提出同樣要求。他們正努力使兩黨達成協議，未來10年至少減赤12萬億美元，以幫助美國財政走上健康的軌道。 Computervision Corp創始人維勒斯(Phil Villers)稱：“我們中能承受稅收增加的人應該站出來，這是我們要向‘超級委員會’傳遞的信息，希望他們可以聽取。” 要評估“占領華爾街”運動的影響還為時太早。這樣一個影響世界的激盪的民權運動，會在相當長時間內不斷深化沉澱，然後才會顯出其意義及在社會歷史發展中的地位。 但是，無論是“維基解密”，還是“占領華爾街”運動，它們對推動人類朝向更加透明、公正、民主的未來具有無可爭辯的正面意義。這兩件影響人類的大事同是發生在美國，絕不是偶然的事。 美國是互聯網最發達的國家，是信息社會的引領者，美國同時又是工業化時代西方民主制度的楷模。上帝其實非常寵幸美利堅，“維基解密”和“占領華爾街”從某種角度看來，是美國完成從工業文明時代到信息文明時代跨越的重要標誌。 如果把“維基解密”稱作“線上”，那麼“占領華爾街”運動就是“線下”，這種線上線下的互動，使得傳統政客們只有招架之功而無還手之力。 正如德國媒體報道：“‘維基解密’‘四兩撥千斤’，壓制了全世界最強大的政府。而博弈的另一方，卻始終無法找到對付‘維基解密’的有效方法，只能停留在一次次的譴責聲討上。” 傳統政客們的形象在“維基解密”和“占領華爾街”運動的夾擊下，跌到了歷史的最低點。他們從未有像現在這樣帶着醜陋的“傷疤”在世界公民面前來回“裸奔”。 “維基解密”和“占領華爾街”運動發起後，韓國一份最新公布的民意調查結果顯示，近九成韓國人不信任國內政治和政治家—— 韓國聯合通訊社16日援引韓國政府特任長官辦公室所作的這份調查報道，1018名韓國成年人和730名青少年接受調查，871％的受訪成年人和856％的受訪青少年不信任政治和政治家。 調查報告說，40多歲的成年人懷疑程度最深，916％的受訪者不信任政治家；30多歲人群和50多歲人群中這一比例分別為91％和876％。 10歲至29歲人群中，85％的受訪者對政治持懷疑態度；而60歲以上的老年人較為信任政治，不到80％的人表示懷疑態度。 調查問及韓國政府針對與朝鮮的統一政策和雙邊關係時，年長者的回答更為溫和。（京華時報 2011年10月17日 ） 如此，這是信息社會裡公民對政治人物的故意刁難，還是傳統政客們的命運走到了歷史的盡頭？！這不能不說是信息社會全體社會成員都應該認真思考並予以回答的問題。 歐盟的成立曾經是歐洲人引以為傲，世界其他地區爭相模仿的人類文明進步的樣板，但歐債危機的爆發，使得人們又不得不對其到底存在哪些問題進行認真的考察和探究。 香港鳳凰衛視評論員呂寧思先生在電視上評論指出：“歐債危機將倒逼歐州政治改革。”很顯然，他認為問題的根源還是出在歐洲的政治家們身上。 呂寧思的這一觀點似乎也得到了在北京訪問的法國外長朱佩的支持。朱外長說：“歐洲這麼多國家使用統一的貨幣卻沒有統一的金融貨幣體制與稅率體制，又怎麼能夠保證歐元穩定呢？” 所以朱佩再次提出了他的想法，也就是法國人的想法，那就是在歐洲應該實行統一的聯邦制，就像一個國家那樣進行統一的行政管理。問題是，關於像美利堅合眾國那樣建立一個歐羅巴合眾國，這已經是個陳舊的理想了。 二戰結束之後的1950年5月9日，時任法國外交部長的舒曼就建議創建統一的歐洲。經過幾十年的努力，歐盟逐漸壯大，歐元終於誕生，已經是大大的向統一邁進了。 但是歐洲與北美不同，美國是由東部幾個英語殖民地逐漸擴大起來的，沒有歷史的負擔，而歐洲則由多個不同民族，不同語言的國家所組成，繼承事實訴求多多。 所以從二戰之後就提出來的歐洲一體化，由於冷戰和經濟政治發展不平衡等諸多原因，特別是有些國家的民眾——與其說是民眾，不如說是政治家們對大一統的抗拒，歐洲大陸在政治上的統一一直都是步履維艱。 為什麼這個被譽為代表着人類發展方向，並被世界其他地區頗有羨慕的區域政治聯盟組織，在關繫到其生命線的經濟領域，卻顯得是如此脆弱和步調不一致呢？ 意大利羅馬東部的山丘小鎮菲力亭諾鎮鎮長賽拉利似乎一語中的：“誰都想當王公貴族！”這是他在意大利政府為節省開支，有意合併全國近2000個小鎮時作如此表示的。而菲力亭諾想藉此獨立。 不僅針對歐洲，賽拉利先生的話擊中了世界上所有傳統政客們的要害——雖然人類正大步進入信息時代，經濟全球化和文化全球化的浪潮洶湧澎湃，可許多傳統政客仍然沉湎於對權力迷戀和對財富貪婪的陳舊遊戲而不能自拔。 中國科學院資深國際問題專家資中筠女士在其著作中質問：“今後超國界、超民族，需要共同應付的天災人禍定會層出不窮。各國政治家何時能超出狹隘、自私的‘國家利益’的慣性思維和強權政治、損人利己——其實也損己的行為模式？” 世界永恆不變的是變。政治家會消失，但政治不會消失。人類歷史的每一次時代的跨越，都離不開那一個時代的以新派政治家、宗教家為代表的社會精英們的助推。 歷史又到了轉折關頭，從工業文明時代到信息文明時代的跨越，與人類歷史上的任何一次跨越都有不同。在經濟和文化全球化的強勁浪潮衝擊下，這是人類的一次整體跨越。 在我們這樣一個偉大的時代，對以新派政治家、宗教家為代表的精英們的描繪，很難不與歷史有所區分。準確地說，他們是“人類意識覺醒者。”這些“人類意識覺醒者”比常人更有遠見卓識，他們對人類的發展規律瞭然於胸，他們的所作所為的出發點和歸宿都是全人類。 “我們下代的子孫恐怕很難相信，世界上真有過這樣一個人。”這是20世紀最偉大的物理學家愛因斯坦所說。他說的這個人名叫“英·甘地”。今天看來，英·甘地可謂世界上最偉大的“覺醒者”之一。 美國一位政治家曾經評價他：“英·甘地之所以至今在世界上還擁有這麼多的尊敬，是因為他考慮問題從來不是從一個國家或民族的利益出發，而是從全人類出發。” 縱觀世界偉人的隊伍，甘地確實是特別中的特別，宗教與政治在他身上融合一氣，他的思想又似乎是東方傳統文化與西方近代思想激烈碰撞之後產生的火花。甘地說：“我努力通過為人類服務看到上帝，因為我知道，上帝既不在天上，也不在地下，而在每個人心中。” 世界各國中有着“國父”之稱的人物不在少數，但如甘地般竭力宣揚“非暴力”革命的人，寥寥無幾。而且他做到了。他的非暴力學說和實踐，不僅影響了印度民族獨立運動，而且影響了美國黑人民權運動。 馬丁·路德·金曾說：“隨着我對甘地哲學的鑽研，我對愛的力量的懷疑逐漸消失。我第一次認識到，通過甘地非暴力方法所付諸實施的基督教的愛的法則，是被壓迫民族爭取自由的最有效的武器之一。這一原則成為我們的運動的指路明燈。基督提供了精神和動機，而甘地提供了方法。” 美國總統奧巴馬2011年10月16日在為馬丁·路德·金銅像揭幕時說：“我從甘地那裡學到的一件事是，你必須堅持你的旅程，你必須繼續努力，永不說放棄。甘地、馬丁·路德·金和亞伯拉罕·林肯是我們不懈了解和學習的對象。但我經常為遠不如他們而感到沮喪。” 奧巴馬的這種“沮喪”應該受到鼓勵。他讓我們看到，雖然到目前為止，在人類文明的天空中，“人類意識覺醒者”的星光還有些稀疏，但我們應該有百分之一百的信心相信，不久的未來一定會“繁星滿天”。 與傳統政客相比，“人類意識覺醒者” 除了具有非同一般的遠見卓識外，還更有強烈的正義感和羞恥感。例如，當“占領華爾街”運動風起雲湧之時，英國外交大臣威廉·黑格說他“有些同情”示威者；當“占領華爾街”運動蔓延到美國西部最大城市洛杉磯時，該市議會通過決議，支持“占領洛杉磯”示威活動…… 香港鳳凰衛視《讀書》欄目主持人梁文道先生在諷刺傳統政客時說：“傳統版本裡皇帝不知道自己沒有穿衣服，但是我們現在是知道他沒有穿衣服，而且他照樣還走出來，他知道我們知道他沒有穿衣服，但是他就出來，他就在那滿街晃，我們也看着他滿街晃，我們還照樣裝着他穿着衣服。” 而“人類意識覺醒者”的“恥感”則表現為他們把公權力全部用以創造和維護人類透明、公正和民主的社會環境，以積極開放的心態推動人類的發展、融合。他們常為自己的能力不足而懊惱，他們會為自己的半點私心雜念而愧疚。 我們在前面談到，在現今世界上，由於各國的歷史、政治、經濟、文化還存在不同，人類還不能同步進入民主社會，甚至，“先進的”與 “落後的”還存在巨大的差距。 但在信息社會的陽光普照下，我們會輕而易舉看到，“人類意識覺醒者”的種子無論飄到肥沃的土壤上，還是落在貧瘠的田地里，都一定能生根發芽，茁壯成長！ 事實上，自歐洲啟蒙運動以來，一些超越一國一族的狹隘情感、具有世界情懷的政治家和知識分子，和一些由於種種原因，遊走於世界各地的各色人士，就把自己叫做“世界公民”。 在英國培格曼公司出版的《鄧小平文集》序言中，中國改革開放的總設計師鄧小平就曾滿懷深情地說：“我榮幸地以中華民族一員的資格，而成為世界公民。” 但是，在民族國家時代，尤其是冷戰時期，世界隔着重重壁壘的時候，對大多數地球人來說，“世界公民”顯然只是個遙遠的概念。現在不同了，人類已經進入了“全球化”時代，信息科技的革命讓世界已經變成了“地球村”。 可以說，人人都成了“世界公民”，即使他沒有跨出國門，也可能會受到外部世界的影響，也可能會對他國居民產生影響，更不用說那些經常往來於不同國家的人了。 人類發展的歷史證明，政治的力量常常產生地域的壁壘，宗教的力量又往往導致心靈的隔閡，只有旅遊，才能使不同種族、不同信仰、不同文化的人們走到一起，共同分享人類的文明成果。 在古代，強勢的一方往往在取得戰爭勝利後，將自己的文化和信仰直接移植到被占領的領土上，強迫戰敗的一方接受。而人類文明發展到今天，這種現象幾乎不再存在。 2011年，在北約空軍的賣力轟炸下，經過長達8個月的戰鬥，利比亞反對派終於推翻了卡扎菲的獨裁統治。贏得政權的“過度委員會”表示，新利比亞將以伊斯蘭教立國，並暗示將實行一夫多妻制。 這令一開始便積極支持利比亞“民主鬥爭”的世界人士大跌眼鏡。因為這實在是與民主社會格格不入的行為。這充分說明，一場戰爭，很難改變根深蒂固的文化。人們寄希望於新利比亞人與外部世界的更多交流。 2014年4月1日，美國《財富》雙周刊網站發表一篇標題為《中國遊客推動美國企業發展》的報道，記者史蒂夫·哈格里夫斯在新聞中寫道： 去年，成千上萬的中國遊客蜂擁而至黃石國家公園，觀看山景、水牛和老忠實間歇泉。 之後，至少有1600人向東跋涉200英里，來到尤克羅斯的牧場，在那裡享用漢堡、烤豆和餅乾。午飯後，他們欣賞了14歲的凱蒂·威廉表演的騎術。 牧場主人朱迪·布萊爾說：“她的表演讓他們瘋狂，兩國間的所有政治問題都煙消雲散了。” 這篇報道還記錄了中國遊客如何喜歡觀察和體驗美國人生活等方面的內容。 2011年10月21日，85歲高齡，與美國等西方世界作鬥爭達半個世紀之久的古巴前領導人菲德爾·卡斯特羅在其官方網站上說：“一場核戰爭的爆發，伴隨的將是人類的毀滅”“我們應當有勇氣要求取消所有的核武器、常規武器，以及一切可以作為武器的東西”。 相信卡斯特羅的話是發自肺腑之言。人類文明發展到今天，經濟全球化已經實現，文化全球化也在進行之中，傳統歷史中靠武力強占別國領土、消滅異族文化的政治生態幾乎不能再生。任何政治決策者都不能以任何理由、也沒有任何資格使用核武器。即使偶爾產生動用核子武器念頭，都是一種反人類的行為。 希伯來大預言家彌賽亞2500年前曾在耶路撒冷做出預言：終有一天，人們將把刀劍鑄成犁頭，把槍矛打成鐮刀，國家之間不再拔劍相向，人世間不再有戰爭。
（3）“世界政府”形成的基礎日益鞏固
“世界政府”的建立並不是一個新鮮的政治話題。早在古希臘和古羅馬時期，就曾討論過建立“世界政府”的想法。古代希臘人和羅馬人預言有一天，人類為了永久和平將有且只有一個共同的政治權威。 荷蘭法學家格勞秀斯在1625年寫的《戰爭和和平法》（De Jure Belli ac Pacis）一書，被視為現代國際法的起源。“聯邦”的概念在18世紀末贏得了不少的支持。更為突出的是，這一時期，世界上第一個民主聯邦——美國，於1788年誕生了。 一直以來，歐洲的許多哲學家受到了相關思想的影響，創造了類似的理論，尤其是德國哲學家伊曼努爾·康德，他在1795年寫下了《論永久和平》的短文，在這篇短文里，康德描述了人類永久廢除未來戰爭威脅的三個基本條件： 1、每一個國家的公民憲法都應當是共和制（Republican）的。 2、國際法應當建立在自由國家的聯邦制之上。 3、世界公民法應當依據普遍受到友好接待的條件加以限定。例如人們可以參觀其他的國家，但未經邀請不能停留。 1811年，德國哲學家卡爾·克里斯蒂安·弗里德里希·克勞澤在其一篇名為《人類原型》的短文中，建議設立五個地區聯盟：歐洲、亞洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲，然後結合成一個世界共和國。 借鑑美國的經驗，在1848年和1867年，瑞士和加拿大也分別建立起了第一批多國聯盟，將不同種族、不同文化和不同語言的各民族統一在了一個共同的政府內。 隨着“世界政府”理念的影響日益擴大，並因此誕生了許多國際組織。例如，紅十字國際委員會成立於1863年，國際電信聯盟成立於1865年，萬國郵政聯盟成立於1874年。 人類進入20世紀後，由於不斷增加的國際貿易，各國之間的倚靠關係日益緊密，從而加速了國際組織的形成。據有關資料顯示，在1914年的“一戰”爆發前，共有大概450個全球性或地區性組織。 與此同時，為了配合國際組織的發展，國際法研究也取得了大的進步。1873年，比利時法學家Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns建立了世界上第一個國際法研究院，領導並起草具體的國際法草案。 第一個世界議會的雛形“各國議會聯盟”（Inter-Parliamentary Union）也在1886年由克里默和帕西開始組織，由許多國家的議員組成。1904年，這個聯盟正式提議成為“一個定期討論國際問題的國際國會”。 從古到今，政治人物向來是“世界政府”的踐行者。著名的例子有亞歷山大大帝及其帝國、羅馬帝國、蒙古帝國和大英帝國。就大英帝國來說，它最輝煌時期擁有世界四分之一的土地和將近三分之一的人口，被譽為“日不落帝國”。這是世界曾經最接近一個共同政治體的時期。 巴哈歐拉在1852年和1892年之間，創建了巴哈伊教，並為他的新宗教確定了一個建立全球聯邦的重要原則。 巴哈歐拉基於全球人民共享和共商的基礎，設想了一套新的社會體系，包括一個世界立法機構，一個國際法庭和一個國際行政機構來執行立法和司法機構的決定。他的準則還包括世界通用的度量衡，統一貨幣，並使用一個國際輔助語言來交流。 令人遺憾的是，靠政治和宗教的力量試圖建立起來的完整的世界政府，從來就沒有存在過。在20世紀的前50年，企圖通過建立全球性的機構，來解決國際爭端的嘗試，也以失敗告終。 最讓世人悲傷的是1899年和1907年的《海牙公約》及1919年和1938年的“國際聯盟”，均未能阻止兩次世界大戰的發生。之後的“冷戰”時期也證明，在人類的綜合發展並不成熟和核心價值觀存在差異的條件下謀求統一的“世界政府”無異於同床異夢。 不過，即使歷經一次又一次的挫折和失敗，人類追求成立“世界政府”的腳步卻從未停止。相反，從“二戰”行將結束到1950年，這一時期造就了“世界聯邦主義運動”的黃金時期。 溫德爾·威爾基的書《一個世界》，在1943年第一次出版就賣出了超過200萬本。另一本作者名叫埃默里·里夫斯的《和平析》，因其在書中宣揚用“世界聯邦政府”取代聯合國的觀點，使該書迅速成為世界聯邦主義者心目中的“聖經”。 1947年在瑞士的蒙特勒召開會議，從而形成一個全球性的聯合會，即World Federalist Movement，也是一個有影響的國際組織。到1950年，該組織聲稱在22個國家擁有56個成員組，並有156 000位成員。 1948年，該組織創始人格瑞·大衛（音譯）在聯合國大會上未經許可發表演講，呼籲建立一個“世界政府”，卻以被警衛趕出大會而告終。隨後，大衛先生放棄美國公民身份並開始註冊成為世界公民，不到兩年內便有超過75萬人也註冊成為了世界公民。 1953年9月4日，大衛在美國緬因州的埃爾斯沃思市政廳宣布，“世界政府”基於三個“世界法律”，即同一上帝、同一世界和同一人類，並為此在紐約成立了“聯合世界管理局”，首要任務便是設計和發行世界護照。據悉，到目前為止，全世界共發行了超過80萬本這樣的護照。 但大衛先生的想法和做法顯然沒有發展的後勁。“同一上帝”便是一種不符合世界多元化潮流的“霸道”之舉，仍然沒有脫離宗教“整合”世界的陳舊藩籬，且同人類文明背道而馳，因為人類文明進步的標誌之一便是信仰自由。 康涅狄格聖三一大學的社會學家傑姆斯·胡戈（音譯）是全球政府的支持者，他認為這是順應時勢的必然選擇。 胡戈說：“本世紀內應該會出現新的，為政治一體化服務的經濟、文化和通信力量，而災難性的重大威脅會讓成立全球政府體系成為一種剛性需求”。他所指的“災難性的重大威脅”，指的是全球氣候變化、恐怖主義和新興科技給人類所造成的威脅。 關於可能實現的政治實體——世界政府的理念，人們普遍認為，這個政治實體解釋並執行國際法，現有的國家要逐步削弱和放棄某些權力。這當然要和前面所提到的“人類意識”的增強同步進行。 令人欣喜的是，不管主權國家願意不願意，歷史的車輪總是滾滾向前。例如，WTO的出現，就在經濟領域“剝奪”了主權國家的部分經濟權力。 事實上，“世界政府”將在現有的國家主權上新增一級行政級別，或為不同國家提供獨立國家無法提供的協調。信息社會的來臨，地球村的實現，都為“世界政府”的出現提供了必要性和可能性。 如今，越來越多的人視一些國際機構，例如國際刑事法院、聯合國和國際貨幣基金組織，以及各種超國家和大陸聯合體，例如美洲國家組織、歐盟、非盟、南美洲國家聯盟和東盟等為世界政府體系的雛形。 與早期相比，這些國際組織或機構在推動人類融合和協調國際事務等方面所起的作用不可同日而語。這並非是現代人比過去的人更聰明，而是全球政治、經濟、科技、文化發展的結果使然。 中國有句古話：“強扭的瓜不甜”，另一句相應的話則是“水到渠成”。目前，世界上存在的各種組織，都是推動人類融合的外因，人類文明的整體進步，才是各種組織抑或“世界政府”得以實現價值的內在根本。 尤其是人類進入信息社會，隨着經濟和文化的全球化，人類融合和文明共享的澎湃潮流也必將推動諸政治實體合併在一起。正如胡戈所指出的那樣，不管有沒有敵對勢力，歷史的推動都將我們指向了全球政府的大方向。 對於各類國際組織而言，當人類旅遊活動第三次飛躍到來的時候，“世界政府”不是出不出現的問題，而是誰將有機會主導“世界政府”成立的問題，它的“牽頭人”是聯合國？歐盟？抑或其他國際組織。 第二次世界大戰造成了5000萬人的傷亡，而且大部分是平民。隨着戰爭接近尾聲，許多仁人志士呼籲建立能永久防止衝突的國際機構，這導致了聯合國在1945年的成立，並在1948年通過了世界人權宣言。 聯合國是一個由主權國家組成的綜合性國際組織，到2012年為止，共有193個成員國。在“冷戰”時期，聯合國在維護世界安全、推動人類和平方面取到了不可替代的作用。目前，在國際政治等諸多領域仍有着舉足輕重的地位。 一些著名的人士，像愛因斯坦、丘吉爾、羅斯福和甘地等，呼籲各國政府採取進一步措施，來逐步形成一個有效管理世界的“世界政府”。不過，他們所謂的“世界政府”是撇開現有的聯合國另起爐灶，還是將聯合國進一步改造，不得而知。 從眼下來看，聯合國確實面臨來自各方的挑戰。“冷戰”結束之後，仍按傳統老路走的聯合國，發現路已越來越窄。許多國家拒繳或拖延會費便是一個明證。而2013年10月18日，沙特阿拉伯拒絕擔任聯合國安理會非常任理事國一事更是凸顯了聯合國在新時期的危機。 沙特阿拉伯外交部在聲明中說，鑑於在過去數十年來安理會未能有效推動中東和平，又未能結束敘利亞內亂，該國拒絕接受任命。聲明還對安理會的“能力、作風和機制”提出了質疑。 BBC駐聯合國記者說，外交官們對沙特作出的這一史無前例的決定感到震驚和不解。法國常駐聯合國代表阿羅德對法新社記者說，法國認為沙特阿拉伯能給安理會帶來非常積極的貢獻，但也完全理解沙特的不滿。 面對聯合國越來越鬆散以及越來越缺乏權威性的現實，雖然聯合國內部不少精英也越來越意識到聯合國轉型的迫切性，但面對紛繁複雜的國際形勢，又似乎方向不明，無從下手。 2012年12月，筆者受聯合國記者協會邀請，赴紐約參加其一年一度的頒獎會。會上該協會向包括聯合國秘書長在內的500餘位嘉賓，贈送了拙作和筆者關於倡議聯合國頒發“聯合國旅遊護照”的書面演講，引起了諸多與會人士的共鳴。 隔日，聯合國有關機構再次邀請筆者，為部分聯合國官員作“聯合國旅遊護照”的專題演講。筆者在演講中指出，“冷戰”結束後，聯合國應從傳統解決矛盾、避免戰爭逐步轉型到推動人類融合和文明共享的軌道上來；應從傳統的服務國家和團體逐步轉型到服務地球公民的軌道上來。 筆者認為，“聯合國旅遊護照”的頒發，則是這種轉型的最重要標誌之一。因為人類經濟全球化已經實現，文化全球化也已經開始。“聯合國旅遊護照”的推行，無疑將大大推動人類的融合和進步，並推動人類旅遊活動第三次飛躍的加速到來！ 毋庸置疑，“世界政府”是由“世界公民”組成的。一個公民的“公民權”屬於一個國家的政治主權範疇。像WTO向各國“剝奪”部分經濟主權一樣，聯合國目前是“分享”主權國家部分政治權力的最佳組織。 實際上，歐盟國家正在實行的申根護照，從某種程度來說，就是“小聯合國旅遊護照”。雖然與歐盟相比，頒發“聯合國旅遊護照”難度要大得多，但只要世界各國統一認識，從金字塔端開始向下有步驟地進行，技術性操作並無難題。 聯合國若能審時度勢，利用現有的獨一無二的政治優勢，頒發“聯合國旅遊護照”，不僅能加大世界公民對聯合國的向心力，還能為聯合國未來主導“世界政府”的構建增加競爭的籌碼。 更為重要的是，當最終有一天，世界上所有的公民都擁有“聯合國旅遊護照”時，我們千百年來賴以生存的這個地球有還會有戰爭嗎？這種想法和做法，難道不是和聯合國當初成立的理念相吻合？！ 與歐盟相比，聯合國機構龐大、效率低下、腐敗滋生歷來為眾人所詬病，若不進行大的改革，這一切必將會成為其今後試圖主導建立“世界政府”的顯著障礙。相反，歐盟很可能會以豐富的經驗、高效的管理和廉潔的組織，贏得未來世界公民對它的青睞。 何況，聯合國還有一個致命的短板，那就是在較長時間內，仍將是世界“頭號大國”的美國，對它已越來越嗤之以鼻。這就要看聯合國在全球管理民主化潮流面前，能否進行華麗的轉身，從而把命運牢牢掌握在自己手裡！ 2012年，諾貝爾和平獎首次授予歐盟，這既是對它一路走來所取得的成果的褒讚，更預示着它有着強大的發展遠景。歐盟內部雖然還存在各種不利因素，但經歷了兩次世界大戰洗禮的歐洲人，在世界人民面前率先走出了一條消除分歧，避免戰爭，共享經濟與文化繁榮的和平途徑，實為世界其他地區的樣板。 當然，隨着人類歷史的進步，其他國際組織的迅速崛起也並非沒有可能。尤其是人類進入信息社會，網絡本身就是最大的組織。當在民主浪潮的衝擊下，政治人物越來越成為一種象徵和擺設時，“世界政府”的形成或另闢蹊徑，並不是天方夜譚！ 人類的經驗和教訓都證明，要建立一個有機統一的“世界政府”，離不開全球化背景下新文明的形成。中國學者裴勇先生在《文明的整合》中寫道： “建立一種新的全球文明、建立一個新的世界無疑更為需要一種全球範圍的新文化的培育、形成並深入人心。這個新文化無疑應該是代表世界未來發展的先進文化。這個新文化既不是‘全盤西化’、也不是‘全盤東化’、既不是全盤‘歐化’、全盤‘美化’，也不是全盤‘黃化’、全盤‘綠化’。因為，世界各種文明沒有一種文化是完全適應未來世界發展的純粹的先進文化。新的先進文化必然是一種南北互補、東西合璧的新型文化。在未來的全球文明建立起來的社會裡，後現代化是其主要特徵。這個新社會需要一種生態的、平衡的、平等的、合和的新文化，它將兼收並蓄，集各種文明精髓之大成。他的建立和培育將是全球文明得以建立的重要基礎，是世界未來的先進文化……世界經濟一體化與世界文化一體化必是同步的，這種交易、交流、融合是悄無聲息的，潛移默化——潤物細無聲的。” 旅遊是能達到此目的的唯一方式。 旅遊整合世界，人類共享文明！ Section 3The Existing Development Indicates an Optimistic Outlook （1）Human communication has advanced two substantial leaps. So far, the tourism activity of mankind has undergone two tremendous leaps: The first leap occurred during the Industrial Revolution. The advent of steam engine stirred up the productivity by a large margin and brought more leisure time to people. Then the steamships and trains further displaced those traditional transportation tools dragged by animals, which caused great changed in terms of the range, experience and security of tourism were all radically changed. More importantly, tourism was no longer the privilege of a minority. The ordinary white collar and blue collar were able to enjoy it as well. Mankind began to step into the era of “mass tourism”. The second leap has started up since 1980s and 1990s. The swift and strong development of hitech not only breaks through national boundaries and accelerates the exchange and sharing of information, but also shortened the distance between different places, gradually inosculating the world economy as a whole, i. e. “economic globalization”. Economic globalization presents itself mainly through the liberalization of trade, the internationalization of production and the globalization of finance as well as science and technology. So far, the dynamic economic globalization has fiercely lashed against the economy, politics, military, society, culture and even thinking mode of different countries. It is a profound revolution sweeping across the whole world, with no exception to it. At this stage, economic globalization not only hastens the largescaled flow of resources, capitals, technologies, products and markets, but also contributes to the unprecedentedly massive exchange. Hereby, mankind transits from “mass tourism” to “global tourism”. Despite the exact time of human tourisms third leap is still unknown, “the unity of core values” will certainly be its symbol. And it is a precondition to bring about the “global village” as well. Only “the unity of core values” is able to help root out political and religious conflicts, minimize the cost of human communication, and enable mankind to make the best of earth resources to create wealth, develop science and technology, protect national cultures, promote free communication of people from different nations, or in a word, enhance the holistic power of humanity. When the time comes, the political, economic and cultural development of all countries will be relevantly balanced and the tourism activities of mankind will shake off all of the restrictions, such as traveling permits, expense and transportation tools. The only thing they need to do is to conquer themselves. However, it depends to a large degree on humans “conscious” acts to determine when this marvelous vision w511 be accomplished at last. The evolvement of economic globalization urgently demands to push forward the process of unifying the world through tourism, and also provides realistic conditions and material foundations to fulfill such demand. To some extent, economic globalization has been the stage and prop of tourism to unify the world and display the rugged process of cultural development. Since it will take some time for tourism to unify the world, the integration of cultures will run through the whole process of economic globalization. The dramatic development of information technology and the advent of information age characterized with cyberspace fiercely accelerating the update of social cultures. Tourism has exerted its subtle influence on the world in this updating process. The age of globalization brings many new traits to the evolvement of culture. The cultural diversity becomes the main feature of cultural development, the cultural imperialism becomes a new problem and the advancement becomes the common objective different cultures pursue. For instance, with the rapid development of Chinese economy, the soft power of Chinese culture is more and more frequently exposed in the spotlight. “Seizing the right to make a voice is the premise for China to participate in the world”, Liu Changle, Chairman and CEO of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite Television, once said in a cultural forum. The conflicts and exchanges between civilizations are the main features of tourism unifying the world. The rapid process of economic globalization creates more chances for the collision and interaction between regional cultures and makes the conflict and exchange of civilizations more severe. Through such collisions and changes of different regional cultures, tourism gradually fulfils its mission to unify the world. Different nations should respect each others culture and make efforts to promote mutual understanding, thereby becoming culturally complementary. Cultural differences are easy to lead to misunderstandings or even conflicts. The cultural differences may hurdle the communication of different nations, but they have enriched the world, boosted human intercourse by various types of tourism activities,and offered opportunities for mankind to share civilizations. Several years ago, Bruce Lee a wellknown Chinese Kung Fu star with worldwide fame, whose statues was inaugurated on the central square of Mostar City, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a middleEuropean nation. Gaetano, a writer of Bosnia and Herzegovina, reckoned that the statue of Bruce Lee could help to eliminate cultural differences and break through racial barriers. “Someones meat may be others poison, but Bruce Lee is a genuine international hero and is also the hero for all races in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, said Gaetano. Philosophically speaking, culture conflict and integration submits to the law of unity of opposites, with the former as the premise of the realization of the latter. Only through mutual competition and contradiction, different cultures can find out their own advantages and shortages, improve themselves by learning each other and then lay foundation for the cultural integration. The effort for tourism to unify the world is actually the evolving process to bridge the mutual conflict and integration. Different stages and levels during tourisms effort to unify the world are featured with different sorts of cultural conflicts and integration, which also contain different meanings. But in terms of the whole course of cultural development, the unity of opposites has been the main law of social progress. In the age of economic globalization, the cultural conflicts still concentrate on the differences and values of various cultures, but each culture has paid much attention to absorb and learn nutrients from others and thereby improve its adaptability and vitality. For different cultures, the desire to seek common ground and reserve differences has been stronger than ever before in the age of economic globalization. In the context of different regional cultures, people have been paying more and more attention to those “universal” issues, such as global awareness, global ethics, cyber culture, mass culture, consumption culture, ecological culture, sustainable development as well as modernity. People are trying their best to find some kind of culture with universal value, so as to cope with those common obstacles faced by human society or hereby rake in enormous political and commercial benefits. To some extent, the pursuit of such common value represents the ideal situation of cultural integration. （2）“National consciousness” transits to “human consciousness” In the course of changes and integration, the cultural forms have been constantly evolving with new appearance. As the main body of culture, mankind has also been characterized with special cultural charms. Reacting to Steve Jobs death, the Associated Press appraised his as a “CEO, technologist, futurist, innovator and refiner”. Meanwhile, the Wall Street Journal reviewed his achievements in the tone of individualistic heroism. Some people attribute Jobs success to the “social system” of America. But why does he not turn up in Japan or Europe which enjoy the similar “social system”？Even in America, Jobs is a peerless and incomparable innovator as well. Traditionally, people usually ascribed this to socalled “talent”. But now, they are more inclined to believe that the personal experience, belief and personality of an inventor decide the successful result. Many qualities are particularly significant to an entrepreneur. Ms. Ye Tan, a famous economic commentator of China, insisted that Jobs success resuited from “the perfect integration of SinoWestern cultural essences.” She argued that the powerful technical teams, rapid logistics chains and global marketing network laid material foundation for Apple, but Jobs strong spiritual power came from the East. In her article published in National Business Daily, Ye Tan said, “Jobs believes in Zen Buddhism, which not only invests him with psychological support but also bestows concise life goal and aesthetic taste on him. Actually, all gadgets of Apple have been concisely and smoothly designed, helping grasp their consumers hearts. Following neither common views nor his own thoughts, Jobs has endeavored to explore the new road.” She argued that few entrepreneurs or philosophers in China could do what Jobs has done. Ye Tan said, even the maxim of Jobs“Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish”was eastern style, which tallied with both Confucian and Taoist tenets. It was really admirable for an American entrepreneur to precisely seize the core of eastern culture and then integrate it into his activities. Hollywood movie “2012” dominated box offices across the U. S. in the first weekend of its release and then ended up with the box office revenue of $225 million across the world. In China, it even broke the box office record of 210 million RMB within the first 9 days. “Im determined to make it the most disastrous movie”, Roland Emmerich, the director of “2012”, once confidently said. The theme of “2012” is rather simple“mankind is on the path to ruin and the whole world together deals with disasters”. The movie binds the fate of all mankind together and comprises the elements of diversified cultures, thereby arousing the interest of the audience on a world basis and naturally enabling the producer to profit a lot. Nowadays, more and more “people awakened to the awareness of humanity” and begin to instill their concerns about mankind in a variety of cultural products. They are not only aiming to maximize the market profit under the background of globalization, but also attempting to project their senses of responsibility and mission to give attention to the fate of mankind in future. Mr. LeHousheng, a wellknown strategist of China, wrote in his book named “Cultural and Military Strategies” that “in the development history of civilization, the advent of each new civilization resulted from the dramatic shift of former civilization…therefore, each new civilization symbolizes a revolution in the course of civilization development”. Behind all of these revolutions, traditional politicians and religious persons have played an indispensable role. “The World is Flat” says that the development of globalization can be divided into three stages: the first stage is dominated by nations; the second stage by multinational company and the third stage by individual. That means, with the development of human civilization, the age of “the mass making history” will finally come. It is not to deny the function of individuals. Instead, the world in future will be an age of selfexpression, with countless “selves” as the leading actors. Traditional politicians may be fed up with the frequent change of PM in Japan, or full of complaint about the “twoperson” politics of Putin and Medvedev in Russia. But in a world controlled by voters, those politicians, whether transient or everlasting, are all negligiblebecause the direction of a nation relies on “the mass”, rather than any “political individualal. Throughout history, mankind has developed from ignorant, mysterious and autarchic to civilized, open and democratic, which is an unchangeable law. To some extent, the whole history of humanity has been stuffed from conflicts between rulers and the ruled. In history, whenever the ruled invented a newer and stronger way to harness the rulers, the civilization of mankind would make a great progress. For instance, the Industrial Revolution was accompanied by modern democratic system, lending magic power through a piece of ticket to curb the insolent rulers. The governing method most vastly used by rulers is to monopolize information. In ancient ages, books and education were the privilege of the royal and noble, while ordinary people difficult to enjoy them. At present, those autarchic governments still rely on blanking off external information to prolong their domination. Hitlers initial success during World War Two mainly relied on the effort of Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Minister, who steered the public by manipulating information. Following World War Two, people began to prohibit rulers to control them by monopolizing information. Under the supervision of independent media, the information gap between rulers and the ruled has been shortened step and step. In the first decade of 21st century, the US. , the cradle land of internet, reinforced its leading position in the field of information technology through “WikiLeaks”. On July 26, 2010, WikiLeaks collaborated with New York Times, the Guardian and the Mirror to release more than 92 000 secret files about US. troops in Afghanistan, which astonished the whole world. “WikiLeaks: Assange and His Kingdom” published in 2011 said, “as the website of WikiLeaks built up its reputation in the past year, the world politics and diplomacy plunged into mess. 90 000 secret files revealed the truth how Afghan War slaughtered civilians; more than 1 000 emails from leading scientists uncovered the gigantic deceit of global warming; 250 thousand of diplomatic cables humiliated the leaders of various nations. The initiator of all these was only a person and his website.” It is a turning point of civilization. WikiLeaks indicates that political civilization of mankind has rushed into the information age. Rulers have to restrict their political behaviors and be supervised by the public as much as possible. As Assange argued, “this activity will change world history”. On the top of unrest of “WikiLeaks”, another globally influential protest, “Occupy Wall Street”, broke out in the US.. On September 17, 2011, above one thousand of protesters gathered in Manhattan, New York and attempted to occupy Wall Street. They contacted with each other through the internet, pledging to convert Wall Street into the Revolution Square in Egypt. The protesters claimed that their protests were directed to struggle against the powerformoney deal in the political circle, the bipartisan tussle as well as the social unfairness. The most wellknown slogan of protesters was “we are the 99%”They argued that 99% of Americans were deprived of their properties by financial crisis, while the remaining 1% still had it all. So 99% of American citizens could not tolerate the greed of 1%. Within less than 3 weeks, the “Occupy Wall Street” protest has spawned similar demonstrations around the US.. So far, more than 200 cities have echoed by holding lasting protests. At the same time, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America were also spotted with related protests. “Occupy Washington”, “Occupy Melbourne” and even “Occupy Taibei” were fitted to the string. On October 6, hundreds of citizens of Zhengzhou, Henan, suspended a banner saying “Great Wall Street Revolution”. During the White House news conference on October 6, U.S. President Obama made his first public comment on the “Occupy Wall Street” protest, “the protesters give how our financial system works, a voice a broader frustration”. He said, “The American people understand that, no one has been following the rules, that Wall Street is an example of that”. The most seriously denounced decision that this Americas first black president has made was to pump 787 billion US. dollars into the market to bail out banks. Many people believed at that time that they would benefit from this money, but finally failed to obtain their hope. At the same time, the Wall Street companies were still paying large amount of dividends. In his book “The Rise and Decline of Nations” published more than 20 years ago, Mancur Olson pointed out that in a prosperous nation, some industries, namely those special interest groups, had incentives to influence the government by means of money to make it enact policies partial to them. As a result of that, these industries could earn more money and hereby exert more influence on the government. The US. financial groups were actually those special interest groups which relishing their strength to enjoy favorable policies and realized over development in recent years. Following the subprime mortgage crisis, US. congress passed through the DoddFrank Act to enhance the financial supervision. But Wall Street has pressed the congress and government through its strong lobbyists, thereby weakening the Acts power. European people were faced with similar unfairness. Jenny Mclntyre, a UK protester, told Reuters journalist, “we dont want the socalled democracy on the basis of pleasing those large businesses and biasing for the financial system. It is not democracy at all”. “Thats not capitalism, thats not a market economy. Thats a distorted economy”, Joseph Stiglitz, the professor of economics at Columbia University and a Nobel laureate, showed his support to the protesters, “and if we continue with that, we wont succeed in growing, and we wont succeed in creating a just society”. A Japanese newspaper commented that a handful of wealthy people dominated the world, leaving many others suffering the poverty. “Such situation is common for the majority of capitalist nations, thereby stimulating the mood of discontentment on a world basis.” YuanPeng, a scholar of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, thought that “in the 21st century, the civil societies through the world, no matter what state systems they are, will undergo another round of awakening, with the people of various countries uttering the same appeal.” Beyond all expectations, this tremendous and worldwide “Occupy Wall Street” protest seemed rather undisciplined, without exact leaders, systematic organizations, exaggerated slogans or even any definite objectives. In the first two weeks, American media took little notice of this movement, with only 60 out of 500 newspapers (ie. 12%) on October 5 reporting the demonstration. Many then guessed that “those consortiums have long been on good terms with Wall Street tycoons, so they shielded away the coverage”. The “organizers” were rather liberal to this“Its difficult for the media to build a narrative because this is a leaderless protest”, said Patrick Bruner. Bruner was responsible to orchestrate the public relations effort of “Occupy Wall Street”. As a recent graduate, Bruner failed to find any job and then become a volunteer after he heard about the protest. For many media, this bony 23yearold young man had been the “official representative” of those protesters. “Someone doesnt take our protest seriously and think that it is just a small movement and will end soon”, another protester told the media, “but the only thing we can do is using the truth to make them open eyes”. Mr. Anthony Yuen, a famous commentator of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite Television, once answered the question of an anchorman by saying that we cannot call the unrest of “Occupy Wall Street” a movement. Since a movement usually has its organizer, leader and related slogan, but all of these elements are quite ambiguous in “Occupy Wall Street”. Obviously, he was examining a new problem from the traditional view angle. As a matter of fact, during the radical revolution from industrial society to information society, many “elites” feel inadequate to fully perceive those unprecedented and ultimate changes that are about to take place. Different from all the past ages, the advent of information era and the power from numerous “individuals” will be irresistible and carry all before them. In the information society, the “opinion leader” is the highest leader and the internet is the largest organization. Sometimes, even a “plain civilian”, not the “opinion leader”, can ignite the whole world just like the WikiLeaks founder Assange, as long as his idea is eyecatching enough. This time, the protest directed its spearhead against the financial circle. Next time, it will direct to another field. But they did not mean to overthrow anyone. “Aligning our reality with our ideals often requires the speaking of uncomfortable truths and the creative tension of nonviolent protest”, US. President Obama said. In comparison with traditional society, the intemet is more swift and effective to gather power. Everyone could be the leader and organizer. The “consciousness” of human finds the most valuable carrier, thereby forming the revolutionary strength. On November 16, 2011, nearly 140 millionaires asked the U. S. Congress to increase their taxes for the sake of the nation. According to British media, the entrepreneurs and business leaders wrote President Obama and congressional leaders that “Please do the fight thing for our country. Raise our taxes”. The letter also noted that they benefited from a sound economy and now wanted others to do so. The letter was signed by 138 members of “Patriotic Millionaires for Fiscal Strength”. The group was created a year ago during a failed bid to persuade Congress to end tax cuts for millionaires enacted under Republican former President George W. Bush. As the “Occupy Wall Street” movement continues, the group is now making the same request of a 12member congressional “super committee”, which is struggling to reach a bipartisan deal to cut the deficit by at least $12 trillion over the next decade in order to help put the nation on sound financial footing. PhilVillers, founder of Computervision Corp, said: “Those of us who can afford it should step up. That is our message to the super committee. We hope they listen.” It is still too early to assess the impact of “Occupy Wall Street”. Such a world influential civil right movement will further go forward and then manifest its significance and historical position. However, both “WikiLeaks” and “Occupy Wall Street” play a positive part in pushing the society to be more transparent, candid and democratic. It is not accidental for them to take place simultaneously. The US. is the world leader in the fields of intemet development and information society, an example of western democratic system to other countries. In fact, God dotes on the US. very much. To some extent, “WikiLeaks” and “Occupy Wall Street” symbolize that the US. has stepped into the era of information civilization from former ear of industrial civilization. If “WikiLeaks” is defined as “online”, then “Occupy Wall Street” has happened “offline”. The interaction between “online” and “offline” confiscates the ability of traditional politicians to cope with these movements. As German media has said, WikiLeaks “skillfully” suppressed the most powerful government throughout the world, making the latter incapable to find any solutions except futile denouncements time and time again. “WikiIaks” and “Occupy Wall Street” seriously lashed the image of traditional politicians to its historically lowest level. They have never been so awkwardly and humbly exposed to the public on a world basis. Following the turbulence of “WikiLeaks” and “Occupy Wall Street”, an opinion survey in South Korea suggested that approximate 90 percent of South Koreans distrust domestic politics and politicians: YONHAP News Agency reported on October 16 that, according to a poll of 1,018 adults and 730 youths by the Office of the Minister of Special Affairs, 871 percent of adults and 856 percent of adolescents said they “do not have confidence in politics and politicians.” The poll of South Koreans value systems also showed people in their 40s are most skeptical about politics; with 916 percent of those in that age group expressing distrust toward politicians. About 91 percent of respondents in their 30s expressed a lack of confidence while 876 percent of those aged 50—59 were skeptical about the political system. Younger members of society in the 10—29 had relatively mild distrust, with about 85 percent of them expressing skepticism toward politics. Most senior citizens over 60 were the least skeptical, with just under 80 percent expressing a lack of confidence. In terms of the countrys unification policy and its relations with North Korea, younger people were less accommodative than their elder peers, the poll also showed. (Beijing Times, October 17, 2010) Does it mean that the public in the information society is deliberately making things difficult for traditional politicians, or those politicians are approaching the end of their fate? This is really a question that all members of the information society should seriously consider and answer. Europeans once has taken pride in the foundation of EU, which was regarded as the model of civilization progress and also attracted the remaining world to positively simulate. However, the European debt crisis awakened the people and forced them to carefully probe into the problem hidden behind EU. Mr. Lv Ningsi, the commenter of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite TV, pointed out in a TV program that “the European debt crisis will instead compel the political reforms in Europe”Evidently, he attributed the crisis to those European politicians French Foreign Minister Main Juppe seemingly embraced this standpoint as well~ “So many European nations use the uniform currency, but there are no uniform finance and monetary system as well as regulations about tax rate. How could we keep the Euro stable under such circumstance, said Juppe when he visited Beijing. So Juppe repeated his French suggestion, ie. Europe should adopt the federal system and be uniformly administrated as a country. However, the idea to found the United States of Europe has been outmoded Subsequent to World War Two, on May 9, 1950, Robert Schuman, the incumbent French FM, proposed to unify the whole Europe. Through decades of effort, EU has been growing steadily and the uniformed Euro is introduced as well. All of these stand for great progress towards unification. Despite that, Europe differs from North America a lot. The US. originated from several Englishspeaking colonies, without any historical burden. In contrast, Europe comprises many nations in different languages, so there are too many appeals to be coped with. Due to the Cold War, the political and economic unbalance and other related factors, particularly the resistance from some countries people, or politicians frankly, the political integration of Europe has been walking with many difficulties. Why does this political federation, regarded as the orientation of civilization evolvement and admired by the remaining world, seem so fragile and inconsistent when trying to stabilize the vitally important economic development? “Its everyones dream to be a prince”, said Luca Sellari, Town mayor of Filettino in the hills east of Roma said. The authority of Filettino planned to declare independence to fight back Italian governments austerity measures, which included merging approximate 2 000 towns across the country. For traditional politicians of Europe and even the whole world, what Mr. Sellari said has really hit home. Although mankind is striding into the information age and the economic and cultural globalizations are making great progress, many traditional politicians are still infatuated with power and wealth. Ms. Zi Zhongjun, a senior expert of international issues from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, hurled a question in his book that “many natural and manmade disasters that are cross boundaries and nations will emerge in an endless stream in future. So when can those politicians of different countries ward off the narrow and selfish thinking mode of national interests as well as the behavior mode of power politics and gaining profit at others expense but actually at their own expense as well?” The only permanent thing in the world is change. Politicians will finally vanish but the politics will always be there. Each historical transition has been boosted by the social elites of that era, such as new politicians and religionists. Mankind is undergoing another historical transition, namely from industrial civilization to information, which is distinguished from any other transitions in the past. Under the background of the economic and cultural globalizations, this transition has involved all humanity. We have to differentiate the description about social elites of our era, including new politicians and religionists, from their predecessors. Properly speaking, they are “awakened people of human consciousness”, more farsighted than ordinary people and acquainted with the development law of mankind, devoting all their efforts to the whole humanity. “Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood.” This is the tribute to “Mahatma Gandhi” from Einstein, the greatest physical scientist of last century. It now appears that Mahatma Gandhi has been the greatest“awakened figure” across the world. “The reason why Gandhi still receives so much respect until now is that he once did everything for the whole humanity, rather than for only a country or nation”, an American politician said so. Among all of those world giants, Gandhi was particularly special as he not only absorbed both religious and political elements but also developed his thought through the furious collision between Eastern traditional culture and Western modern thought. “I work hard to see God through my service to humanity, because I know that God is in the heart of every human being, rather than in heaven or under the ground”, Gandhi said. Even if many countries have their own “Founding Father”, few of them have endeavored to advocate the “nonviolent” revolution like Gandhi. More importantly, Gandhi put it into practice. His “nonviolence” theory and practice not only boosted the National Independent Movement, but also influenced AfricanAmerican Civil Rights Movement of the US.. Martin Luther King once said, “as I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time that the Christian doctrine of love, operating through the Gandhian method of nonviolence, is one of the most potent weapons available to an oppressed people in their struggle for freedom” When visiting India last year, US. President Obama said, “One of the things I draw from Gandhi is that you have to be persistent on your journey, you just have to keep going on and never say die Gandhi, Sir Martin Luther King, and Abraham Lincoln are people we are constantly reading and studying about. Im often frustrated by how far I fall short of their example”. Obamas frustration deserves our encouragement. He reminds us that despite the starlight of “awakened people of human consciousness” is still rather faint, one day it will certainly lighten all the sky. In addition to the preeminent foresight of traditional politicians, those “awakened people of human consciousness” also have strong senses of justice and shame. For instance, when the “Occupy Wall Street” movement was rolling in immense surges, William Hague, British Foreign Minister, said he was “sympathized” with protesters. When the protest extended to Los Angeles, the largest western city of America, its municipal government passed through a resolution about supporting the “Occupy Los Angeles” movement… Leung ManTao, the commentator of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite TV, mocked traditional politicians by saying that, “The king in the traditional story didnt know he was naked. However, both he and we know that he is naked now, but he still walks out, wandering about on the street. We have a panoramic view about that but pretend that he is dressed”. The sense of shame forces those “awakened people of human consciousness” to devote all the public power to creating and maintaining the transparent, candid and democratic social environment, positively enhancing the development and integration of humanity. They often felt upset for their insufficient ability and ashamed for their occasional selfish thought. As we have mentioned above, because of different historical, political, economic and cultural development among various countries, mankind still cannot step into the democratic society simultaneously. To be worse, there are even unthinkable gap between “the advanced”and “the backward”. However, under the sunshine of the information society, we can very easily find that the seeds those “awakened people of human consciousness” have scattered, no matter in fertile soil or in barren field, will surely be able to shoot up and vigorously grow up. Since the age of Enlightenment in Europe, some politicians and scholars who surpass the narrow boundaries of country and nation and those who wander around the world have called themselves as “world citizens”. In the preface of “Speeches and Writings by Deng Xiaoping”, published by Pergamon Press Ltd, Deng Xiaoping, Chief Designer of China Reform and Opening up, soulfully said, “As one of the Chinese people, Im honored to become one of the world citizen”. Despite that, during the age of national countries, especially in the Cold war, when the world was fully bestrewed with barriers, the concept of “world citizen” was unreachable for the majority of the people in the earth. But now, great changes have taken place, as mankind has stepped into the age of globalization and the revolution of information technology has turned the world into a “global village”. To some extent, everybody has turned into the “world citizen”. They may not go abroad, but still can feel the external influence and also can exert impact on citizens in other countries, let alone on those who frequently come and go between different countries. The history of human development indicates that the political power leading to regional barriers and religious power results in spiritual estrangement, only tourism is capable to congregate together the people from different races, religions and cultures, hereby impelling them to share the fruits of human civilization. In ancient times, the conquerors usually imposed their cultures and beliefs on those occupied territories and forced the vanquished to accept them. But nowadays, such kind of phenomenon is no longer in existence. In 2011, with the help of NATOs fierce bombing campaign, Libyan opposition forces successfully overthrew the dictatorial regime of Qaddafi after the battles lasting for 8 months. After taking over the country, the “National Transitional Council” pledged that Libya will uphold the Islamic law, which means that the polygamy may prevail in new Libya. Such decision, absolutely running counter to the democratic society, astonished those who had firmly and positively supported the “democratic fight” in Libya. It proves that a battle cannot change the bredinthebone culture. People could only hope that new Libya will carry on more communication with the external world. On April 1, 2014, the U.S. “Fortune” bi-weekly website published a report titled “Chinese tourists promote American enterprise development”. The journalist Steve Hargreaves wrote in the news as follows: Last year, thousands of Chinese tourists flock to the Yellowstone National Park to watch mountain views, buffalo and the Old Faithful. After that, at least 1,600 people travel 200 miles to the east, reach to the Euchre Ross ranch where to enjoy burgers, baked beans and biscuits. After lunch, they enjoyed a 14-year-old Katie Williams performance of riding. The ranchers owner Judy Blair said: “Her performances make the Chinese crazy, all the political problems between the two countries have vanished.” The report also records some contents about how the Chinese tourists like to observe and experience American life and more. On October 21, 2011, Former Cuban President Fidel Castro, who was at his 85 and had grappled with America and the rest of Western world for half century, said in his official website that,“In a nuclear war the ‘collateral damage’ would be the life of all humanity. Let us have the courage to proclaim that whether nuclear or conventional weapons, everything that is used to make war must disappear!” Castros speech is from the deep bottom of his heart. With the development of human civilization, the globalization of economics has already come into being, and cultural integrity is on the way. Those political approaches using weapons to invade other country and eliminate foreign culture will not exist anymore. Any politicians have no rights to use nuclear weapons with any purpose. Only a thought of it can be regarded as against humanism. We prey for the Eternal universal Prophecy of the Isaiah, who said 2，500 years ago in Jerusalem that a day will come when people shall leave their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not lift up sword against nation; neither shall they learn war any more. （3）The foundation of forming “World Government” is increasingly consolidated The establishment of “world government” is not a new political subject. Early in the ancient Greek and Rome period, the idea of “world government” was brought to the round table of discussion. And the ancient Greece and Roman foretold that for the realization of permanent peace, one day human would be governed by only one common political authority. The book De Jure Belli ac Pacis written by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius was deemed as the origin of modern international law. The concept “Federation” won the respectable support in the end of 18th century. The more highlighted event in this period was that the first democratic federation in the world-USA. was born in 1788. All along the history, many European philosophers were influenced by the relevant thought and created the similar theory, especially the philosopher Immanuel Kant, who wrote the essay “Perpetual Peace” in 1795, where he expounded the three basic conditions for human to permanently eradicate the threat of war in the future: The civil constitution of every state should be republican. The law of nations shall be founded on a federation of free nations. The law of world citizenship shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality. For instance, people were allowed to visit other countries, but not permitted to stay without invitation. In 1811, German philosopher Carl Christian Friedrich Krause wrote an essay “The Archetype of Humanity”， where he proposed to establish the union of five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Oceania, and incorporate to a world republic. By employing the American experience, in 1948 and 1967, Switzerland and Canada also respectively established their first multinational coalition, united all nationalities of different races, cultures and languages under a common government. As the influence of the idea “world government” prevailed increasingly, many international organizations were born subject to such a contribution. For instance, International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863, International Telecommunication Union founded in 1865, and Universal Postal Union founded in 1874. After human entered into 20th century, due to the growing business of international trade, the interdependence relationship between countries went further, by which accelerated the formation of international organizations. According to relevant data, before the outburst of “World War I” in 1914, there were around 450 global or regional organizations. Meanwhile, as driven by the development of international organizations, the research on international law also had a great progress. In 1873, Belgium Jurist Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns established the first research institute of international law in the world, he led and drafted for the specific international law. The first embryonic world parliament, called the Inter-Parliamentary Union, was organized in 1886 by Cremer and Passy, composed of legislators from many countries. In 1904 the Union formally proposed “an international congress which should meet periodically to discuss international questions”. From time immemorial, politicians were always the carriers and pursuers of “world government”. The famous cases such as Alexander the Great and his empire, Rome Empire and Mongolia Empire as well as Britain Empire. Referring to the Britain Empire, at the zenith of his millennium the country occupied one fourth of world area and close to one third of world population, famed as “Never Sunset Empire”. This was a period the world at the closest to a common political authority. Bahá‘u’lláh created Bahaism between 1852 and 1892, and upheld the important principle of establishing a global federation. Bahá‘u’lláh on the basis of common share and common business for global people, conceived a suite of new social system, including a world legislature, an international court and an international administrative institution to enforce the decision of legislative and judicial institutions. His criteria also included the worlds universal weights and measures, common currency, and employed one kind of international paralanguage for communication, Unfortunately, an integral world government built by attempting to rely on the powder of politics and religions did not exist at all time. In the early fifty years of last century, the attempt that tried to establish a global institution for settlement of international dispute also ended up with failure. What upset the people in the world was the “Hague Convention” in 1899 and 1907 and the “League of Nations” in 1919 and 1938 failed to prevent the two World Wars from happening. Later the “Cold War” also proved that under the circumstance of the humans comprehensive development was immature and core value was different, to pursue a united “world government” was nothing else but like strange bedfellows to all nations. However, even experienced so much frustration and failure over times, the human pace to establish “world government” never stopped. On the contrary, from near the end of “World War II” to 1950,this period was the golden time for “World Federalism Movement” In 1943 the first publication of the book “One World” written by Wendell Willkie was sold more than two million copies. Another book “The Anatomy of Peace”, its author was Emery Reeves, due to the book advocated the opinion of replacing the UN by “World Federal Government”, the book rapidly became the “Bible” in the eyes of world federalist. In 1947, a meeting was held in Montreux, Switzerland, which formed a global federation called the World Federalist Movement, also was an influential international organization. By 1950,the organization declared there were 56 member groups in 22 countries, around 156，000 members. In 1948, the founder of the organization Garry Davis addressed a speech in the UN General Assembly, called for building a “world government”, but he was ended up with driving away from the assembly by guards. Later, Mr. Davis gave up his American citizenship and started to register for the world citizenship, within less than two years there were more than 750，000 people also registered for the world citizenship. On September 4, 1953, in the city hall of Ellsworth, Maine, United State, Davis declared the “world government” was based on three “world laws”, namely same god, same world and same human, for which he established “United World Administration Bureau”, its primary task was to design and release the world passport. It has been reported since now there are more than 800，000 copies of such kind of passport released. But the thought and method of Mr. Davis was clearly lacked of successive momentum. “Same god” was an “arbitrary” policy, which did not accord with the multiple diversification trend of the world, and did not release from the stereotyped pigeonhole of religion for the “consolidation” of the world, further it was contradicted to the human civilization, because freedom of belief was the progressive identifier of human civilization. The sociologist of Trinity University in Connecticut, James Hughes was a supporter of global government, he agreed on that keeping in conformance with the time and trend was an inevitable choice.” Hughes said: “in this century there should be new economic, cultural and communicative power to serve the political integration, and the disastrous vital threat might lead to the establishment of global government system became the rigid demand”, what he called “disastrous threat” was specific to the threat to human caused by global climate change, terrorism, and new technology. On the possible and realizable concept of the political entity-world government, people generally believed that such a political entity was to interpret and conduct the international law, and the existing nations should gradually alleviate and release a certain extent of authority. This practice certainly should be in synchronic pace with the enhancement of the previously referred “human consciousness”. What exhilarating the people was, no matter sovereign nations such as America, Russia, China and other global political forces whether agreed or not, the wheel of history was always rolling forward unceasingly. For instance, the arising of WTO deprived a part of the economic power from the sovereign nations in economic field. As a matter of fact, “world government” would add a new administrative level upon the existing national sovereignty, or would provide the coordination to different nations, which independent nations were unable to provide. The upcoming of information society and realization of global town offered the necessity and possibility of arising of “world government”. Today people increasingly regard some international institutions such as International Criminal Court, United Nations, International Monetary Fund and other super-national and super-continental unions, such as Organization of American States, European Union, African Union, Union of South American Nations, Association of Southeast Asian Nations etc. as the embryonic world government systems. Comparing with the early phase, the contribution from these international organizations or institutions in aspects such as promotion of human integration and coordination of international affairs is much more significant than ever before. This does not mean the modern people are more intellectual than the past people, but a sheer result from the development of global politics, economy, technology and culture. In China there is an old saying: “An unripe melon is not sweet if picked to eat”, another corresponding saying is “A channel would be formed naturally when water arrives.” At present, the existence of various kinds of organizations in the world is only the external factor for promotion of human integration, whereas the comprehensive progress of human civilization is really the fundamental internal factor based on which various organizations or “world government” realizes their value. Especially human has entered into information society, with the globalization of economy and culture, the roaring and rushing trend of human integration and cultural sharing will inevitably facilitate the consolidation of various political entities. Exactly as Hughes pointed out, no matter whether the hostile forces existed or not, the history gearing would always direct us to the general orientation of “global government”. As to various international organizations, when human experiences the third leap in the development of tourist activity, “world government” is no longer a question about to arise or not, but a question about who would grab the chance to direct the establishment of “world government” , who would be the “initiator”: United Nations, European Union or other international organizations？ The Second World War suffered 50,000,000 casualties, and most of the victims were innocents. As the war closed to the end, many people of lofty ideals called for the establishment of the international institution that could permanently prevent conflicts, which led to the founding of United Nations in 1945, and granting of Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. United Nations is a comprehensive international organization composed of sovereign nations, by 2012, there has been 193 member nations. In the “Cold War” period, United Nations played the role irreplaceable for safeguarding the world security, promoting the human peace and other aspects. At present, UN still carries a grave weight in international politics and many other fields. Some prominent people, such as Einstein, Churchill, Roosevelt and Gandhi etc., called for all national governments to go further, and gradually form the “world government” that could effectively manage the world. However, their idea of “world government” was whether to leave aside the existing UN and build a new one, or to retool the UN, it was just remaining unknown. By viewing the current situation, UN indeed faces various challenges from all sides. After the end of “Cold War”, UN has still persisted in the way of traditional fashion, then finds out the road has been reduced narrower. It is evidenced by many nations refuse or delay to pay membership fees. In October 18, 2013, Saudi Arabic refused to be the nonpermanent member of UN Security Council, which unveiled the crisis of UN in the new era. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabic declared, in light of last decades UN Security Council neither did effectively develop the peace for Middle East, nor did end the civil strife of Syria, thus the country declined the nomination. The declaration came up with a question on the Security Councils “ability, work style and mechanism”. The BBC's UN correspondent said, the diplomatists were astonished and confused by the unprecedented decision Saudi Arabic made. The French UN permanent representative A Laude said to AFP correspondents, France believed Saudi Arabic could make a positive contribution to Security Council, and understood his dissatisfaction. In view of the fact that UN was becoming loosely organized and lacked of authority, though many UN elites were aware of the urgency of transformation of UN, however, under a complicated international situation, they seemed to have no idea about the direction of development and where to set forth. In December, 2012, the writer hereof was invited by the UN Correspondents Association to attend the annual award ceremony in New York. At the meeting the association presented my work and written speech to five hundred guests including the UN Secretary General, the content of which was advocating the UN to issue “UN Tourist Passport”, it Struck a responsive chord in hearts of many participants. On the next day, the relevant sector of UN invited the writer hereof to make a special presentation on the subject of “UN Tourist Passport” for part of UN officials. In the speech I pointed out, after the end of “Cold War”, UN should transit from the traditional track of settling conflicts and avoiding the war gradually to the new track of promoting the human integration and civilization sharing; and also should transit from the traditional track of serving nations and groups gradually to the new track of serving the global citizens. The writer hereof thinks that the issuance of “UN Tourist Passport” is one of the most important symbols for such transition. Because the globalization of human economy has already been achieved and the globalization of culture also has been started. The promotion of “UN Tourist Passport” would greatly facilitate the development of human integration and progress, and stimulate and accelerate the upcoming of the third leap of human tourist activities! Beyond questions, “world government” is composed of “world citizens”. The “citizenship” of a citizen is subject to the domain of political sovereignty of a country. Similar to WTO takes over part of the economic sovereignty of all nations, presently UN is the best organization to take over part of the political authority of sovereign nations. As a matter of fact, the Schengen passport being implemented by European nations to some extent is resembled to the “Mini-type UN Tourist Passport”. Though comparing with European Union, to issue “UN Tourist Passport” is more difficult, as long as all nations in the world coordinate to unify their understanding, and step by step to implement such a strategy by starting from pyramid top to lower, there should be no difficulty in technical operation. Therefore, if UN considers the current situation and utilizes the unique political advantages, to issue the “UN Tourist Passport”, it could not only increase the centripetal force from world citizens to UN, but also offer UN the chips of directing the establishment of “world government” in the future. The more significant thing is that on the day when all of citizens in the world implement the “UN Tourist Passport”, then on this earth where we inhabit for hundreds of thousands of years, would any war happen again? Is such kind of thought and practice not inosculated to the principle at the very beginning of the founding of UN?! Comparing with EU, the organization of UN is with huger size, lower efficiency and rampant corruption, which is always denounced by people. Without a huge reformation, all these shortages would certainly play critical obstacles to the future ambition of directing the establishment of “world government”. Instead, with rich experience, high efficiency management and disinterested organization, EU might win the consensus of world citizens in the future. Moreover, UN has a vital shortage, it is about in a certain long period of time America still remains the worlds “first big country” but who increasingly tends to ignore the authority of UN. This depends on UN whether is able to make a graceful turnaround in front of the trend of global management democratization, and hold the fate in his own hand firmly! In 2012, Nobel Peace Prize was first time awarded to EU, it was a prize for the achievement of the road he walked through, and more likely indicated his vigorous development prospect. Though there are still various kinds of disadvantages inside EU, through the baptism of two World Wars, in front of people in the world, European people have taken the lead and developed a peace pathway for settlement of differences, avoidance of war, sharing of economic and cultural prosperity, which play a typical sample for other regions in the world. Of course, along with the progress of human history, the rapid arising of other international organization is not really impossible. Especially when human has entered into information society, the network itself is the hugest organization. When under the impact of democratic tidal wave, politicians gradually become one kind of symbol and decorative object, the forming of “world government” might be developed in an alternative new path. It is not necessary a story of Arabian Nights! Human experience and lessons have proven that the establishment of an organic unified “world government” should not be separated from the forming of new civilization under globalization background. Chinese scholar Peiyong wrote in “Consolidation of Civilization”: Open a New Era of Culture of Earth Mr. Pei Yong said that it was necessary to establish a new type of global culture and a new world and to rear a new culture more and make it strike root in the hearts of the people on a global scale. The new culture surely is an advanced culture which can represent the development of the world in the future. This new culture is neither the wholesale Westernization nor the wholesale Easternization. Because none civilizations of the world is the purely advanced culture which can adapt to the development of the future world completely. The new culture must be a new type culture combining Eastern and Western civilization. In the future society with the new culture, the postmodernization is its main feature. This society needs an ecological, equal and harmonious culture which will incorporate things of diverse nature and the strong points of various civilizations. It is the important basis to establish the global civilization, and it is the advanced culture in the world to come. The world economic integration must keep pace with the cultural integration. The communication and mixture are quiet and imperceptible. Tourism is an absolute way to achieve the goal. Tourism integrates the world and humans share civilizations!
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