庞贝古城在亚平宁半岛西南角的坎帕尼亚,距罗马约240千米的那不勒斯附近。北面10千米处是维苏威火山。它本是一座背山面海的避暑胜地,始建于公元前6世纪(相当于我国东周春秋时期),然而,在公元79年(相当于我国东汉时期)因维苏威火山爆发而遭毁灭,掩盖在六米多深的火山灰下,其名称和位置都久已被人遗忘了。直至一千六百多年后被偶然发现。1748年起考古发掘持续至2022年。古城总面积大约为 66公顷,较面积约53.3公顷的南京大学鼓楼校区略大,其中只有约 44 公顷的区域被正式挖掘和研究。 
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今天,庞贝是世界上唯一的一千六百年至今一点变化也没有的城市。 庞贝城由城墙包围,共有7个城门。城市内有主要的公共建筑、广场、寺庙、浴场、剧场以及许多住宅和商铺。 公共广场是城市的政治、宗教和商业中心。包括神庙(如朱庇特神庙)、集市以及法院等等。剧院区包括大剧院和小剧院,是市民观看戏剧、音乐和表演的地方。浴场包括斯塔比亚浴场、中央浴场和论坛浴场,提供热水浴、冷水浴和蒸汽浴,是市民的社交场所(居然远在我国东汉时期就有这样的公共浴室了)。 住宅区中的富人住宅区保存了许多奢华的房屋,彩绘房屋以精美马赛克装饰。 商业区包括酒馆、面包店、纺织工坊等建筑。可见石制磨坊和烤炉遗迹。 竞技场是古罗马风格的竞技场,可容纳全城的2万名观众。近二千年前就有这样建筑规模的公共场地了。一些拱门的跨度接近四、五米。位于城外的墓地,反映了古罗马人对死亡的观念。 挖掘出的遗址反映了很多古罗马时期社会面貌和民俗。街道如棋盘纵横交错,街面铺有多边形的石块,按东西或南北走向。市内的住宅、宫廷、剧场、磨坊、酒吧、小酒店、妓院和和剧院都被展示在人们面前:路面深深的车辙、路边居民住宅的墙面、墙壁上的图画和字迹、地面巴赛克瓷砖画面,以及街道边居民的取水口......一切恍若不久前的光景。 朱自清还提到:“庞贝的淫风似乎甚盛。他们崇拜男根,相信可以给人好运气,倒不像后世人做不净想。街上走,常见墙上横安著黑的男根;器具也常以此为饰。”
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被埋在火山灰下的生活器具:
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· 维苏威火山爆发释放出大量火山灰和气体,许多居民因高温或窒息而死亡,遗体被火山灰迅速掩埋,形成一个密闭的空间。经过时间的流逝,遗体逐渐分解,留下了人体形状的空洞。19世纪,考古学家朱塞佩·菲奥雷利发明将液体石膏注入这些空洞,等待石膏凝固后再将周围的火山灰清理掉。呈现了人们在灾难来临时的各种姿态——奔跑、拥抱、祈祷、甚至保护孩子。让我们感受到古代庞贝人的恐惧、无助和对生命的渴望。
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