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美國何時為排華法案道歉? 2011-09-25 21:29:39
有人在看了我的那篇1952年加州投票廢除排華條款的文章後,說美國聯邦政府在1943年廢除了CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT (8 U.S.C. S 261 etc).,因此加州憲法排華條款即使不廢除,也與聯邦法衝突。

我本來不想去回應這個顯然比較愚蠢的說法。如果有一條聯邦法叫“中國人保護法”,那麼一條與之衝突的州法可能無效。但廢除了聯邦CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT,就是說這條聯邦法律不存在了,一條州法怎麼可能與一條不存在的聯邦法衝突呢?況且,在美國的體制下,各州有POLICE POWER,在這個名目下制定的法律不在聯邦約束的範圍。加州的COOLIE法就是在POLICE POWER的名目下。

但我們的探討不限於此,我們可以擴大範圍,假設加州的排華憲法不屬於州的POLICE POWER範疇,那麼它是否違反了美國的聯邦憲法呢?

對這個問題,美國最高法院在 The Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U. S. 581中做了明確的判決:"That the government of the United States,... can exclude [Chinese] from its territory is a proposition which we do not think open to controversy." 這個判例從來沒有被推翻過,到今天美國各級法院還在引用。

也就是說,根據美國最高法院的判決,排華法案在不過是美國國會、或者加州可定、可不定的法律。聯邦在1943年廢除CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT是為了二戰中獲取中國的支持,更多的是象徵意義,因為新法規定每年來美的華人名額只有100人。整個落砂機地區在排華法制定後60年內,沒有一個華人嬰兒降生,每年100人的名額解決不了廣大華工的生存問題。

至於加州廢除排華憲法是因為朝鮮戰爭的東風,這是歷史定論。西方人還是尊重強者的、蔑視癟三的。非洲 ZULU人最後雖然是敗給了英國人,而且死了1萬多人,但能打死一千多英國人,就一直令西方人欽佩不已。

最近,一個美國記者觀察了中國從利比亞撤走國民的過程,他注意到,中國人一個個身體健實,排着整齊的隊伍,紅旗一展,一言不發、目不斜視地魚貫通過,對機場出售的高級商品看都不看一眼。他感嘆道,不知道應該是敬佩還是敬畏。但有一點,他認為是毫無疑問的:“我們最好是讓他們站在我們一邊”。

當美國更多的有識之士意識到這一點的時候,也就是美國為排華法案道歉的時候。


Read more: 美國何時為排華法案道歉? - 岳東曉的日誌 - 貝殼村 - 
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作者:黑河人 留言時間:2011-09-27 18:49:12
xux9001:

100% agreed with you. thanks! I understood something as you said it is a 150+years struggle for the right of Chinese american.

Aout that new about CA congresswoman and Canadian gov., i might be mismemoried.
回復 | 0
作者:xux9001 留言時間:2011-09-27 18:31:05
There are a few misconceptions of your views:

1. Chinese exclusion act was repealed only during in World War II. That means, for almost half century, a US person (remember, not a us citizen) with a chinese heritage was treated as a sub-human for his or her entire life. There were no slightest freedom to normal lifehood and citizenship. How can a human being living under such a draconian act as Chinese exclusions act enjoyed a life that is "way better than the Chinese living in his or her motherland?" The tremendous injury Chinese exclusion act inflicted upon Chinese Americans are beyond simple comprehension, not to mention its long lasting ferocious social impact on Chinese American of modern days. For example, Chinese males under Chinese exclusion act were not afforded the very basic human natural biological rights such as freedome to life and reproduce and having a family to pass his genes. And the suffering was designed intentionally to cause lifelong harms to Chinese American community in not only social and economic way, but more psychologically as a means to demoralize the community as a whole. This is equivalent to racial cleansing. Didn't you still see the isolations that all the Chinese males are suffering in this country??? Isn't that enough for a cause of action for relief from the supreme court of United states and a formal apology from the United State Government.

2. Again, Chinese Americans won their right through their own endeavors and for their own cause. Read the book i recommend and you will see the constant struggles that Chinese Americans in this land went through. We, Chinese Americans, in this country are simple outnumbered by the Whites, Blacks, and Latinos. This theory proves correct if you are to use Canada as an counter-example. The Dominion of Canada has about 10% of populations with Chinese heritage, which are capable of supporting a large number of ballots influencing the Canadian day-to-day political life. There is a mere 1% of Chinese populations in US, not to mentioning there is a constant flow of Chinese women volunteer to give away themselves to other races. Now, you may say this sex bias is unfound, but how about this Barack Obama. Is he a black or white? He put down his race as black during the national census. Why!!! Alas, because he considered his father the dominant race and his mother white race the submissive one in this sexual and matrimonial relationship. So, with such a infinitesmal population of Chinese Americans and constant attritions aforementioned, don't you think that every person with Chinese heritage nowadays should cheer those Chinese American as pioneers for their heroic bravery of perseverance and striving for survival? Don't you think they are the true pioneers to establish Chinese heritage in this country. Without their persistence and the foundations they built throughout those arduous years, all the Chinese American endeavors and advancement later in this country would have not been possible.
3. In conclusions, simple admit your chinese heritage. Forbide yourself from self-dividing. Have more childrens to populate this country. And united together and fight for your rights that you deserve in this country!
回復 | 0
作者:黑河人 留言時間:2011-09-27 18:10:35
謝過岳先生!您提出的是正事,是身在美國入籍或拿綠卡的人應該時刻放在心上的一件大事。目前中美關係尚可,明爭暗鬥而已,一旦有什麼過不去的事情發生,則我們這些人一定倒霉。二戰時的在美日本人不是都關進集中營了?

只是這事要有出頭人。今年加州的國會眾議員提出請政府學習加拿大公開道歉,但是奧巴馬沒有做。說明還是有阻力。愚人擔心的是他根本不會道歉,而是等待着什麼事情發生。本次經濟危機怕是只能以某種形式的戰爭,重新安排債務和經濟秩序才可結束。

一直注意博主在賀梅案中的的努力和成功。特表敬意!
回復 | 0
作者:破棉襖 留言時間:2011-09-27 17:14:53
和xux9001商榷:
美國的制度既有公平正義的一面,也有黑暗邪惡的一面。駱家輝的“一英里的故事”恰恰同時反映這兩個方面。駱家輝強調其正面意議,可能也有政治家的考慮。他的選民應該是白人,而不是中國人。所以他必須說出讓白人喜歡聽的話。反過來,黑人政客都是從黑人選區走出來的,說話的方式就會完全不同了。
回復 | 0
作者:xux9001 留言時間:2011-09-27 16:02:35
Furthermore, every single Americans of Chinese heritage should educate him or herself of the history of Chinese Exclusion Act. Indeed, more articles should relate this important topic in the public life of Chinese Americans.

This article should always be on the front page of all the Chinese website so that there is a constant reminder for this extremely unfortunate past of American history.

The price of freedom is eternal vigilance, as Thomas Jefferson said.
回復 | 0
作者:xux9001 留言時間:2011-09-27 15:55:20
Hi:

I really appreciated this article.

To answer the question that why Chinese in this country did not fight back: it was because there were NOT enough Americans of Chinese heritage in this country. However, that is not to say that Chinese Americans did not fight back. They had fought back relentless and heroically many many times, but were simply outnumbered by the Whites. We, Chinese Americans, really has endured the most suffering in this country, far more than any other races. Everyday, we are facing injustice and prejudice.

So, friends, let's unite together and fight for the long overdue JUSTICE for the Chinese Americans. Please do not ridicule your fellow country men any more and take pride in your own heritage.

To learn more about this bitter part of Chinese American history, I would suggest the following books:

1. Driven Out: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans by Jean Pfaelzer.
2. The Chinese in America : A Narrative History by Iris Chang(the same author for Rape of Nanking).
回復 | 0
作者:破棉襖 留言時間:2011-09-27 13:01:07
我也不明白在美國的中國人,特別是受害人及其後代為什麼不鬧騰。特別像駱家暉這樣的家庭,三代人都是受害人。自己出頭之後,只強調“一英里的故事”來說明美國夢的正面性,而忽略了作為三代華裔的心酸淚。我想一個原因是具有中國文化背景的人,都是順民,能活着,就不折騰。另一個原因可能是,美國的華裔歷史上受排華法案的影響,和其他族裔比較起來是很慘,但是比較起來祖國家鄉的父老(不管是清朝,民國和共產時期),他們簡直是生活在天堂。占了這個便宜,華裔心裡還是滿塌實的,也就是不非叫美國政府道歉了。
回復 | 0
作者:華山 留言時間:2011-09-27 04:20:34
這件事,在美的華人還不如加拿大的華人積極。
回復 | 0
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