經濟學的範式轉換

The Paradigm Shift in Economics

——《共生經濟學（修訂版）》專業解讀（附英文目錄）

A Professional Interpretation of Symbionomics (Revised Edition)

Institute for Global Symbiosism（CANADA）

當GDP仍被廣泛用來衡量國家繁榮，而家庭體感、組織成本、生態損耗、社會孞托和代際負債的累積，長期處於經濟核算的邊緣，經濟學面對的就不只是統計指標的補充和修正，而是一次價值參量與組織範式的整體轉換。

《共生經濟學（修訂版）》從Economy的發生學意義重新出發，把經濟理解為生命在資源、組織和生態環境中展開的自組織生息過程。經濟活動創造了多少產值固然重要，這些產值是否降低生活成本，是否賦能家庭與創造者，是否增進人的身心靈健康，是否生成社會孞托，是否維護自然生態與持久和平，同樣需要進入經濟學的價值判斷和效能核算。

基於這一認識，錢宏在共生經濟學（Symbionomics）提出GDE國民生產效能以及C—E—H—T—P五項價值參量，以降本（Cost Reduction）、賦能（Empowerment）、健康（Health）、孞托（Trust）與和平（Peace），重新校準經濟活動生成的真實綜合效能；以ηᵢ表示第i項經濟活動的資源效能轉換係數，以R＝GDE／GDP表示一定時期、一定範圍內全部名義經濟活動轉化為真實綜合效能的總體資源效能轉換率。GDP記錄“發生了多少”，GDE檢驗“值得多少”，R顯示“轉化了多少”。

R並非與GDP並列的又一項靜態指標，而是觀察資源流向、價值結果與組織責任的結構尺度。同樣的GDP、財政赤字、貿易順差、貨幣投放或技術投資，會因為資源流向及其承擔者不同，因為它最終降低還是轉嫁成本、賦能還是削弱生命、生成還是耗散孞托，而產生完全不同的η與R。由此，那些被傳統統計隱去的組織成本、生活收益、健康後果、生態損耗和未來負債，重新進入經濟學的觀察視野。

如果說GDE首先完成的是經濟學價值參量的轉換，那麼貨幣通論與組織孞托進一步展開的，則是從價值生成—價值承兌—組織受託關係進入組織範式的轉換。

《共生經濟學》認為，政治、經濟與文化從來不是彼此割裂的存在，現實中的政治、經濟與文化問題，也不應被人為劃定的學科邊界分割處理。人的生命生活，本來就是經濟活動、政治秩序與文化創造相互作用、共襄生成的過程。由此，經濟學需要從市場—政府的二元鐘擺中走出來，重新看見社區經濟、市場經濟與政府經濟三大經濟形態各自不可替代的生命功能、組織邊界及其交互關係。市場失靈、政府失靈與道德失靈，也就不再只是要求另一方擴大規模加以補救，而要回到生命主體自身的自組織能力與社會自組織力能否持續生長這一根本問題。

Symbionomics由此重新認識經濟生活中的行動主體。人不只是追逐個人利益的“理性經濟人”，也不只是一個抽象的生產者、消費者或勞動者，而是同時具有經濟、政治和文化自組織能力的“仨自組織人”，並在現實組織關係中成為組織共生人。家庭、鄰里、社區及各種社會組織所承擔的養育、照護、互助、參與、創新、休養生息，並非市場和政府之外無足輕重的“剩餘活動”，而是生命得以生長、社會得以修復、創新得以發生的經濟基礎。

也正是在這裡，共生經濟學所引發的變化已經超出某一種經濟理論自身的修補，開始觸及經濟學作為一門學科的基本範式轉變。史稱中國20世紀80年代“改革四君子”之一的朱嘉明，在其序言（2023）中，特別注意到這種轉換的經濟學（學科）意義，並明確表述為“經濟學八大轉變（The Eight Transformations of Economics）”：

從理性經濟人轉向仨自組織人；從產權中心經濟學轉向共生權範式；從資本增值與GDP轉向GDE生命效能；從加減法思維轉向乘除法思維；從市場—政府鐘擺轉向三大經濟形態交互共生；從特權消費轉向共生生活方式；從地緣政治零和競爭轉向有邊界的共生全球化；從單中心治理轉向組織孞托的多層共生。

共生經濟學引發的經濟學的八大轉變，不是八個彼此並列的新主張，而是一條相互生成的學科轉換鏈：經濟學怎樣認識人，決定怎樣認識權利與價值；怎樣認識價值，決定怎樣衡量增長；怎樣衡量增長，又會改變資源配置、組織形態與生活方式；而組織形態與生活方式的變化，最終必然進入全球秩序與組織孞托。因此，共生經濟學帶來的真正挑戰，不在於用一套新概念替換舊概念，而在於推動經濟學從以稀缺、占有、交換、分配和增長為主要問題意識，進一步進入生命、生成、效能、承兌、孞托與共生的關係過程。

由此再追問，經濟學中一個長期被價格理論遮蔽的問題便重新顯現出來：

價值究竟從哪裡發生？

《共生經濟學》從勞動價值、使用價值和交換價值繼續向前追問，提出Minds Values（思想價值）：心智創造價值、交互秩序價值、共生權價值、技術與金融槓桿價值、開放價值，都可能參與真實價值的共襄生成。價值並不等於價格，價值生成也不等於價值已經獲得承認和兌現。於是，經濟學從價值生成自然進入價值承兌。

在貨幣理論上，本書由“貨幣是債”繼續推進到：貨幣是價值承兌的通用憑證。債揭示跨時間的承諾關係，貨幣使私人承諾獲得社會通用性，而任何跨時間、跨組織乃至跨國界的價值承兌，最終都離不開組織孞托。德幣、法幣與共生幣由此呈現出不同的承兌關係；主權貨幣也不再只是國家發行的支付工具，而成為國家組織對社會價值關係承擔受託責任的一種制度形式。

當改革者的價值創造、主權信用、外部受託組織的行動背書與市場預期相互確認，還可能產生組織孞托乘積效應，使尚未完全實現的未來價值進入今天。思想銀行與共生幣則進一步嘗試把Minds Values、數字存證、權利確認、授權流轉與受託責任帶入貨幣通論，使思想創造能夠被發現、記錄、存取、承兌，同時防止新的技術平台再次壟斷價值判斷與價值分配。《共生經濟學（修訂版）》因此已經把貨幣通論明確推進到了組織孞托。

組織孞托由此不再只是道德意義上的“彼此相信”，而成為可以影響成本、賦能、健康、承兌、和平以及組織存續的經濟學變量。

這一變化，在人工智能時代尤其具有現實意義。

傳統大型組織長期依靠信息集中、專業分工和層級體系形成相對於生命主體的認知優勢。AI的普及正在迅速擊穿這種信息不對稱和“認知剪刀差”。當普通人也能夠藉助AI尋找、比較、解釋和驗證複雜信息，組織持久存在的理由便越來越不能建立在“我知道而你不知道”之上，而必須轉向：

即使你也知道，我仍然值得你託付。

孞托由此成為一種稀缺的組織效能。它能夠降低監督、防範、證明和層級成本，釋放生命主體的自組織能力，使組織重新回到與其受託事務相契合的適宜尺度。讓“小即是美”從思想洞見進入現實可能。反過來，當政府、企業、平台或AI以自身的程序目標、成本目標和算法目標替換生命主體原有目的，就會發生“受託目的漂移”（Trusteeship Purpose Drift）。修訂版已經把這一邏輯正式置於“組織通論”的中心：從信息優勢走向孞托優勢，從管理能力走向受託能力。

當AI進一步進入政府、企業、金融、醫療、教育和家庭，《共生經濟學》提出LIFE—AI—TRUST交互契合共生秩序：生命是目的和最終檢驗尺度，組織是生命的受託者，AI是組織可以運用的受託能力，而不是受託者本身。AI可以提高信息處理、風險識別、組織協同與價值承兌的能力，卻不能代替人及其組織承擔受託責任。修訂版因此明確提出：“AI Is Entrusted Capability, Not the Trustee”，並最終把問題落在一個文明選擇上：究竟繼續強化組織，還是賦能生命？

由此看，人工智能帶來的真正挑戰已經超出技術革命本身。技術革命必須進入組織革命。否則，更強大的計算能力仍可能被異化為控制生命、轉嫁責任和製造數位鐵籠的工具；只有當技術能力重新接受生命的託付、組織權力重新接受生命效能的檢驗，AI才能進入LIFE—AI—TRUST的交互契合關係。

重建組織孞托，勢在必行！

因為當今世界最大的政治，是人的身心靈健康。政府、企業、非政府組織、平台、社區乃至AI組織，都必須重新證明自身存在的價值：是否降低了生命為組織付出的成本？是否賦能家庭與創造者？是否改善人的健康與自然生態？是否兌現已經作出的價值承諾？是否為下一代留下更大的生活可能？

這也意味着，組織的規模、權力與技術能力不再天然構成組織成功的證明。生命先於組織，組織是生命的受託者。組織邊界最終要由生命來檢驗；組織孞托也必須在降本、賦能、承兌與修復的過程中不斷生成。修訂版第五編從“重建組織孞托，勢在必行”，進一步推進到共生權與組織邊界、創建孞托與修復孞托以及LIFE—AI—TRUST，已經形成一條完整的組織通論主線。

走到這裡，前面所說的經濟學八大轉變，已經不再只是理論方向，而獲得了一條可以貫通全書的方法路徑：

從生命主體與Minds Values重新發現價值生成；以GDE、η與R重新檢驗價值效能；從“貨幣是債”進入價值承兌；從價值承兌進入組織孞托；從組織孞托進入LIFE—AI—TRUST；再由企業、社區、政府的分層實踐進入全球化3.0與生活基礎設施。

八大轉變由此展開為同一個生成過程：人的重新發現，引起價值的重新發現；價值的重新發現，引起經濟效能尺度的改變；尺度的改變進入貨幣承兌與組織責任，最終推動經濟學重新回到生命生活。

因此，這本書試圖完成的，並非為傳統經濟學再增加一組概念或指標，而是從Economy發生學—Minds Values價值生成—GDE價值效能核算—價值承兌的貨幣通論—組織孞托的組織通論一路推進，再進入企業、社區、政府、全球化3.0與生活基礎設施的現實展開。修訂版最後以“Production Returns to Living”收束全書，並以《讓哲學重新回到生命》作跋，使這條理論路線重新回到它最初的問題。

經濟，究竟為什麼發生？

答案最終仍然落在生命本身：

生產回歸生活，

生活呈現生態，

生態激勵生命。

The Paradigm Shift in Economics

A Professional Interpretation of Symbionomics (Revised Edition)

Institute for Global Symbiosism (Canada)

As GDP continues to be widely used as a measure of national prosperity, the lived experience of families, organizational costs, ecological losses, the erosion of social trust, and the accumulation of intergenerational liabilities have long remained at the margins of economic accounting. What economics now confronts, therefore, is more than the supplementation or refinement of statistical indicators. It is an overall transformation of value parameters and the organizational paradigm.

Symbionomics (Revised Edition) returns to the genesis of the word Economy, understanding the economy as a self-organizing process through which life sustains and regenerates itself amid resources, organizations, and ecological environments. How much output economic activity produces certainly matters. But whether that output reduces the cost of living, empowers families and creators, enhances the physical, mental, and spiritual health of human beings, generates social trust, and sustains natural ecology and lasting peace must likewise enter economic value judgment and effectiveness accounting.

On this basis, Archer Hong Qian proposes within Symbionomics the concept of GDE (Gross Domestic Effectiveness) and its five value parameters, C–E–H–T–P: Cost Reduction, Empowerment, Health, Trust, and Peace. Together they recalibrate the real comprehensive effectiveness generated by economic activity. ηᵢ represents the resource-effectiveness conversion coefficient of the ith economic activity, while R = GDE/GDP represents the overall resource-effectiveness conversion ratio by which nominal economic activity, within a given period and scope, is transformed into real comprehensive effectiveness. GDP records “how much happened”; GDE examines “how much was worthwhile”; R reveals “how much was converted.”

R is not simply another static indicator placed alongside GDP. It is a structural measure for observing resource flows, value outcomes, and organizational responsibility. The same GDP, fiscal deficit, trade surplus, monetary issuance, or technological investment may generate entirely different η and R values depending on where resources flow and who bears the resulting costs—whether an activity reduces or shifts costs, empowers or weakens life, generates or dissipates trust. Organizational costs, benefits to living, health consequences, ecological losses, and future liabilities that conventional statistics have obscured can thereby re-enter the field of economic observation.

If GDE first accomplishes a transformation in the value parameters of economics, the general theory of money and organizational trust carry the inquiry further—from value generation → value fulfillment → organizational trusteeship—and thereby into a transformation of the organizational paradigm.

Symbionomics holds that politics, economics, and culture have never existed as separate realities. Nor should real political, economic, and cultural problems be fragmented by artificially drawn disciplinary boundaries. Human life and living are inherently processes in which economic activity, political order, and cultural creation interact and co-generate one another. Economics must therefore move beyond the binary pendulum between market and government and rediscover the three economic forms—community economy, market economy, and government economy—each with its irreplaceable functions for life, its organizational boundaries, and its relations of interaction.

Market failure, government failure, and moral failure can no longer be treated merely by asking the other side to expand in scale as a remedy. The more fundamental question is whether the self-organizing capacities of living subjects and the self-organizing capacities of society can continue to grow.

Symbionomics accordingly reconsiders the acting subject of economic life. Human beings are not merely “rational economic men” pursuing individual interests, nor are they simply abstract producers, consumers, or workers. They are the Three Self-Organizing Persons, possessing economic, political, and cultural capacities for self-organization, while also becoming Organizational Symbiotic Persons within real organizational relationships.

Child-rearing, caregiving, mutual aid, participation, innovation, rest, recuperation, and renewal undertaken by families, neighborhoods, communities, and diverse social organizations are not insignificant “residual activities” outside market and government. They constitute an economic foundation upon which life can grow, society can repair itself, and innovation can arise.

It is precisely here that the changes set in motion by Symbionomics go beyond the revision of any particular economic theory and begin to touch the fundamental paradigm of economics as a discipline.

Jiaming Zhu, historically known as one of China’s “Four Gentlemen of Reform” of the 1980s, paid particular attention in his 2023 Foreword to the significance of this transformation for economics as a discipline. He explicitly formulated it as “The Eight Transformations of Economics”:

from Rational Economic Man to the Three Self-Organizing Persons;
from property-centered economics to the paradigm of Symbiorights;
from capital appreciation and GDP to GDE life effectiveness;
from additive–subtractive thinking to multiplicative–divisive thinking;
from the market–government pendulum to the interactive symbiosis of the three economic forms;
from privileged consumption to a symbiotic way of living;
from geopolitical zero-sum competition to bounded symbiotic globalization;
and from single-center governance to multilevel symbiosis of organizational trust.

These Eight Transformations of Economics set in motion by Symbionomics are not eight separate new propositions. Together they form a generative chain of disciplinary transformation. How economics understands the human being determines how it understands rights and value; how it understands value determines how it measures growth; how it measures growth, in turn, changes resource allocation, organizational forms, and ways of living; and changes in organizational forms and ways of living ultimately enter global order and organizational trust.

The real challenge posed by Symbionomics, therefore, does not lie in replacing one vocabulary with another. It lies in moving economics beyond a primary preoccupation with scarcity, possession, exchange, distribution, and growth, and further into the relational processes of life, generation, effectiveness, fulfillment, trust, and symbiosis.

This brings back into view a question long obscured by price theory:

Where does value arise?

Symbionomics moves beyond labor value, use value, and exchange value to propose Minds Values: the value of mental creation, the value of intersubjective order, the value of Symbiorights, technological and financial leverage value, and the value of openness. All may participate in the co-generation of real value.

Value is not equivalent to price. Nor does the generation of value mean that value has already been recognized and fulfilled. Economics thus moves naturally from value generation into value fulfillment.

In monetary theory, the book advances from “money is debt” to a further proposition:

Money is a generally accepted instrument of value fulfillment.

Debt reveals a relationship of commitment across time. Money gives private commitments social generality. Yet value fulfillment across time, across organizations, and even across national borders ultimately depends upon organizational trust. Virtue money, fiat money, and symbiotic money therefore embody different fulfillment relationships. Sovereign money is no longer merely a means of payment issued by the state; it becomes an institutional form through which the sovereign organization assumes trusteeship responsibility for social value relationships.

When the value creation of reformers, sovereign credibility, the action-backed endorsement of external trustee organizations, and market expectations mutually confirm one another, a multiplicative effect of organizational trust may arise, allowing future value that has not yet been fully realized to enter the present.

The Mind Bank and Symbiotic Currency further attempt to bring Minds Values, digital evidence, rights confirmation, authorized circulation, and trusteeship responsibility into the general theory of money. Mental creation can thereby be discovered, recorded, deposited, accessed, and fulfilled, while preventing new technological platforms from once again monopolizing value judgment and value distribution.

Symbionomics (Revised Edition) thus explicitly carries its general theory of money forward into organizational trust.

Organizational trust is no longer merely “believing in one another” in a moral sense. It becomes an economic variable capable of affecting cost reduction, empowerment, health, fulfillment, peace, and the very viability of organizations.

This transformation acquires particular practical significance in the age of artificial intelligence.

Large traditional organizations have long relied upon concentrated information, professional specialization, and hierarchical systems to maintain a cognitive advantage over living subjects. The spread of AI is rapidly breaking through this information asymmetry and the resulting “cognitive scissors gap.”

When ordinary people can also use AI to search, compare, interpret, and verify complex information, the enduring justification for an organization can no longer rest on:

“I know, and you do not.”

It must increasingly become:

Even if you know too, I am still worthy of your entrustment.

Trust thereby becomes a scarce form of organizational effectiveness. It can reduce the costs of supervision, precaution, proof, and hierarchy; release the self-organizing capacities of living subjects; and return organizations to a scale appropriate to the matters entrusted to them—allowing Small Is Beautiful to move from intellectual insight toward practical possibility.

Conversely, when governments, enterprises, platforms, or AI substitute their own procedural, cost, or algorithmic objectives for the original purposes of living subjects, Trusteeship Purpose Drift occurs. The Revised Edition places this logic at the center of its General Theory of Organization: from informational advantage to trust advantage, and from management capacity to entrusted capacity.

As AI moves further into government, business, finance, healthcare, education, and the family, Symbionomics proposes the LIFE–AI–TRUST interactive and mutually attuned symbiotic order:

Life is the purpose and the ultimate criterion of evaluation.
Organization is the trustee of life.
AI is an entrusted capability that organizations may employ; it is not itself the trustee.

AI can strengthen information processing, risk identification, organizational coordination, and value fulfillment, but it cannot replace human beings and their organizations in assuming trusteeship responsibility. The Revised Edition therefore states explicitly:

AI Is Entrusted Capability, Not the Trustee.

The question ultimately becomes a civilizational choice:

Do we continue to reinforce organization—or empower life?

Seen in this light, the challenge posed by artificial intelligence has already moved beyond technological revolution itself. Technological revolution must enter organizational revolution. Otherwise, greater computational power may still be alienated into an instrument for controlling life, shifting responsibility, and constructing a digital iron cage. Only when technological capability once again accepts the entrustment of life, and organizational power once again submits itself to the test of life effectiveness, can AI enter the mutually attuned relationship of LIFE–AI–TRUST.

Rebuilding Organizational Trust Is Imperative!

For the greatest politics in the world today concerns the physical, mental, and spiritual health of human beings.

Governments, enterprises, nongovernmental organizations, platforms, communities, and even AI organizations must all demonstrate anew the value of their existence:

Do they reduce the costs that life must bear for organization?
Do they empower families and creators?
Do they improve human health and natural ecology?
Do they fulfill the value commitments they have made?
Do they leave greater possibilities for living to the next generation?

The scale, power, and technological capability of an organization therefore no longer constitute self-evident proof of organizational success.

Life precedes organization. Organization is a trustee of life.

Organizational boundaries must ultimately be tested by life; organizational trust must continuously be generated through cost reduction, empowerment, fulfillment, and repair. Part V of the Revised Edition develops a coherent General Theory of Organization from “Rebuilding Organizational Trust Is Imperative!” through Symbiorights and organizational boundaries, the creation and restoration of trust, and finally LIFE–AI–TRUST.

At this point, the Eight Transformations of Economics described above are no longer merely theoretical directions. They have acquired a methodological pathway running through the entire book:

from the living subject and Minds Values to the rediscovery of value generation;
through GDE, η, and R to a renewed test of value effectiveness;
from “money is debt” to value fulfillment;
from value fulfillment to organizational trust;
from organizational trust to LIFE–AI–TRUST;
and from layered practice in enterprises, communities, and government to Globalization 3.0 and living infrastructure.

The Eight Transformations thus unfold as one generative process: the rediscovery of the human being leads to the rediscovery of value; the rediscovery of value changes the measure of economic effectiveness; that change in measurement enters monetary fulfillment and organizational responsibility; and ultimately economics is brought back to life and living.

The aim of this book, therefore, is not simply to add another set of concepts or indicators to conventional economics. It advances from the genesis of Economy → the generation of Minds Values → GDE accounting for value effectiveness → the General Theory of Money centered on value fulfillment → the General Theory of Organization centered on organizational trust, and from there into practical applications in enterprises, communities, government, Globalization 3.0, and living infrastructure.

The Revised Edition concludes with “Production Returns to Living,” followed by the Epilogue, Let Philosophy Return to Life, bringing this theoretical journey back to the question with which it began:

Why does economy arise at all?

The answer ultimately returns to life itself:

Production returns to living.
Living reveals ecology.
Ecology inspires life.

SYMBIONOMICS : AN OVERVIEW

Table of contents

Jiaming ZHU：An Alternative Lens and Method A Foreword to Symbionomics

AUTHOR’S PREFACE: Where Does Economy Arise?

I. A Question Beginning with the “Ultimate Free Lunch”

II. Economy Originally Meant Tending the Home

III. I Have Come to Believe That Economics Needs to “Remove the Excess”

IV. “孞”: From Mind to Entrustment

V. Population Is Life Before It Is a Number

VI. From the Language of Life to the Language of AI

VII. From Genesis and Dynamics to Synergetics

VIII. From an Age of Scarcity toward an Age of Abundance

PREFACE: A Symbiotic Way of Life Gives Rise to Symbionomics

I. When Students Asked Economics to Return to Reality

II. Economics’ Half-Century of Self-Rescue

III. Beginning from Life, Symbionomics Emerges

IV. From Rational Economic Man to the Three Self-Organizing Persons

V. Why Growth Must Be Tested by Life

VI. Re-evaluating Growth through Energy Transformation and Information Flow

VII. Why Symbionomics Arises Now

PART I: From Economic Man to the Symbiotic Subject: The Theoretical Point of Departure of Symbionomics

CHAPTER ONE: From Rational Economic Man and Man in Action to the Three Self-Organizing Persons

I. Behind Every Economics Stands a Conception of the Human Being

II. How Smith’s Whole Human Being Was Compressed into Rational Economic Man

III. Mises’s Man in Action: From Equilibrium Models Back to Purposive Human Action

IV. Why “Man in Action” Is Still Not Enough

V. The Intellectual Genesis of the Three Self-Organizing Persons

VI. The Threefold Structure of the Three Self-Organizing Persons

VII. From Mind and Behavior to Institutions: Self-Organization Is Not Laissez-Faire

VIII. From the Subject–Object Binary to Mutual Subjecthood

IX. How the Three Self-Organizing Persons Change the Explanation of Economic Reality

X. From “What Is the Human Being?” to “How Is Value Generated?”

CHAPTER TWO: How Life’s Self-Organization Generates Minds Values

I. Why Value Theory Re-emerges at Every Turning Point of an Age

II. From “Intellectual Capital” to Minds Values: An Intellectual Encounter in 2016

III. Why Mind Must Become Minds

IV. The First Dimension of Minds Values: Value of Mental Creation

V. The Second Dimension of Minds Values: Value of Intersubjective Order

VI. The Third Dimension of Minds Values: Value of Symbiorights

VII. The Fourth Dimension of Minds Values: Technological and Financial Leverage Value

VIII. The Fifth Dimension of Minds Values: Value of Openness

IX. How the Five Dimensions Co-generate Minds Values

X. Minds Values Are Not Price: Positive, Negative, and Undetermined Value

XI. From Minds Values to the Mind Bank

XII. From Value Generation to Symbiorights

CHAPTER THREE: From Intersubjectivity to Intersubjective Symbiosism The Philosophical and Jurisprudential Foundations of Symbiorights

I. Why Economics Cannot Avoid the Question of the Subject

II. The Subject–Object Duality Built Knowledge—and Left a Shadow of Domination

III. Intersubjectivity: From the Isolated “I” to the Discovery of “You”

IV. Why Intersubjectivity Must Continue toward Intersubjective Symbiosism

V. Life Is Self-Sufficient, Yet Not Self-Contained

VI. You, Me, and Others: How Full-Person Subjecthood Is Formed

VII. Intersubjective Symbiosism: From Relations of Recognition to Relations of Generation

VIII. The Genesis of Symbiorights: The Right to Live and to Co-Generate Growth

IX. Human Rights, Rights to Act, Property Rights, and Rights of Ecological Life

X. Rights, Power, Interests, Responsibility, and Effective Capacity Must Be Reconnected

XI. From Homogenizing Community to the Symbiont of Difference

XII. How Symbiorights Change the Questions Economics Asks

CHAPTER FOUR: The Interactive Symbiosis of the Three Economic Forms: Community, Market, and Government

I. Where the Three Economic Forms Come From

II. From “Whole and Unity” to “Relation and Process”

III. Economic Forms Are Not Ownership Types, Industries, or Sectors

IV. Community Economy: The Foundation of People’s Livelihood and the Birthplace of Innovation

V. Market Economy: A Foundation of Civil Rights and the Boundary of Effective Utility

VI. Government Economy: The Body of the Nation and Its Absolute Boundaries

VII. People’s Livelihood, Civil Rights, and the Nation: Three Functions of a Healthy National Organism

VIII. Interaction: How Value Is Generated across the Three Forms

IX. Complementarity: No Organization Needs to Become Omnipotent

X. Mutual Flow: Economic Forms Need Mechanisms of Transformation

XI. Effectiveness Standards for the Three Forms Cannot Be Mixed

XII. From Investment–Domestic Demand–Exports Back to Production–Exchange–Living

XIII. A Revolution in Economic Form

CHAPTER FIVE: The Eight Transformations of Economics: From the Logic of Distribution to the Logic of Generation

I. Why “Transformations,” Rather Than a New Set of Doctrines

II. The First Transformation: From Rational Economic Man to the Three Self-Organizing Persons

III. The Second Transformation: From Property-Centered Economics to the Paradigm of Symbiorights

IV. The Third Transformation: From Capital Appreciation and GDP to GDE Life Effectiveness

V. The Fourth Transformation: From Additive–Subtractive Thinking to Multiplicative–Divisive Thinking

VI. The Fifth Transformation: From the Market–Government Pendulum to Triadic Symbiosis

VII. The Sixth Transformation: From Privileged Consumption to a Symbiotic Way of Living

VIII. The Seventh Transformation: From Geopolitical Zero-Sum Competition to Bounded Symbiotic Globalization

IX. The Eighth Transformation: From Single-Center Governance to Multilevel Symbiosis of Organizational Trust

X. How the Eight Transformations Form a Generative Structure

XI. From the Logic of Distribution to the Logic of Generation

PART II: From Growth Myths to Systemic Distortion: A Symbiotic Pathology of the Modern Economy

CHAPTER SIX: The Golden Rule of Economic Growth and the Golden Law of Economic Health

I. What Growth Theory Actually Answers

II. Phelps and the Golden Rule of Economic Growth

III. The Shanghai Encounter: A Question from Models Back to Living

IV. Four Real Burdens Outside the Growth Model

V. From Two Statements to Six Resource–Asset/Liability Statements

VI. The Golden Law of Economic Health Redefines the Purpose of the Economy

VII. Three Criteria: Quantity, Energy, and Trust

VIII. H = G/T: How Good Governance Enters the Lived Experience of People

IX. The Golden Law of Economic Health Is Not the Maximization of Health

X. From the Health Criterion into the GDP Myth

CHAPTER SEVEN: The GDP Myth and the Divergence Between Macroeconomic Prosperity and Lived Experience

I. Why GDP Became the Common Language of the Modern Economy

II. Capacity of Scale Cannot Substitute for Outcomes of Living

III. Effective Growth, Ineffective Growth, and Destructive Growth

IV. How Macroeconomic Prosperity Becomes Detached from Lived Experience

V. Why Strong GDP, PPP, and Foreign-Exchange Reserves May Still Fail to Produce a Prosperous Nation and Strong People

VI. How Much Can Distribution Explain, and What Does the Conversion Mechanism Still Conceal?

VII. When Indicators Become Commands: How the System Reinforces Itself

VIII. From GDP as Original Flow to η Effectiveness Filtering

IX. From Indicator Distortion Back to Economic Mechanisms

X. Growth Must Ultimately Answer to Living

CHAPTER EIGHT: The Penal Economy, Wealth-Multiplication Economy, and Planned Economy: Historical Matrices of Bureaucolonialism

I. Why Trace These Three Historical Mechanisms

II. The Penal Economy: Turning Life into Requisitionable Manpower

III. Why Penal Mechanisms Can Produce “Glory”

IV. The Wealth-Multiplication Economy: How Wealth Becomes a Channel to Power

V. From Mercantilism to Government Corporatism

VI. Three Economic Origins: Penal Economy, Wealth Multiplication, and State Enterprise

VII. From Rational Economic Man to the Organizational Symbiotic Person

VIII. The Historical Capacity and Conditions of Emergence of the Planned Economy

IX. How Planning Changes from a Coordinating Instrument into Organizational Command

X. How the Three Mechanisms Overlap Across Historical Periods

XI. Bureaucolonialism: When Organization Becomes a Self-Reproducing Subject

XII. Why Changes of Regime Fail to End Structural Suffering

XIII. From Historical Matrices to Modern Systemic Distortion

CHAPTER NINE: Systemic Illusions and the Century-Long Reshuffling: The Organizational Roots of the Market Freedom–Government Control Pendulum

I. The Century-Long Pendulum: The Predicament of “Control Kills, Release Revives”

II. Market Failure: Prices Cannot Carry All Value

III. Government Failure: How Public Trusteeship Becomes Organizational Self-Interest

IV. Moral Failure: Why Responsibility Can Always Be Shifted

V. The Century-Long Reshuffling: Why Resource Transfers Do Not Equal Institutional Generation

VI. Systemic Illusion: How Distortion Is Stably Presented as Success

VII. How the Six Layers of Illusion Generate One Another

VIII. Why Local Rationality Co-Generates Overall Distortion

IX. How Narratives of Left and Right Jointly Conceal the Organizational Problem

X. How Digital Technology Dresses Old Illusions in New Clothes

XI. Why Reform Keeps Creating New Problems After Solving Old Ones

XII. From Choices of Ownership to Value Effectiveness and Organizational Trust

PART III: From GDP to GDE: A Measurement Revolution in Life Effectiveness

CHAPTER TEN: GDE Value Parameters: The C–E–H–T–P Five-Factor Structure

I. The Measurement Revolution Begins with Value Judgment

II. C: Cost Reduction Does Not Mean Shifting Costs onto the Weak

III. E: Empowerment Means Strengthening Life’s Capacity for Self-Organization

IV. H: Health as Whole-Ecology Dynamic Balance

V. T: From Credit Records to Organizational Trust

VI. P: Peace as the Environment of Value Generation

VII. Why the Five Factors Must Interact

VIII. Four Levels of Observation

IX. GDE and Existing Statistical Systems

X. From the Five Factors to Effectiveness Filtering

CHAPTER ELEVEN: The R Law and the Resource-Effectiveness Conversion Ratio: The Civilizational Content of Growth

I. From a Value Coordinate to a Conversion Mechanism

II. What Exactly Is ηᵢ?

III. How ηᵢ Is Generated from the Five Factors

IV. GDE Is the Aggregate Amount of Effectiveness

V. R = GDE/GDP: The Overall Resource-Effectiveness Conversion Ratio

VI. Why R Can Be Greater Than 1

VII. How R Differs from Productivity, Energy Efficiency, and Welfare Indicators

VIII. What H = G/T and R Each Answer

IX. Time, Level, and Measurement Convention

X. Bringing R into Cross-Country Comparison: Outcomes, Structures, and Transitions

XI. Preventing η and R from Becoming New Systemic Illusions

XII. From the Conversion Ratio to the Six Accounts

CHAPTER TWELVE: Six Resource–Asset/Liability Statements: Re-Accounting for Shifted Costs

I. Why Two Balance Sheets Are Not Enough

II. Resources, Assets, and Liabilities

III. The Nature Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

IV. The Society Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

V. The Government Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

VI. The Enterprise Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

VII. The Community Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

VIII. The Household Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

IX. How Value Flows among the Six Statements

X. Why the Same Trade Surplus Can Produce Different R

XI. Explicit Costs, Hidden Contributions, and Intertemporal Debt

XII. Common Constraints First, Commensurability Second

XIII. From Satellite Accounts to Responsibility Accounts

XIV. How the Six Statements Support η, GDE, and R

XV. Entering the State, Enterprise, and Capital Markets

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: How GDE Enters the State, Enterprise, and Capital Markets

I. From Measurement Results to Decision Conditions

II. The State: Move Policy Evaluation Before Resource Commitment

III. Effectiveness Constraints on Budgets, Taxation, and Public Debt

IV. Enterprise: Establish a Real-Value Income Statement Beyond Profit

V. Investment, Technology, and AI: Distinguishing Effectiveness-Enhancing Innovation from Dissipative Innovation

VI. Capital Markets: Price Is Not a Synonym for Value

VII. Stock Markets: From Profit-Growth Companies to Rising-R Enterprises

VIII. Housing Markets: Separating Residential Effectiveness from Asset Prices

IX. Bond Markets: From Repayment Narratives Back to Effectiveness Assets

X. Health Value and Four Structural Indices

XI. Ex Ante Identification, In-Process Calibration, and Ex Post Responsibility

XII. Experimental Pathways and Preventing Indicator Alienation

XIII. From Effectiveness Measurement to Value Fulfillment

PART IV: From Monetary Credit to Value Fulfillment: The General Theory of Money in Symbionomics

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Money Is Debt: The Genesis of Value Fulfillment

I. After Measurement, Why Must We Enter the Question of Money

II. Money Is, First of All, Not a Thing

III. Value Fulfillment Occurs After Value Has Already Been Delivered

IV. Debt Arises from the Time Lag and Also Connects Present and Future

V. Understanding Debt through the Threefold Relation of Ren, Zhu, and Bei

VI. Currency: How Private Promises Become Social Promises

VII. The Four Functions of Money Should Return to the Fulfillment Relationship

VIII. From Private Debt to Organizational Debt

IX. Sovereign Money: The State Aggregates Social Debt

X. Why the Quantity of Money Can Separate from Real Value

XI. Debt Is Not Original Sin; Failure of Responsibility Turns Debt into Extraction

XII. How GDE Recalibrates the Fulfillment Foundation of Money

XIII. Three Fundamental Conditions of Value Fulfillment

XIV. A General Theory of Money Begins with Debt

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Virtue Money, Fiat Money, and Symbiotic Money: The Diachronic and Synchronic Dimensions of Monetary Civilization

I. Three Forms of Money, Three Fulfillment Relationships

II. Virtue Money: Character as the Earliest Credit Account

III. The Strength of Virtue Money Is Also Its Boundary

IV. Fiat Money: Sovereign Organization Connects Strangers

V. Fiat Money Is a Public Trusteeship, Not an Unlimited Power of Issuance

VI. Symbiotic Money: Fulfilling Value Generated through Interaction

VII. The Diachronic Transition from Person to Organization to Structure

VIII. Synchronic Coexistence in Contemporary Society

IX. Functions and Boundaries of the Three Forms of Money

X. Mutual Calibration, Not Mutual Absorption

XI. Digital Currency Does Not Automatically Become Symbiotic Money

XII. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Symbiotic Money

XIII. Using GDE and the Six Statements to Test the Three Forms of Fulfillment

XIV. From Monetary Forms to the Test of Organizational Trust

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Value Fulfillment and Organizational Trust: A Comparative Test of Sovereign and Trans-Sovereign Money

I. Behind Monetary Confidence Lies Organizational Trust

II. Cross-Country Comparison Is a Stress Test of Method, Not a Ranking

III. Russia’s Transition: Price Liberalization Cannot Substitute for an Entrusted Order

IV. Argentina’s Reform: Signals of Stability Must Pass the Test of Living

V. The US$20 Billion Relationship That Must Be Clarified

VI. Yeltsin and Milei: The Difference Lies in Sequence and the Structure of Responsibility

VII. The Multiplicative Effect of Organizational Trust

VIII. The Yen in 1998: Coordinated Action as a Conditional Signal

IX. The Euro: The Tension between a Common Currency and Decentralized Fiscal Systems

X. Sterling: Retaining Sovereign Adjustment Is Not Inherently Superior

XI. The Entrusted Responsibility of an Internationalized Sovereign Currency

XII. The Capacities and Limits of Trans-Sovereign Instruments

XIII. Comparing with GDE, R, and the Six Statements

XIV. The Mode of Thought Established by Comparison

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: Mind Bank and Symbiotic Currency: Rights Confirmation, Deposit–Access–Fulfillment of Minds Values, and Reward–Restrain Mechanisms

I. What Modern Society Lacks Is Not Ideas, but a Mechanism of Fulfillment

II. Minds Values: Mental Generation beyond Labor Value

III. Four Institutional Difficulties of Minds Values

IV. What a Mind Bank Is—and Is Not

V. Discovery: Bringing Off-Account Contributions into View

VI. Recording: Building a Contribution Chain Rather than a Pantheon of Heroes

VII. Rights Confirmation: Unbundle Rights to Prevent Enclosure

VIII. Deposit, Access, and Fulfillment: Three Actions of the Minds Account

IX. The Minds Resource–Asset/Liability Statement

X. The Symbiotic Chain: A Verification Ledger, Not a Truth Machine

XI. Assetization and Tokenization of Thought, and the Token-Art Metaverse

XII. Stablecoin Is an Embryo and a Bridge, Not the Completed Form

XIII. Necessary Conditions for Issuing Symbiotic Currency

XIV. Sufficient Conditions: A Dynamic Mechanism of Reward, Restrain, and Flow

XV. The Role of AI: Expanding Observation without Monopolizing Judgment

XVI. Begin with Bounded Pilots

XVII. The Interface between the Mind Bank and the Fiat-Money System
XVIII. The General Theory of Money Enters Organizational Trust

PART V: Organizational Trust: The General Theory of Organization in Symbionomics

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Rebuilding Organizational Trust Is Imperative!

I. From Information Asymmetry to the Cognitive Scissors Gap

II. AI Is Changing How the Cognitive Scissors Gap Is Formed

III. A Blank Sheet of Paper: From Information Processing to Mind and Relationship

IV. Behind Information Asymmetry Lies an Entrusted Relationship

V. Why the Economic Meaning of Organizational Trust Must Be Restored

VI. From Informational Advantage to Trust Advantage

VII. AI Can Also Create a Larger Digital Cognitive Scissors Gap

VIII. LIFE–AI–TRUST: Returning AI to the Entrusted Relationship

IX. Testing Organizational Trust through GDE

X. From Management Capacity to Entrusted Capacity

XI. From Organizational Loss of Trust to Organizational Self-Repair

XII. Organizational Trust Becomes a Scarce Effectiveness in the Digital–Quantum Age

CHAPTER NINETEEN: Symbiorights and Organizational Boundaries: How Life Tests Institutions

I. From Value Fulfillment to Organizational Boundaries

II. Life Precedes Organization

III. Symbiorights: From the Property-Rights Paradigm to Living Relations

IV. Rights of Life: The Initial Condition Prior to Organizational Authorization

V. Rights to Act: The Operational Core of Symbiorights

VI. Rights over Resources: The Baseline Safeguard for Life and Action

VII. Rights of Ecological Life: Bringing Voiceless Subjects into Institutions

VIII. The Unity of Rights of Life, Rights to Act, Rights over Resources, and Rights of Ecological Life

IX. Self-Restraint by the Strong, Self-Encouragement by the Weak, and Mutual Boundary-Setting

X. Three Types of Organizational Boundaries

XI. Institutions Are Not Shoes: A Categorical Distinction

XII. Four Coordinates by Which Life Tests Institutions

XIII. From the Public–Private Dispute to Boundaries of Rights and Responsibilities

XIV. Testing Organizational Boundaries with GDE, R, and the Six Statements

XV. Entrusted Boundaries for Digital Organizations and AI

XVI. Only Clear Boundaries Can Generate Trust

CHAPTER TWENTY: Rebuilding Organizational Trust: From Creating Trust to Restoring Trust

I. Why Organization Becomes a Necessary Medium of Civilization

II. From Credit and Trust to Organizational Trust

III. The Historical Difference Between Creating and Rebuilding Organizational Trust

IV. Philadelphia, 1787: How Organizational Trust Was Created

V. Four Conditions for Creating Organizational Trust

VI. Why Organizations Move from Trusteeship to Alienation

VII. Rebuilding Begins with Unconcealment: Entrusted Power Must Explain Itself to Life

VIII. Four Actions of Rebuilding: Cost Reduction, Empowerment, Fulfillment, and Repair

IX. Four World-Class Cases: Four Paths of Repair

X. The Meaning of Comparison: Identify Mechanisms, Do Not Copy Answers

XI. Rebuilding Trust Does Not Mean the Market Defeats Government

XII. Back-Testing Repair with GDE, R, and the Six Statements

XIII. The Multiplier Effect of Organizational Trust

XIV. From Periodic Correction to Continuous Repair

XV. Organization Is a Trustee of Life

XVI. When AI Enters Organization

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: LIFE–AI–TRUST: The Civilizational Choice After Artificial Intelligence Enters Organization

I. AI Has Entered the Interior of Organization

II. Three Leaps in Organizational Capability Brought by AI

III. Three Structural Bottlenecks of AI

IV. Why LIFE Must Precede AI

V. AI Is Entrusted Capability, Not the Trustee

VI. TRUST Is Not a Credit Score; It Is Organizational Accountability

VII. The Interactive Coupling of LIFE–AI–TRUST

VIII. AI Enters the Enterprise: Organizational Choice Beyond Efficiency

IX. AI Enters Government: From the Digital Iron Cage to Public Trusteeship

X. AI Enters Schools, Hospitals, and Families

XI. Data Are Not a Mine; Data Are Living Relations

XII. From Risk Control to Reward–Restrain–Connect

XIII. The Boundaries of AI-Assisted Monitoring

XIV. Begin with Limited-Domain Pilots

XV. From NET and IoT to AM

XVI. Artificial Mind and the Open Direction of MPU

XVII. The Civilizational Choice: Reinforce Organization or Empower Life?
XVIII. Conclusion of Part Five: Let Intelligence Accept Life’s Entrustment。

PART VI: The Layered Realization of Minds Values: Practical Pathways for Symbionomics

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: Creative Breakthrough: Layered Practice in Enterprises, Communities, and Government

I. The Engine Schumpeter Left Us

II. Recent Nobel Prizes Reconnect Innovation and Institutions

III. Why Destruction Can Still Remain Trapped in the Old Game

IV. Creative Breakthrough: Opening an Exit the System Did Not Provide

V. Musk’s Mechatronic Ecology: How Engineering Constraints Become Entrances to Innovation

VI. Cost Reduction and Empowerment Must Occur Together

VII. Enterprise: Open the Income Statement into Six Statements

VIII. Community: Let Rest and Recuperation Become Economy Again

IX. Market: Keep Discovery, Exchange, and Exit Open

X. Government: Public Trusteeship Rather Than Uniform Production

XI. Let the Three Economic Forms Each Occupy Their Proper Place

XII. Begin with Small-Scale Real Action

XIII. The Civilizational Measure of Creative Breakthrough

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: The Symbiotic Civilization of Globalization 3.0: From Reform Cases to Living Infrastructure

I. Two Reform Sites Open the Same Question

II. The Civilizational Transition from Globalization 1.0 and 2.0 to 3.0

III. The Six Statements Behind Trade Surpluses and Deficits

IV. The Three-Zero Rules: From Tariff Negotiation to Reciprocity of Responsibility

V. From Impossible Trilemmas to a Possible Triangle

VI. GDE Returns Global Comparison to Real Effectiveness

VII. Monetary Fulfillment and Sovereign Credit Re-enter Globalization

VIII. The Mind Bank Gives Global Creation a Social Memory

IX. A Global Symbiosism Convention: Recognize Boundaries Before Expanding Cooperation

X. Why a Visible Site of Interaction Is Needed

XI. SGE—The Symbionomic Global Expo—Takes Shape Here

XII. From SGE to AM: How a Site Becomes Continuous Infrastructure

XIII. From Institutional Experiment to Living Infrastructure

XIV. Symbiotic Civilization Is Not a New Central Narrative

XV. From Reform Cases to a Symbiotic Order

XVI. Production Returns to Living

EPILOGUE: Let Philosophy Return to Life

APPENDIX I   CORE CONCEPTS OF SYMBIONOMICS: CHINESE–ENGLISH CROSS-REFERENCE

APPENDIX II  A Brief History of GDP and the Three Core Elements of the Symbionomic Paradigm

Appendix III  Selected Bibliography and Intellectual Lineage