毛主席130诞辰纪念专辑 老董 2024年1月2日 https://blog.creaders.net/user_blog_diary.php?did=NDc4OTY1 毛主席诞辰130周年纪念会于2023年12月26日（美洲25日晚）在网上举行。会上的发言以及会前会后收到的文稿编成本专辑寄上，请广为传发。
========================== 【特稿】 一、丁一：人口问题（并附与会者感言） 二、韩东屏：毛主席的人口政策是最人道最正确的 三、韩东屏：毛主席的对手总是不断证明他是正确的 四、无套裤汉：纪念毛主席诞辰130周年——回顾与前瞻 五、文平：毛泽东思想光芒万丈 六、老闲：在纽约纪念伟大领袖毛主席诞辰130周年座谈会上的发言 七、李孟欣：献给东方伟人毛主席 八、刘实：在毛泽东主席和基辛格博士之间 九、老董：巴勒斯坦人民武装抗争的时代意义 十、黄哲操：毛主席的自力更生思想源远流长——毛主席130岁诞辰纪念会讲稿 十一、牖下：毛主席谈（人的）认识 ========================== ========================== 【特稿】 Roger: 这两天网上爆红这段话： “中国共产党对毛主席的态度，决定了中国人民对共产党的态度，也直接影响到了世界对中国的态度！” ========================== 一、丁一：人口问题 我在1986年写过一篇文章 《关于毛泽东的思索》。其中有一节是“贬毛”，提到毛泽东应该对中国的人口问题负主要责任。我这样写： “中国今日尚未富足的主要原因，就是人口太多。举一简单例子，在韩丁工作过的张庄，从1949年到1971年，粮食·的产量虽然增加一倍以上，可是在这一阶段中，耕地减少了39% （工业用及造路）人口增加了70%。人均口粮不赠反减。人口过多的伤害，一直存在且恶化。想象一下，虽然中国不如美国富饶先进，如果现在也只有二亿人口，将会是多么美好的国家；而美国如有十亿人口，将变得多么混乱，可怕。 “重读1959，1960年马寅初在《新建设》上写的文章，可知道1960年一月，批判他的文章已发表了二百多篇。他说：‘自从《新建设》1959年11月号登出我的文章后，同意我的信已经不是少数了。有的虽表示同意，但不敢签名，只写【读者敬上】字样。。。。。我只得唱【独脚戏】，我只得单身匹马出来应战。’” 毛泽东在1949年9月写的《违心历史观的破产》中，他说： “中国人口众多是一极大的好事，再增加多少倍人口也完全有办法。这办法 就是生产。”又说： “世间一切事物中，人是第一个可宝贵的。在共产党的领导下，只要有了人，什么人间奇迹也可以造出来。” 1957年，在一次周恩来向毛泽东汇报时，毛说: “恩来呀，中国革命的成功，证明了一是人多好办事，二是人多热气旺。” 几百篇批判文章当是对毛泽东意见的响应。马寅初自1950年就是北京大学的校长。在如此巨大的舆论压力下，他於1960年辞职。那时他也已78岁了。 1979年马寅初得到平反，获聘为北京大学名誉校长。 1980年，“计划生育”开始“一胎化”政策。 四十年后的今天，中国的生产是大大上去了。可是竟嫌人口太少。 世局多变。尤其在科技发展极快的今天，很难想象百年以后会是怎样的世界。 “人口”可能不成为一个问题。 【与会者感言】 牵牛子： 会上有关中国人口问题和马寅初人口论的谈话，引人深思。 一个人口众多的分工的社会里，劳力和劳心越分越开，哪方应更受重视？劳心者和劳力者，应该谁听谁的？我们看到的现实是劳心者得到较多的报酬，劳力者服从劳心者的意志。根据马克思的资本经济理论，劳心者的劳动“成本”高，单位时间劳动的“价值”大，按照“等价交换原则”，理应得到较多的酬劳。但是，我们同时也看到，劳力者提供了人们生存的必需品，劳心者提供了什么？难以数计的“知识”！知识，有大有小，有好有坏，有对有错，不能使人温饱却时常引起争议叫人无所适从。对于知识的功用谁有发言权？谁能对知识的对错作最终的评判？劳心者还是劳力者？ ========================== 二、韩东屏：毛主席的人口政策是最人道最正确的 人口问题，是一个非常严重的政治问题。一般来说，穷国和穷人不担心人口增加。担心人口增加的是发达国家那些精英人士和一些不明就里的人们。许多人谈论人口问题，往往跟环保危机连在一起。但我们这个世界上的环境问题，不是中国农民和印度农民造成的，而是美国和西方的骄奢淫逸的生活方式造成的。 毛泽东时代的中国，中国农民过的是没有垃圾的生活方式。所有厨余都当做了猪饲料，地里的野菜，野草，都做了猪饲料，羊饲料，兔饲料。每个农民的家里都养着一两头猪，几只羊，每个小学生都养着几只兔。学生放学后的第一件事，就是到地里挖野菜，割草回来喂自己家里养的猪，自己养的兔。一九六零年，我五岁的时候我的家乡遭遇严重自然灾害，粮食紧张，我们村的很多家庭都开始养羊。我的父母就为我买了一只小羊，让我跟着村里比我大的孩子放了一年的羊。那个时候，我们村有上百支羊，十几个孩子在一起放。那个时候把羊的粪交给生产队做肥料，生产队给工分。 生产队鼓励农民养猪，每头猪给几百斤红薯，红薯叶做饲料，因为猪能生产很多有机肥料，有利于增产。一头猪养一年一般能长到两百斤左右。农民可以卖给国家的屠宰场，国家安根据猪的肥廋情况，以每斤活猪四毛五分到四毛八分的价格收购，一头猪可以卖一百元钱左右，如果是两头猪就是两百元左右，在当时是一大笔收入。农民也可以选择自己把猪杀了，到大集上去卖。每斤肉可以卖八毛四分一斤。屠夫杀猪，并把猪肉给卖出去，收费四元左右，还要管屠夫的酒饭，同时还要给屠夫一些肉或猪下水。我们家曾经请村里的屠夫杀过自家养的猪，到大集上去卖肉，后来算了一下帐，没有多少赚头，后来就不再自己请人杀猪了，就直接卖给国家的屠宰场了。我们村当年有七个兼职屠夫，蓝家两兄弟和周家五兄弟。许多人说毛泽东时代买肉要凭票，其实是不了解中国社会的情况。凭票的只是国家商店的肉，每斤七毛三分一斤，城市人口每人一月一斤，农村人口一月供应半斤猪肉。但自由市场上的猪肉八毛四一斤，是不需要票的，要多少有多少，每天都有。鸡蛋，鱼，等各种副食品也一样，凭票买的便宜一点，自由市场上的贵一点，只此而已，都是为了保证穷人也能吃上便宜一点的肉而已。 我上高中的时候对钢笔书法很感兴趣，没事就练字。我用的第一支钢笔，是上海出的英雄牌金笔，四元二毛钱一杆，就是用我买兔子挣来的钱买的。后来我把钢笔弄丢了。心情很郁闷。我的同学好友董申辉卖了他养的兔子，又给我买了一只同样的金笔，让我很是感激，至今不能忘怀。那时的钱很管用。农民的孩子没有零花钱，都是靠自己养兔子，捡废品卖一点钱。一个牙膏皮能卖三分，一斤废铁能卖一毛，一斤废铜能卖三毛，一斤废纸能卖五分。国家收购站专门收购这些可以再用的废品。我小时候的零花钱就是靠卖废品和兔子来的钱。收购站也收购兔子。这就是为什么一九七五年，西方世界经历环保危机的时候，联合国却称中国为第三世界的样板，人类的希望。为什么，就是因为中国人的无垃圾生活方式为保护环境做出了榜样。 那个时候我们把所有人粪便，动物粪便，都收集起来，经过发酵，用到地里当肥料。这种把从地里得来的一切，再还给土地的做法，是最环保的做法，也是人类能够延续下来的真正原因。这在西方的精英看来，都是不可思议的，但他们不知道的是用农家肥种出来的蔬菜瓜果是最好吃的。 美国人根本不知道保护自己的土壤，光从土地里获取，人类和动物的粪便都当做垃圾处理掉了，造成严重的污染。而中国人一直把人类和动物的粪便当作宝贵的肥料。农民会到城市里去把城市居民的粪便收集起来，回来发酵，用作种菜的肥料。这就是为什么中国城市郊区的庄稼往往要比离城市较远的地方要好很多，就是因为他们用了更多的人粪尿。在中国人的概念里，种的越久的土地越肥沃，而美国和西方的土地却是越种越贫瘠，不得不靠休耕来保护地力。 世界上最担心人口增长的人是美国精英。他们对第三世界国家的人口增长担心的要死。为了让印度计划生育，减少人口的增长，他们在五十，六十年代给了印度六十亿美元，引诱印度计划生育。为了监督印度人，美国派出大量的研究生到印度去研究考察，结果后来发现美国人给印度的钱都打了水漂。印度的穷人，根本不想计划生育。尽管印度用美国给的钱，训练了很多农村医生，建了很多农村计划生育诊所。因为农民需要孩子做劳力，作为养老的依靠。所以他们只有在有了五六个孩子之后，才会采取计划生育措施。后来印度政府又采取物质奖励的措施，农民如果到计划生育诊所就诊，就会给他们一架收音机，或给他们一袋米或糖。结果也毫无效果，农民只有有了足够的孩子后，才会到计划生育诊所去。精英们以为农民傻，其实真正傻的是他们自己。那些怪毛泽东批评马寅初，造成中国人口增长的人，应该看看印度的人口情况。 印度政府拿来美国的钱，却没有降低人口的增长，美国人当然不干。在美国的压力下，一九七五年印度开始全国紧急法令，逼农民计划生育。印度军警半夜三更冲入农民家中，把有生育能力的人抓到医院结扎，他们把火车截停，把火车上的有生育能力的人强行拉到医院结扎，所有政府部门的雇员，必须接受绝育手续才能保住工作，可以说世界历史上最严厉的计划生育措施了。但印度政府为此付出了惨痛的代价。英迪拉甘地被谋杀，她的儿子拉吉夫甘地也被谋杀。连穷人生育的权利都剥夺的政府和领导人，是不配活在这个世界上的。 中国政府一九五二年就开始了计划生育立法，赋予人民采取避孕，绝育的权利。中国共产党政府通过的第一项法令就是一九五零年三月八日公布的《婚姻法》赋予妇女平等权利，婚姻自主，婚姻自由的权利。这部法律的第一句话就是：国家保护妇女和儿童的权益。《婚姻法》解放了中国妇女，让中国妇女享有跟男性公民同等的权利，这也成为中国政府后来推行计划生育的有力武器。因为中国妇女享有平等的权利，他们的生育问题上有更大的自主权。因为这个缘故，中国的计划生育问题在毛泽东时代，从里不是问题。 有一些别有用心的人说，中国人口额外增长几个亿，因为毛主席错误的批判了马寅初的《新人口论》，其实大多数人并不知道马寅初的新人口论是什么东西，以及马尔修斯的人口论是什么货色。马尔修斯的人口论其实很简单，就是生活资料，如粮食等的增长是算数的，百分之一，百分之二级的增长，而人口的增长是几何的，一对夫妇生四个孩子，就是两倍的增长，四个孩子再生四个孩子，就是四倍的生长。所以生活资料增长赶不上人口增长的速度，就会造成灾荒，疾病和战争等。这个观点也是今天西方环保主义者的观点。马寅初宣扬的也是马尔修斯的观点。马尔修斯认为解决人口增长的办法，就是不能给穷人，工人发太多的工资，因为穷人和工人钱多了，就会多生孩子。要让穷人和工人只能勉强维持温饱，他们就不会多生孩子了。今天的西方环保主义者也是这种观点，他们反对第三世界国家发展生产，搞基建等等。有些人甚至反对在第三世界国家修公路，修铁路等。这就是为什么西方人反对中国，反对中国的一带一路等政策的真正原因。他们不想让第三世界国家包括中国过上他们自己那样的日子。 其实毛泽东时代的人口增加，主要不是出生率的增加，而是儿童的成活率增加了和人均寿命增加造成的。中华人民共和国成立之前的一九四九年，中国人的人均寿命只有三十二岁，儿童的死亡率是千分之二佰还多。三四十年代的旧上海，人口不过两百万，每天街上却有两百具无人认领的尸体，大多数是孩子。穷人生四五个孩子，能活下来的也就一两个而已，这就是为什么晚清到民国的一百多年里，中国人口几乎没有增长的原因。而毛泽东时代中国人均寿命从一九四九年的三十二岁，增加到一九七六年的六十九岁，不到三十年翻了一番，而儿童的死亡率，从千分之二佰，降到了千分之八九。这就是毛泽东时代人口增加的主要原因，跟批判马寅初没有直接关系。 一九六四年，我九岁时利用课余开始参加生产队的劳动挣工分，到我一九七八年春天离开去上大学，我们村一千五百多人除了一例工伤和一例自杀外，没有一例病死。人均寿命延长一倍是有有原因的。农村合作医疗的普及，生活水平的提高，人人有事做，人人有饭吃，有房住的社会大环境大气候，是中国人的生活水平空前提高。人均寿命的延长，是衡量一个国家生活水平的最实在可靠的标准。 毛泽东时代的人均寿命翻番，人口总量也翻了一番。对普通老百姓来讲，这是国泰民安，人民安居乐业的好事。但一些反毛人士就开始责备毛泽东批判马寅初，造成中国人口翻番的罪过。他们一方面鼓吹毛泽东大跃进造成几千万中国人饿死，又想谴责毛泽东造成人口翻番，岂不是自相矛盾。 毛泽东当年说，天底下人是最宝贵的，在共产党的领导下，只要有了人，任何人间奇迹都可以创造出来的。这句话今天看来也是千真万确的。没有了人，就没有了人类社会，就没有了一切。一九七零年，毛主席提出人口问题也需要计划。周恩来总理提出一个少，三个多，一对夫妇两个孩正好。于是中国就开始全国范围的计划生育教育运动，而且取得了巨大的成就。我们村干部召集社员开会，说我们的土地不可能增加，而我们的人口已经翻了一番，如果这样下去肯定不可持续。因此要求村里的年轻人二十五岁后再结婚，只生两个孩子，间隔五年。我们村的年轻人都向村里保证二十五岁后结婚。我和我的大姐当年都保证要二十六后才结婚。到一九七六年毛主席逝世的时候，农村的计划问题基本已经走上大部分人主动晚婚，只生两个孩子。个别人想多生，村里也不惩罚他们，只是办学习班，对他们进行教育，直到他们同意绝育为止。我的大表哥，妻子生了两个女儿，他想要一个儿子，因此不想计划生育。村里还有其他两个人，也是因为只生了两个女儿，不想放弃生一个儿子的想法，村里就让他们到学习班学习。别人下地干活，他们一个人到大队部去学习。时间久了，他们也同意了接受绝育手术。 一九七九年中美建交，邓小平出访美国，受美国精英的蛊惑，接受了一胎化政策。美国人一直想干预中国的人口政策，因为两国没有外交关系，一直没能得手。现在有了邓小平这样一个听话的中国领导人，就把一胎化政策卖给了中国。与此同时，邓小平解散了人民公社，让农民分田单干。中国农村的集体经济，为农民提供了社会保障，这是中国年轻人能够顺利接受计划生育政策的主要原因。现在国家强迫农民分地单干，农民失去了社会保障。养儿防老的思想又重新出现。他们拒绝接受国家的一胎化政策。他们要趁自己年轻，多生养几个孩子，老了好有人养老。 为了强迫农民接受计划生育，邓小平政府通过立法，把计划生育定为基本国策，就是说计划生育是法上之法，可以凌驾于一切法律之上。为了推行计划生育，官员可以违法强制农民计划生育。比如，可以给农民断电，断水，可以把农民的家具，粮食，电器抢走，以强迫农民就范。可以非法拘禁拒不执行计划生育的当事人，当事人的父母，可以对这些人殴打。可以半夜三更闯入民宅，把怀孕妇女强行拖到医院进行流产，可以在大街上，集市上把怀孕妇女抓走到医院强行流产。八十年代，九十年代，许多农村地区的墙壁上的计划生育标语说：要喝药给你开瓶，要上吊给你拴绳，但生二胎绝对不行。许多地方成立了计划生育执法队，把想要多生一个孩子的农民整得死去活来。毛泽东时代的共产党，以联系群众，关心群众，不打人骂人，跟农民同甘共苦为荣，邓小平的共产党成了农民的克星，凶神恶煞，远超过了当年国民党反动派的保甲长。美国人利用一胎化政策，成功地瓦解了共产党跟中国人民的鱼水之情，使共产党跟农民完全对立起来。如果不是习近平二零一二年上台后拨乱反正，加大对农村的扶贫工作，增加对农村地区的投入，缓解政府跟农民的关系，中国共产党在中国根本就不会有前途。 现在中国人口严重老龄化。二零二三年，死亡人口一千一百多万，新生儿只有七百多万，中间差了三百多万的缺口，出生率甚至低于韩国和日本。这样下去，用不了几年，中国人口就会断崖式的下滑，老龄化的问题就会进一步加剧。中国的老龄化是非自然形成的，完全是政府的高压下人为造成的。从一个家庭四五个孩子，一下子降到一个，这种断崖式的减少，是人类社会历史上从未有过的。邓小平从美国人手里拿来的一胎化政策无疑将对中华民族的未来造成旷世末有的大灾难。中国政府要解决人口老龄化的问题，当务之急是清算和批判邓小平的错误政策造成的恶果，向广大人民群众，特别是农民，请罪，求得他们的原谅。 ========================== 三、韩东屏：毛主席的对手总是不断证明他是正确的 阶级斗争是客观存在，不以尧存不以桀亡 毛主席是人不是神，而人总是会犯错误的，所以毛主席也是会犯错误的，这是改开后毛主席的政敌们不厌其烦，反复讲的一个逻辑。为了证明毛主席晚年犯了错误，毛主席的政敌们可以说是煞费苦心，用尽各种各样的阴谋诡计。他们说实践是检验真理的唯一标准，完全不顾实践早已证明了的真理：只有社会主义才能救中国。他们说毛泽东思想是他们那一代人的集体智慧结晶，完全不顾党的历史早已证明的事实，是毛主席一次又一次从他们那一代人的错误路线导致的致命错误中挽救了党，挽救了红军。我们没有资料证明他们这些鬼把戏究竟骗过了多少人，但就我从事农村调查研究三十多年的经验来看，农村里贫下中农中农上当的人可以忽略不计。城市里工人丢了铁饭碗，几千万人下岗，上他们当的人也可以忽略不计。不然就无法解释中国今天一浪高过一浪的毛泽东热。 农村中真正反对毛主席的人，只是部分地富反坏右分子及其子弟，总数应该不超过总人口的百分之五。城市里反对毛主席的人，也只是部分以前的资本家及其子弟，部分文革中被群众揭露批斗过的一些混进党内和政府内的一小撮修正主义分子和阶级异己分子。这些人的总数也不会超过城市人口的百分之五。这些人出于其自身的阶级立场，阶级利益，无需反毛宣传，骨子里就充满对毛主席共产党的刻骨仇恨，那是不以人的意志为转移的。这些人的数量不多，但他们是改开后当政者着力培养和重用的人，因此他们往往占据着政府里，军队里，文化宣传部门的要津，能量特别大，让人感觉他们的力量比他们的实际人数大得多。 二零一五年，我受邀去中山大学哲学所演讲，中山大学近代史研究所的刘姓所长是山东老乡，请我吃晚饭。席间他痛骂毛泽东时代，痛骂农村的集体经济制度。我问他是什么阶级成分，他说他家是地主。我说那你有什么可说的？中国革命，中国共产党建立的政权，就是要剥夺地主富农的剥削所得分给贫下中农。地主富农不甘心失去他们曾经占有的土地和其他生产资料，广大工农要维护新生的人民政权，就不得不镇压敌对分子。我告诉他，共产党毛主席只是改造以前的地主和富农，而蒋介石反动政府对待敢于反抗的穷人，则是从肉体上消灭。蒋介石在江西苏区，在鄂豫皖的苏区，搞的是石头要过火，人要换种的暴行。徐海东大将一家八十多口被杀，贺龙元帅一家也有几十口被杀。国民党反动派杀掉的共产党人及其家人，至少得有两千万吧。那位中国近代史的刘所长对此当然心知肚明，没有再与我争论。 第二天我演讲的时候，刘所长带着他的研究生来听我演讲。让中山大学的哲学所的许多教授和博士生感到意外，因为这位刘所长是从来不允许他的学生说文革好，不准学生提阶级，阶级矛盾和阶级斗争。他的学生没有人敢说文革好，没有人敢提阶级斗争。不然就毕不了业。他带学生来听我讲阶级斗争，讲农村集体经济，并且没有跟我辩论，也算是给了我这个老乡一些面子。但我真心希望他或他的学生跟我辩论这个问题，以便把这个问题搞清楚。我们生活的社会是阶级的社会，不同的阶级有不同的阶级诉求，这些不同诉求之间的争斗，就是阶级斗争。这是不以人的意志转移的。生活在阶级社会，不承认阶级，阶级矛盾和阶级斗争的存在，就是货真价实的掩耳盗铃,或者说有眼无珠。 在共产党夺取了政权，工农兵掌握国家机器的大形势下，毛主席高瞻远瞩，告诫全党全国人民不要忘记阶级斗争，不要忘记资本主义复辟的可能性，在那个社会大气候下，中国的工人农民真正能明白毛主席担忧的人，实事求是地讲是不多的。至少当年的我是理解不了的。毛主席去世那天，我爸爸一路哭着回家，回到家里的第一件事，就是把全家人召集到一起说：现在毛主席不在了，穷人的天塌了。明天的中国会是什么样子，没有人能知道。但他希望他的子女永远不要忘记毛主席为中国人所做的一切。我当时心里就不以为然，工人农民不是已经当家作主了吗。怎么能因为毛主席一个人去世，而发生改变呢。今天的工人农民还会有这样的疑问吗？改革开放四十年来，工人农民从自己的亲身经历中重新认识到阶级的存在，重新认识到阶级斗争的残酷性。今天如果还有人讲阶级和阶级斗争不复存在了，工人农民都清楚他们是在误导人民。
有人反对以阶级斗争为纲，认为以经济发展为中心是对的。实际上毛泽东何尚不重视经济发展。广大工人农民不分日夜的奋战在工农业生产的第一线上，建工厂，修水库，育良种，搞科研，为了什么？不就是为了发展经济。在短短的二十几年里，我国的粮食产量翻了三番，建理起独立自主的现代工业，现代国防工业体系，不就是为了发展经济，改善人民的生活水平，广大工农群众能够享受免费教育，免费医疗，人均寿命从一九四九年的三十二岁，增长到一九七六年的六十九岁，领先同样起点的印度十九岁，难道这不是经济大发展的最好证明。 为什么要不忘阶级斗争？就是要保证广大工农群众辛辛苦苦发展起来的经济成果，不被别有用心的少数人占有，就是要保证广大的劳动人民永远牢牢的把生产资料掌握在自己手里，把劳动成果掌握在自己手里。党内的走资派，社会上的资产阶级，嘴上说不搞阶级斗争，实际上却从来没有停止过阶级斗争。看看改革开放以来的社会发展，工人农民失去了免费教育，免费医疗，几亿农民沦为农民工，全国三分之一的农民失地，几千万国营企业工人下岗，而许多的国营企业的管理者在私有化的过程中中饱私囊，成了新的资产阶级分子。中国社会中的亿万富翁的数量超过美国，中国贫富分化，贫富悬殊的情况到了危险的境地，远远超过大多数资本主义国家，以至于国家长时间不敢公布基尼系数。实践证明，阶级斗争从来没有在中国停止过。修正主义分子不让工农大众搞阶级斗争的目的，就是为了掩盖他们自己窃取经济发展成果的“阶级斗争”而已。 资产阶级就在共产党内 毛主席生前的另一个重要论断就是资产阶级就在共产党内。毛主席从苏联共产党上层变修的过程中，认识到党内走资本主义道路当权派的阶级属性，及其对社会主义事业的危害，并冒着粉身碎骨的危险，放手发动群众，起来与党内走资本主义道路的当权派进行斗争。因为人民群众充分发动了起来，利用宪法赋予人民的大鸣大放大辩论大字报的四大自由，有效的监督了党和国家的干部，他们与工农大众一起住，一起劳动，一起吃饭，他们的子女跟工农子弟在同一所学校上课。他们生活在人民当中，没有脱离群众的机会，没有贪污腐败的机会，因为他们的一切都在广大人民群众的监督之下。文化大革命给了人民群众监督官员的自由和权利，堵上了官员贪污腐败的渠道，限制了官员胡作非为的自由。这就是为什么当年人民群众都认为文化大革命就是好，就是好来就是好的真正原因。据一个网上的调查，即使被抹黑四十多年后的今天，仍有超过百分之八十的中国人认为无产阶级文化大革命就是好，以至于让有些人感到文革否定的还不够彻底 改开后的某些中国领导人背叛党的初心，罔顾文革是亿万人民参与的反修防修的社会运动，彻底否定了文革，剥夺了人民群众使用大鸣大放大辩论大字报的权利。他们不想再看群众的眼色工作和生活，他们不再想做为人民服务的公仆，他们要当官做老爷，他们认为他们打天下劳苦功高，现在是他们和他们的家人做人上人，吃喝玩乐的时候了。他们搬出平民居住区，给自己盖起洋楼别墅；他们给自己涨工资，提拔自己的子女占据政府要职，他们的子女不再与平民子弟读同一所学校。他们用公款购买进口小汽车，用公款旅游。他们跟许家印一类的无良商人勾结，把大量的国家资产占为己有，然后把钱转移到国外，把债务留给国家和人民。他们的所作所为不断证明毛主席发动文革是多么的正确，多么的有前瞻性。 中国的官僚阶级与中国工农大众的矛盾，在严酷的阶级斗争中激化升级。我在农村考察的时候，亲眼目睹中国农民把一个乡长打到休克。那个乡长坐着政府提供的轿车，被急需送病人去医院的农民截住，要求乡长将病人送往医院，被乡长一口拒绝，并说不是什么人都可以乘坐乡长的专车。他的话激怒了围观的农民。农民将他拖下车，暴揍一顿，直到乡长休克为止。上级对此事进行了调查，最后也只是把乡长调走，对乡长实施暴力攻击的农民太多，警察没法抓人，最后不了了之。 还有一个乡镇的党委书记，武断的把该乡镇的一个农村大集迁到乡镇府的所在地，严重的影响了原大集所在地农民的经济生活。农民多次请愿，多次要求把市场迁回原地，被乡政府无视。最后该村的农民在一天午休的时候，冲进乡镇府里，把一个麻袋套上正在午休的乡党委书记的头上，然后一哄而上，把乡党委书记拖到大街上，一边打一边骂，直到该党委书记休克。最后上级只是把该党委书记调走了事，对参加殴打乡党委书记的农民没有采取任何惩戒。因为这样的事情太多了。政府只能采取息事宁人的办法，避免官逼民反的情况出现。在习近平执政之前，中国农民围攻殴打县乡政府的事件每天几百起，全国一年十万多起。严重的危害国家的安定。二零零五年，胡锦涛温家宝不得不采取极端措施，放弃有几千年历史的土地税和其他农村的所有税收，以缓和与农民的矛盾。 文化大革命是清除贪官和各种社会不公的最有效的方式 改革开放以来，中国政府官员的贪腐达到了前所未有的地步。上至政治局常委，下至村长支部书记，几乎是一查都是贪官。从军委副主席，到国防部长，十几位包括各个军种的上将因贪污腐败被抓，省长，省委书记，各部部长都抓的举不胜举，县处级，乡镇一级被抓的更是成千上万。自从习近平二零一二年接任中共中央总书记后，对贪污腐败进行了严厉的打击。被抓的各级官员有几百万，远远超过了共产党夺取政权过程中战损的数字。我在农村考察的时候，农民说如果一百个官员都枪毙，里面可能一两个是冤枉的。如果隔一个枪毙一个，那么就有太多的贪官落网。一个县级干部亲口告诉我，如果按照毛泽东时代的标准，他应该被枪毙一百次了。他之所以没有被抓，是因为每个官员都跟他一样。都抓了，没有人当官了。 习近平自二零一二年上任以来，一直在惩治腐败，官员抓了一批又一批，但被抓官员贪污的金额越来愈大，从几百万，到几千万，到几个亿，几十个亿，现在许家印一个人牵扯到金额就达到两万多亿，而且贪污腐败的手段越来越触目惊心。这说明靠各级纪委的官员反贪是有局限性，往往纪委内部就有内鬼。只有像文革那样，充分发动群众，依靠全体人民监督各级官员，曾能形成一个官员不敢贪，不想贪的社会大气候，才能有效的制止贪污腐败，才能保证社会主义中国不改变的颜色。 现在是中国社会承前继后的关键时刻。中国在国际和国内面临着前所未有的巨大挑战。中国应该向何去的问题，又重新摆在了中国人的面前。中国共产党的章程是要搞共同富裕的，以习近平为首的党中央也一再讲要走共同富裕的道路，中国的广大工农群众，也是期待党中央领导他们走向共同富裕的道路。但中国的走资本主义道路的当权派，那些通过官商勾结，窃取国有资产富起来的一小部分无良商人，部分地主资本家的后人是不想走共同富裕道路的。这就是阶级斗争，这就是现实中的路线斗争。这两者之间没有调和的余地。怎么办？共产党没有退路，习近平为首的党中央没有退路，中国人民没有退路，只有坚定不移的沿着毛主席那一代共产党人走下去，斗下去，退缩是没有出路的，退缩就是死路一条。正像列宁在在十月里说的那样，死亡不属于工人阶级。 谨以此文纪念人民领袖诞辰一百三十周年 ========================== 四、无套裤汉：纪念毛主席诞辰130周年——回顾与前瞻 四十七年前经过华叶汪李邓反革命军事政变上台的资本主义路线和道路全面篡夺了劳动人民的铁打江山，实现了国内外资产阶级最深刻与阴险的复辟资本主义的预谋。以美国的卡特总统为代表的西方资产阶级代理人的身份通过中共埋伏在党内五、六十年之久的阶级叛徒、国家盗贼、人民公敌邓小平及其一伙反动势力篡夺了所有政治经济军事外交思想宣传舆论等统治权力。正当这个资产阶级专政政权的权力达到绝顶、人民群众被迫走上绝路之际，全世界的资本主义道路出现了大滑坡的景象，其内部矛盾严重到了分崩离析和惶惶不可终日的晚期景象。 资本主义四大危机——大瘟疫、大萧条、大战争和气候大变化逼迫世界资本主义阵营出现巨大分裂与空前严重的自我否定倾向——世界上被剥削、被压迫民族与人民空前觉醒和表现出敢于斗争的激情与志向。 分布在全世界各国各地人民群众及其社区中间的“四大”（大鸣、大放、大辩论、大字报）等权力随着对武装到牙齿的世界资本主义的普遍不满而迅速展开，并且成为了所向披靡的公民基本权力和武器，更为彻底地摆脱了世界资产阶级专政下形式主义的、伪装的所谓民主那块臭不可闻的遮羞布的笼络与收买。 由于西方（指美欧日）资本主义世界的腐朽性随着其历史上的痼疾而败相毕露，被第三世界觉醒起来的人民嗤之以鼻；即便是所谓后起之秀的第二大经济体的新修正主义反革命政权下的资本主义道路也正在出现不可挽回的败相。 西方资本主义阵营所面临的人民民主革命由于历史原因属于毛主席首创的新民主主义革命论的范畴，而新修正主义反革命即所谓特色党统治下的中国的人民民主革命也同样由于历史原因属于无产阶级专政下继续革命，即无产阶级第二次文化大革命的范畴。这次北京街头出现的第二次文革大字报说明：华叶汪李邓江胡习八修不得人心已经到了其反动统治无可继续下去的地步。随着政治经济社会领域矛盾深入恶化，将可能出现全国范围内的第二次文化大革命的呼声。当前的问题不再是继续等待下去而是创造条件去争取有利的发动时机、开展无产阶级的人民民主革命专政的伟大事业。 第二次世界革命风暴将在伟大领袖毛主席所领导的第一次世界革命风暴的思想意识形态和阶级路线道路的基础上迅猛前进，这是可以断言的。 ========================== 五、文平：毛泽东思想光芒万丈 謝謝主持人和老董，風雨無阻，堅持初衷，今年繼續在綱上舉辦毛主席誕辰一百三十週年紀念會。我們始終堅信，毛澤東思想始終光芒萬丈。 世界正面對着百年變局。俄烏戰火持續延燒，巴以衝突再度重演，除了氣候變化之外，還有黑命貴，彩虹貴，油太貴，槍枝泛濫，科技與倫理，等等社會問題。表面上，這些是種族分歧，歷史後遺症，看似是蒙蔽與覺醒，一個大多數與一小撮的關係，俄羅斯人與烏克蘭人、巴勒斯坦人與以色列人之間的歷史民族恩怨，創新與守舊，等等。 實質上，這些衝突，歸根到底，還是階級鬥爭，還是以民為本的問題。如果忘記了人民，忘記了為人民服務，忘記了為大多數人民服務，就避免不了戰爭，解決不了問題，永遠伴隨着社會動盪。中國有着數千年的歷史，可以尋找出不少經典例子。 東方紅，太陽升，中國出了個毛澤東。所有華人都非常慶幸中國出了一位偉人和民族英雄，毛澤東主席。他的思想指導着我們，不單是對我們中國人本身而言，也對世界產生了深遠的影響。 在天安門廣場上，有兩幅大型的鮮明標語，一是中華人民共和國萬歲，另一是世界人民大團結萬歲。歸根究底，人民萬歲。中國各族人民團結一心，在習主席和黨中央的領導下，繼續創造輝煌，遙遙領先，這是所有中國人的幸運和期待。世界人民大團結的路仍然很長很艱巨，我們堅持把人類命運共同體的理念撒向全世界，這個世界一定會變得越來越美好。 最後，謝謝大家，敬祝各位身體健康，新年新春快樂！ ========================== 六、老闲：在纽约纪念伟大领袖毛主席诞辰130周年座谈会上的发言 前一段时间，在网上看到人民群众冒着严寒和大雪，排着长长的队伍前往瞻仰毛主席纪念堂，不禁令人泪目。确实，老人家在中国人民心中的地位是无人可以代替的。 在今年这个主席诞辰130周年的日子里，形势可以用主席的那句诗来形容：高天滾滾寒流急，大地微微暖气吹。北方南方接连发生了几起拆除毛主席像的事件，引起了人们强烈的愤慨，也多少在人们的心灵上蒙上了一道阴影。于是便有在网上爆红的这段话： “中国共产党对毛主席的态度，决定了中国人民对共产党的态度，也直接影响到了世界对中国的态度！” 在主席诞辰日临近的时刻，我注意到有告示：毛主席纪念堂12月26日上午因有工作不对公众开放，下午才开放。不由得期待着会有官方的纪念活动在纪念堂举行。 终于等到了报道：中共中央12月26日上午在人民大会堂举行了纪念毛主席诞辰130周年座谈会。会前习近平等领导前去瞻仰了毛主席纪念堂。中央顺应了民心，民心为之大悦。 毛主席与中国最广大的人民大众之间的血肉联系是任谁也割不断的。正在看为纪念主席诞辰推出的电视剧《问苍茫》，勾起了对当年在江西插队时前往安源参观的回忆。主席来到安源，亲自下到矿井深处，与被压在社会最底层的“煤黑子”促膝谈心交朋友，感动了广大工友。“昨天是牛马，今天要做人！”工友们能不追随主席走上谋求解放之路吗？ 更听到过一位天津老工人的故事。天津解放时她还是一家纺织厂的小童工，对外面的事情了解很少。仅仅29小时解放军就攻破了天津城。她像往常一样去工厂上班，却惊奇地发现平时凶神恶煞的工头那天脸上堆满了讨好的笑容。直觉很快告诉她，毛主席共产党来了，解放了！ 整个毛泽东时代是艰苦奋斗的创业时代，也是热血沸腾的年代。毛主席教导大家，社会主义制度的建立开辟了一条到达理想境界的道路，而理想境界的到达还需要大家的艰苦奋斗。翻了身的中国人民自觉地跟着共产党和毛主席，用自己的汗水努力改变着祖国一穷二白的落后面貌，为建设一个繁荣富强的新中国辛勤地工作。没有了压迫和剥削，大家心情舒畅，干劲冲天，就像一首歌里唱的那样，“再苦再累心里甜”！而随着祖国的日益昌盛，每个人都充满着希望，因为生产发展和社会进步的红利属于全社会每个人所有，而不会专美于一小部分捷足先登者。 今天我们纪念毛主席诞辰130周年，必须要考虑的问题是如何才能坚持在毛泽东思想的指导下，将他开创的社会主义事业不断地向前推进。为此，广大人民群众以主人公的身份，发挥好自己的历史主动精神，就十分重要了。让我们团结起来，一起努力奋斗，奔向共同富裕的社会主义方向。 ========================== 七、李孟欣：獻給東方偉人 毛主席 在毛主席誕辰紀念日這個特殊的日子裡，請讓我們再次回顧那段屬於人民的光輝歷史，紀念偉大領袖: 毛澤東主席。 毛主席不僅是中國革命的偉大領袖，更是以人民為本的堅定信仰者，他領導中國走向獨立、自由和尊嚴的道路，留下了不可磨滅的偉大印記。 毛主席以人民為本，並且始終堅信，一個國家的興衰榮辱取決於人民。在他的領導理念中，最為鮮明的一點就是將人民放在首位。在毛主席長期的革命歷程中，他深刻理解到貧苦人民的疾苦，因此提出“為人民服務”的思想，積極改善戰後貧苦的中國並使其走在正確的社會主義道路上。 為何毛主席堅定地主張社會主義制度，並且視之為對抗資本主義的有效手段。因為他深知資本主義體制下的剝削和不公，因此積極倡導社會主義，追求人類社會的真正公平和公正。回憶起數年前的新冠肺炎時期，印象猶深，直接暴露出資本主義國家看待人民的方式。資本主義國家大多採取自由隔離機制，名義上是尊重人民自由，實際上是直接實施了社會達爾文主義，有錢就積極治療，沒錢就放棄治療，展現了資本大於人民生命的歪曲制度和思想。 古有云: 長樹先長根，立人先立德。人類社會的根本應是以人為本，並非以資本為本。人類創造貨幣建立資本卻被貨幣和資本所奴役，這並非當初創造貨幣的本意。卻是當今主流，實屬感慨。 紀念毛主席並不僅僅是為了回顧歷史，更是為了繼續他的思想，走向更美好的未來。以人民為本的理念永遠是我們建設社會、推動發展的不變基石。 ========================== 八、刘实：在毛泽东主席和基辛格博士之间 基辛格博士去世以后，不少中外媒体称他为打开中国大门的人，为中美建交奠基的人。对于媒体上的这种称赞，基辛格博士生前就直接作了评断。我们不妨看他是怎莫说的： “始料不及的的是，在中国媒体的报道里，每每提到1972年中美关系改善，大部分文字给了我，赞赏我为此做出的贡献。这是不妥的，不公平的，也令我不安，大部分文字应该给伟大的毛泽东主席和周恩来总理。” 首先，基辛格博士是奉尼克松总统之命多次访问中国的。更重要的是如果毛泽东主席和周恩来总理不予配合，他的访华肯定是会徒劳无功的。此处我们所要探讨的是：毛泽东主席为何欣然与“美帝”的特使配合？ 话说1969年发生了珍宝岛事件，中国的边防部队使苏军吃了个大亏。布列兹涅夫在震怒之余，动了以核武器袭击中国的的念头。他计划轰炸三十七个中国城市其中特别包栝中国的核基地。他知道问题重大，所以他以密函征求五个国家的意见，其中就有美国和西德。 首先有反映的是尼克松总统，他与基辛格密商之后，将这个大消息发给《华府之星》那个小报，他同时宣布：“美国反对苏联以单方面行动破坏世界力量均势。”西德总理布兰德特则声明中国拥有高度文明，给它时间，他会拥有应有的的地位，西德反对苏联这一行动。与此同时，毛泽东主席仿朱元璋发表了他的九字真言：“深挖同，广积粮，不称霸。”毛泽东主席要将核武攻击造成的损失降到最低点。对外联美制苏，在国内则落实这九字真言，遂使苏联为之束手，中国人民安然躲过了这一劫。 基辛格归功于毛泽东主席完全正确，同时也表现出他自己的风格。 ========================== 九、老董：巴勒斯坦人民武装抗争的时代意义 于无声处听惊雷 １０月７日哈马斯领导的加沙武装起义，震撼全球。一夜之间，大局改观。之前，美国主导，中东两大对敌的以色列同沙特阿拉伯握手言欢，商谈新的中东势力划分，其实就是要将早已名存实亡的阿拉伯国家在巴勒斯坦问题上形成的中东国家共同对抗以色列的联盟默契彻底取消，代之以新的以色列沙特阿拉伯分治中东的协议。这个国际新动向正在大力宣传之时，加萨响起了炮声，仅只一天，哈马斯的地下游击队在以色列严密监视下的加萨“集中营”多面出击，攻破几处前线监视堡垒，以色列溃不成军，死亡上千，俘虏数百。军事的空前溃败打破了以色列不可战胜的宣传神话。 美欧主导的９３年奥斯陆协议，所谓巴勒斯坦的两国一治，给巴勒斯坦以国家待遇，以听命以色列作为苟活的条件，唱了三十年的戏没有任何结果，此次一击破产。加沙的战事，支配着全球的国际动向。每过一天，美国霸权和以色列殖民政权的穷凶极恶和腐败无能都有更新的表现。每过一天，全球的国家都介入其中，全球的人民都上街表态，标志著民心的空前醒悟。 人民反资反霸反帝反殖的战斗号角再度吹响 这次加沙事件与过去历来最大的不同，就是采用了人民战争方式。假如没有人民的支持，在如此的高压下能够存活就不可能，更无论进行反击，更不用说什么让全球瞩目、扭转形势的巨大胜利了。假如不以战争的方式，而且不仅武装抗争，而且卧薪尝胆、长期策划，出手必胜的话，也不可能形成任何影响，更无论改变全球的历史转折了。置之死地而后生，巴勒斯坦人民在死地找到了生路。 人民战争这四个字，是毛泽东道路的招牌。“国家要独立，民族要解放，人民要革命，是历史不可阻挡的潮流”这也是毛主席生前的名言。今天，我们在巴勒斯坦的加沙抗争中又看到了。从毛主席去世后到今天，被中断的历史潮流在２１世纪的再度继续。这就是此次加沙事件的时代意义。 中巴关系的大反复 中国，在毛主席生前是巴勒斯坦人民武装自救的第一个支持者，主席去世后却变成巴勒斯坦的头号出卖者，这从中以关系的发展看得更加清楚。 1964巴解组织宣布成立时，中国是最早的支持者。毛主席提出了“坚决支持巴勒斯坦人民的正义事业，反对犹太复国主义”的口号。周总理表达了中国的立场：中国人民强烈谴责美帝国主义侵略阿拉伯国家和损害阿拉伯人民利益的各种罪恶活动，坚决支持巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯各国人民的正义斗争。六亿五千万中国人民永远站在. 阿拉伯人民一边。 “文革期间，中巴的关系密切，所结成的战斗友谊，中国对巴勒斯坦人民的尊敬和支持，在当时也是只此一国。 毛主席死后，中国的出卖亚非拉人民之快，也是无与伦比。巴勒斯坦更是被出卖的第一名。这从中以关系的发展看得更加清楚。在国际上中国政府最亲近的是以色列，尤其是在１９８９年六四事件后，美欧在前台公开杯葛中国，但却留下一条后路，就是让以色列在私下拉拢中国，演出一场双簧戏。这就是邓小平韬光养晦的基本方针，一方面不断表示不会因为美国的谴责杯葛而改变衷心要求加盟美欧的诚意；另一方面则继续以以色列为中间人的方式打通西方。出卖巴勒斯坦人民是同国内批毛同步。这个中以结亲的关系，在过去三十多年来，在中国的党和官方的人员，特别是与西方来往的政治、经济、学术、新闻、军事、文化、技术、外贸等等的所有部门人员，都是心照不宣、不公开的秘密。中以关系之深，以色列是中国输诚美国的独家代理。将之说成为中国在西方的心腹密友绝不为过。如果说，从改革开放以来，中国的韬光养晦国策下在国际上只有一个作为依赖的“朋友”就是以色列。这样的关系，即使在近年来的西方大力打击抵制中国时，还是如此。 幸好有这次的哈马斯起义，让中国当权者不能继续玩两面派的游戏。也在同时，中国也企图改变亡党亡国的投降政策，国内的反毛势力变成被动，在对待巴勒斯坦问题必须在国际表态下，不得不作出谴责以色列的外交讲话，但格调之低，做法的暧昧，也是有目共睹的。却让中国的人民特别是新一代的年轻人重新认识世界形势和巴勒斯坦问题，起了新的觉醒。 重回毛泽东道路 革命人民的正义斗争从来都是互相支援的，正像毛主席接见亚非拉人士的讲话：不是中国支援亚非拉的人民革命，而是亚非拉的革命斗争帮助了中国的反帝反霸国际斗争。这次巴勒斯坦的人民革命斗争还是如此，是大大地唤起了中国人民的觉醒，国际上支援了中国力顶西方压力并打击了国内当权的投降派，让人民重新看待毛泽东的遗产。 从另一方面看，全球的人民革命自救斗争中，中国的经验无比可贵。只有毛泽东开辟出来的道路，立足于劳动人民更生的基础上，扩大到全国人民和世界人民的大团结，是一条成功的道路。岁月飞逝，信念弥坚。社会越来越黑暗，前景却越来越明朗：“人间正道是沧桑”。毛泽东道路就是人间正道的体现，今年，这样的感觉更深。 ========================== 十、黄哲操：毛主席的自力更生思想源远流长——毛主席130岁诞辰纪念会讲稿 大家好，谢谢大家出席毛主席130岁诞辰纪念会，今天在中国大陆是12月26日在台湾香港也是26日，但是在美国就慢了一天是25日，我们透过zoom网上形式纪念毛主席的生日。今天这个纪念会由老董（董庆圆），小许（许准）和我本人共同主持，小许还负责技术支援。 我今天想谈一下毛主席的自力更生思想对中国的影响。毛主席是中国历史上前无古人的一位奇才，他在哲学，政治，军事，诗词，书法等多方面都有出色的成就，迄今中外历史上没有一个人能够超越他。我认为他对中国最大的影响是他的自力更生思想。 先说说毛主席说了些什么？他在革命时期和建国后，多次提到自力更生这四个字。他在1935年在《反对日本帝国主义的策略》的报告中说，我们中华民族“有在自力更生的基础上光复旧物的决心，有自立于世界民族自立的能力。” 毛主席在1936年同美国作家史诺谈话时，反复强调，独立自主，自力更生，是中国革命胜利的根本保证。 在经济建设这个问题上毛主席在1945年在“必须学会经济工作”这篇文章中，也同样的明确说“我们是主张自力更生的，我们希望有外援，但是我们不能依赖他，我们依靠自己的努力，依靠全体军民的创造力。” 在1945年抗战胜利前夕，毛主席在《抗日战争胜利后的时局和我们的方针》时谈到胜利后，我们的方针要放在什么基点上的时候，他说“我们的力量要放在自己的基点上，叫做自力更生。” 自力更生是毛泽东思想的重要组成部分，是建国以来对中国影响最深远贡献最巨大的思想力量。下面我从五个方面来说明。 第一，我的梦想，中国有航空母舰 我在台湾出生长大，从小就心向中国，期待中国的富强昌盛，1972年，我从美国去中国第一次踏上祖国大地时可谓心情起伏，热血澎湃，我此生最大的愿望是中国的强大洗刷过去一百多年来的耻辱，强国强军是必要的手段之一，而最大的愿望就是中国要有自己的航空母舰，中国拥有航空母舰成了我此生对中国最大的梦想。出乎我的意料之外，中国在2012年就有了第一艘航空母舰，那是中国从乌克兰买来一艘未完成的航空母舰改装建造的，取名辽宁舰，排水量6万公吨。接着中国于2019年建造第二艘航空母舰，取名辽宁舰，排水量7万公吨，又于2021年建造第三艘航空母舰、取名福建舰，排水量8万公吨。据报道，第四艘第五艘航空母舰，都是核动力，正在正在上海江南造船厂和大连造船厂同时建造中。 中国有自己设计建造的航空母舰，在时间上和技术上都远远超过了我的期待，远远的超过了我的梦想。这是毛泽东自力更生指导思想的贡献。 第二，自力更生，使中国探月成功 大约10年前我们家庭去佛罗里达旅行，参观在那里的美国太空中心，入口处挂着一个大大的横幅，说美国和包括英国，加拿大，日本，韩国，德国，法国，意大利，澳大利亚，纽西兰等12个国家，分享太空资料，就是不包括中国在内。我看到这个排除中国的横幅，心里不以为然，感到生气。 武装者毛泽东自力更生的信念，中国于2004年展开嫦娥探月工程，经过长期不懈的努力，于2020年从月球采集月球土壤回来，举世瞩目，现在中国还启动了载人登上月球的计划，预计2030年完成登陆月球，指日可待。 第三，耀眼的北斗卫星导航系统 1993年，中国银河号开往伊朗途中在公海上被美国强行登船拦截说，船上有化学品，这是子虚乌有的指控。美国关闭GPS导航系统使该船在海上漂流。面对这种严重损伤中国国格的奇耻大辱，中国能做的只是抗议，忍气吞声，另外，就是拿出毛主席自力更生的法宝，发展自己的导航系统。 1994年北斗卫星系统正式立项开始探讨相关议题，经过将近30年艰苦卓绝的努力，现在已经有30颗卫星，覆盖全球的北斗卫星系统，不仅和GPS并驾齐驱，甚至已经超过它了，是世界民航组织（ICAO）指定的全世界民航客机导航系统之一。 北斗卫星导航系统有8万人的庞大工作团队，骨干是三四十岁的年轻技术人才，我在电视上看到他们在北京的控制室，精神抖擞，努力工作，我感到非常高兴和骄傲。 第四，青年学生，潜力无穷 1949年建国以来，中国对教育的投资和努力都非常的专注，令人敬佩，刚刚过去的2023年，中国有2158万大学毕业生，其中约有7百万是学理工专业的，这个比例是任何一个国家都比不上的，他们可以说是中国建国的脊梁。他们和文史科的毕业生一样，是毛泽东自力更生思想武装起来的青年人，潜力无穷，是中国国家建设的坚强队伍。 第五，毛泽东的自力更生思想、源远流长 毛泽东主席留给14亿中国人民最大的资产是毛泽东思想，其中自力更生是最重要的组成部分，除航空母舰对军事武装力量的贡献、太空发展，北斗卫星导航系统，青年学生外，毛泽东的自力更生思想对中国人民建立坚强民族自豪感，功不可没，在其他各个领域如经济，社会，文化，教育等的影响也是强大的多方面的，源远流长。 ========================== 十一、牖下：毛主席谈（人的）认识 （一）《矛盾论》与《实践论》——认识的法则与来源 （二）坂田的文章《新基本粒子观对话》——物理学不是抽象数学 （三）列宁写的《唯物主义和经验批判主义》——认识论的大观园 毛主席1964年（文革前夕）辩证唯物主义认识论的一次谈话大略记录了下来，成为民众得见的中华文化思想史的一部份，载于《毛泽东文集》第八卷“关于人的认识问题”（p.389），《毛泽东思想万岁》“关于坂田文章的谈话”（p.561）及《光明日报》等。谈话记录以及坂田的文章，诸位朋友多年前亦许读过，如今重读，感觉与理解人各不同，而怀念毛主席日久弥深的心情想是共同的。 据记载，毛主席说“什么叫哲学？哲学就是认识论，别的没有。”还说： “人的认识来源於实践。我们用镢头、机器等等改造世界，认识就深入了。工具是人的器官的延长，镢头是手臂的延长，望远镜是眼睛的延长，身体五官都可以延长。... “人对事物的认识，总要经过多少次反复，要有一个积累的过程，要积累大量的感性材料，才会引起感性认识到理性认识的飞跃。关于从实践到感性认识，再从感性认识到理性认识的飞跃的道理，马克思和恩格斯都没有讲清楚，列宁也没有讲清楚。列宁写的《唯物主义和经验批判主义》只讲清楚了唯物论，没有完全讲清楚认识论。...这个道理中国的古人也没有讲清楚。老子、庄子没有讲清楚，墨子讲了认识论方面的问题，但也没有讲清楚。张载、李卓吾、王船山、谭嗣同都没有讲清楚。” “哲学就是认识论，别的没有”。笔者恰也怀抱相同的信念，不过，这是一个主观的观点，不可能也不必人人赞同，一般说的哲学范围较广，自来偏重伦理道德不重认识论。毛主席谈话中提到老子，五千言曰“道可道非恒道名可名非恒名，无名天地之始有名万物之母”。不知者道似知者名，道是什么名从何来？老子讲了又像没讲，总之没讲清楚。另外提到的几位历史人物，他们有关知性的哲学议论多少掺入了情性的是非判断，特别是坂田和列宁，政治立场突出。细说之前，让我们重温毛主席早期两篇认识论的文章。 （一）《矛盾论》和《实践论》 《实践论》讲认识的来源： “人类的生产活动是最基本的实践活动，是决定其他一切活动的东西。” “生产活动是人的认识的基本来源。” 哲学，多的是含义不明或有争议的言词，一如下文第三节的“自在之物”和“因果性”，但实践论以上两句却很明白，是认识论最起码能说的话。生活，求生的活动，是人类认识的源头，生产活动不仅是认识的首要依据，且是人生的基本需要。人的认识，首先是对四周环境的认识，对人体赖以生存的条件的认识。为求生而认识的能力是一切动物共有的生命的本能。本文谈认识，为什么只谈人？观察飞禽走兽乃至昆虫，它们奋力求生展示出各种令人惊异的技巧，连家犬也认人懂事，但那些，表现的是一般所说的感性认识，认识的初步。进一步，概括化，抽象化，思维领域小范围的特殊观念逐步向普遍概念扩大而形成的理性认识，人有，其他动物没有。人会使用语言文字进行思想交流，语文是概念的组合，概念是理性的产物，感性里没有这个东西，理性用什么力量产生了它？语文世代沿袭，易学易用，概念在你我的经验之中多由前人传授，得来不费工夫，但人类最初的概念却如何由理性凭空制造出来？“从感性认识到理性认识的飞跃”的道理，毛主席觉得大家都没有讲清楚。 《矛盾论》讲认识的法则： “事物发展的根本原因...在于事物内部的矛盾性。” “人的概念的每一差异，都应把它看作是客观矛盾的反映。” 如何认识事物？一分为二。任何事物皆可看成彼此矛盾的两个方面，观察两方的相互转化是了解事物的好办法，人称“辩证法”。相对于呆板的形式逻辑，辩证法是一种灵活变通的思想工具，“对自然科学来说，是最重要的思维形式”（恩格斯《自然辩证法》p.28）。按照恩格斯（继承黑格尔）的定义，辩证法有三条规律：对立统一，量变到质变，否定的否定。但是，事物及其演变的现象分表里别轻重，不一定都可视为基本的规律，那三条终未取得共识，定义不下来。知（认识）与行（实践），当作人生一事之二分，尝试这样看：实践论讲知仰仗行，矛盾论，反过来，是行仰仗知：怎样知便怎样行，有何等的宇宙观便有何等的立场与行动。生存活动，感觉经验，首先决定性地产生了认识，然后（或许分不出先后），行动便听命于认识，一个人的所知无时无刻不在指导他的所行。行为，特别是生产活动，原本是获取知识的目的，若不是为了行，人未必会求知。如此，知行之合一，矛盾，辩证，对立统一，均可指知与行之间相生相成的关系。 然而，认识的法则不同于认识的规律。认识的规律，吾人所知者，有一条名“矛盾律”。矛盾律说的，不是处处皆矛盾，恰相反，是一律无矛盾。逻辑不容许矛盾，任一事物，人们不会同时认为它又是又不是。但，大家分明看到人的认识里多的是矛盾，不知不觉，不合逻辑的背反二律便偷偷混进了认识之中，怎么回事？这个不容易弄清楚的认识论问题，下文，等列宁讲过唯物论之后再谈。 （二）坂田的文章《新基本粒子观对话》 1964年8月24日那天毛主席谈话的原由：“今天我找你们来，是研究一下坂田的文章。坂田说基本粒子不是不可分的，电子是可分的。他这样说是站在辩证唯物主义立场上的。”（按：毛主席找去的是周培源和于光远，二人分别作了谈话记录。） 坂田介绍基本粒子的新观念，唯物主义的立场鲜明，一开头便特意引述培根（Francis Bacon）的告诫： “不要像人们直到今天为止所做的那样，把宇宙缩小到认识的范围以内，而必须把认识加以延伸和扩展，以接受符合于本来面目的宇宙的映象。” 培根“本来面目”的认识论符合唯物主义的信条：宇宙是第一性的，人的认识是第二性的。 题为“新基本粒子观对话”的文章，由内行向外行浅说，言语通俗，却是物理专业的内容。坂田解释：古代以原子代表物质的基本组成，不可再分，这种想法维持了两千年。两千年来，原子的观念随着科学知识的增加不断演变。1932年发现（原子核内不带电的）中子之后，原子不可分的想法终于打破，物理界转而用起“基本粒子”这个名称，“基本”也有不可再分的意思。不可分的东西，易于用“点”来想象并形容。针对于此，坂田著文，以仍可再分的新观念取代不可再分的旧观念，强调指出“基本粒子不是点”。进而反省： “理论一旦能够用严密的数学形式加以发展而且获得某些成功时，往往就忘记了当初所采取的近似的意义，而被一种错觉所蒙蔽，好像所研究的对象本身就是数学的点。” 物理学的基本粒子是否能看成数学里的点？外行人心想：当眼睛要看的是所在位置或运行轨迹而不是内部结构的时候，未尝不可把外界物体视为一个点，小如电子，大至天体，都可以，实际上科学研究一向是这样做的。但是，正如坂田给科学家敲的警钟：研究者不应忘记，数学的点是头脑里抽象而成的概念，是自然界不存在的东西，物理学的对象基本粒子却是大自然的实际存在，是不能抽象成概念的东西，物理学与数学分处唯物唯心两个不同的世界。点的问题，涉及数学的抽象性，以及尖端物理学没有定论只有一个哥本哈根诠释的量子理论。这个问题的最大困难还在于物理学与数学之间的辩证关系，在于毛主席所说大家没有讲清楚的认识论。 根据唯物主义的认识论，坂田提出新基本粒子观，把“基本粒子看作构成自然界的有质的差异的无限个层次之一”（按：“无限”二字是关键）。把列宁值得赞赏的一句名言：“电子（和原子一样）是不可穷尽的”向前推一步：“中微子也是不可穷尽的”。此时，不懂中微子何物的外行人，兴趣来了，望后退一步：“物质是不可穷尽的”。三句话，近看分前后，远看，是一模一样的。“不可穷尽”的观念由来已久，《关于坂田文章的谈话》提到中国古代的一则论辩题：“一尺之棰，日取其半，万世不竭”。此语出自《庄子》书，却非庄周本人之说，而是先秦一班辩者“饰人之心易人之意，能胜人之口不能服人之心”的诡辩。万世不竭不可穷尽的口谈，古人（如庄周者）称奇，今人已不觉稀奇，无限的观念在抽象的纯数学领域早已畅通无阻。 认识中的概念与知觉中的现象，二者关系微妙，数学的“无限”（或“不可穷尽”）概念能不能移用到物理学来说明大自然的现象？还是与点一样，只能在条件许可的情况下片面地暂时地当作个别理论的前提假设？我们观察外界事物，有大有小，有更小，比更小还要小的小，并没有观察到无限个更小。我们的观察，进行过一次两次多次，更多次，从未曾进行过无限次。思考不易通过的一尺之棰的比喻，喻的，是数学界的无限，不是物理界的无限。大自然，人们观察到的现象，日新又新，感觉上无穷无尽，于是一般人，不止物理学界，下意识接受了无限的观念，不自觉地把这个观念赋予实存的物，当作外界物体固有的性质。但只要一反省，即知那无穷尽的感觉是一回事，物理学家是否能无穷尽地不断找到具有粒子特征的“物”（或“存在”）又是另一回事。现实世界尚未到来的未见止境的前景，竟是我们可能预料的么？ 数学的概念应用于物理学是有条件有限度的，这一点，坂田很了解，因而他断言“基本粒子不是点”，不要以为不可再分。假设可以再分，继续分下去，是否永无止境呢？我们不知道，不敢说。但考虑到“无限”与“点”共同的数学抽象性，“基本粒子未必无限可分”是较为谨慎的猜测，仿照“点”的反省： “理论一旦能够用严密的数学形式加以发展而且获得某些成功时，往往就忘记了当初所采取的近似的意义，而被一种错觉所蒙蔽，好像所研究的对象本身就是数学的无限。” 上个世纪一位丹麦物理学家，给予量子理论以哥本哈根诠释的玻尔（Niels Bohr），感性加理性，微观兼宏观，研究大自然的经验丰富。他的认识论意识强烈，据他说： 物理学的任务是什么？如果你答“发掘大自然的真相”，你就错了。物理学的任务不在探寻宇宙的本质，而是给我们观察到的自然现象提出一个说法。 根据另一听者的回忆，玻尔还说： “描述自然的目的不在于揭示现象的真实本质，只在于尽可能找出我们的经验的各个方面之间的关系。”（坂田《新基本粒子观对话》p.48） 这种言论实际上“把不依赖于主观的客观存在从科学中排除了出去”，与唯物主义的基本原则不符，坂田称之为“哥本哈根之雾”。 （三）列宁写的《唯物主义和经验批判主义》 《唯物主义和经验批判主义》一书（下称列宁书）各位并不陌生。这本书，真可谓认识论的大观园，列宁不厌其烦地引述了各路学说，五花八门，匪夷所思，一个比一个离奇。毛主席评：“只讲清楚了唯物论，没有完全讲清楚认识论”。人问：认识论究竟讲的什么？怎样才能讲得清楚？前一节谈到它对物理学的影响，这一节考察它与政治学之间可能存在的关联。 谈哲学，恩格斯先分出两种互不相容的主义“唯物”或“唯心”。这两个词，日常谈话有人爱用，意指实事求是或空想空谈，但哲学的唯物与唯心本是“唯物认识论”与“唯心认识论”的简称，谈的是人们并不放在心上的认识论。那末，认识论的唯物和唯心什么意思？如何定义？列宁书第三章专论认识的一个要素——经验，引了他人一句话“经验只是研究的对象，决不是认识的手段”（列宁书 p.143）。话不大好理解，不知是唯物还是唯心之说，列宁也觉得意思不甚明白，易起误会，特为读者加了一条注：也许...不是“研究的对象”...而是“不依赖于认识而存在的认识对象”（列宁书 p.145）。这条注倒很好理解：唯物主义主张“认识对象不依赖于认识而存在”，唯心主义相反，主张“认识对象依赖于认识而存在”。 “不依赖于认识”的存在俗称客观存在，是唯物科学判断正误的一致标准。“依赖于认识”的唯心存在论形式较多，主观的客观的观点模糊的，视论者个人的信念而定，实例一则如下： “我们很可以问：什么原因促使我们相信物体的存在？但是如果问：毕竟有无物体？那却是徒然的。那是我们在自己一切推理中所必须假设的一点。”（引自休谟《人性论》第一卷第四章第二节“论感官方面的怀疑主义”） 此类主张正是列宁书针对的经验批判主义以及马赫主义的思想来源。列宁在书中选出认识论的两大议题——自在之物和因果性——作为唯物唯心双方论战的战场。 议题一：认识论的起点——自在之物 自在之物（Thing in Itself），自在的客体（Objects in Themselves），起初并无深意，字面可解：“经验之外的，我们认识之外的物质”（列宁书 p.9），或“物是不依赖于我们的意识我们的感觉而在我们之外存在着的”（列宁书 p.92）。譬如夜晚清空的明月，我看着，它在，我不看，它仍在，我出世之前之后，它都在，地球上有人类之先，它早就在了。理所当然，月亮是个自在之物。 十八世纪之时，除开“外界之物本身不在人的认识里，不依赖于人而存在”的唯物观，唯心主义不可知论者康德（Immanuel Kant）添加了一项内容：自在之物与人心之间有个不可逾越的鸿沟，不能为人所知。他的理由，用前述列宁那条注的语言翻译：唯心主义的认识对象既然依赖于认识而存在，那末，不依赖于认识的自在之物，在唯心论者眼中不是认识的对象，非认识所能及，于是不可知。 问题的复杂性还不止此，以上二论之外另有第三论：休谟（David Hume）不承认自在之物，不承认物是大自然的客观存在。“恩格斯直截了当地说，他既反对休谟又反对康德。但是休谟根本不谈什么‘不可认识的自在之物’... 认为关于自在之物的思想本身在哲学上就是不可容许的...”（列宁书 p.91） 为什么不可容许？ “请看休谟在《人类理性研究》一书的怀疑论哲学那一章（第十二章）中的论述： ‘人们为自然本能或偏见所驱使，喜欢相信自己的感觉。我们总是不加思索地（without any reasoning），甚至在思索之前（before the use of reason），就设想有一个外部世界（external universe），它不依赖于我们的知觉，而且即使在我们和其他一切能够感觉的生物都不存在了或被消灭了的时候，它也会存在着。这可以说是很明显的。连动物也为类似的见解所支配，在它们的一切意图、计划和行动中都保持着这种对外部客体的信仰... ‘但是一切人的这种普遍的最初的见解很快就被最浅显的哲学摧毁了。这种哲学教导我们说：除映象或知觉之外，任何东西都不能呈现于我们心中。感官只不过是这些映象所由以输入的入口（inlets），它们不能在心和客体之间建立任何直接的关系。我们离桌子远一些，我们所看到的桌子好像就小一些。可是，不依赖我们而存在的实在的桌子并没有变化。因此，呈现于我们心中的只不过是桌子的映象（image）。这些显然是理性的指示。任何一个有判断能力的人从来都不会怀疑：当我们说这张桌子和这棵树的时候所指的那些东西（existences），不外是我们心中的知觉... ‘用什么论据可以证明，我们心中的知觉一定是由那些虽和这些知觉相似（如果这是可能的）然而又完全不同的外在物唤起的，而不是由心本身的能力，或者是由某种看不见的、无人知道的精神的作用，或者是由我们更加无从知道的一种别的原因产生的呢？... 这个问题怎样才能解决呢？当然，也像其他一切类似的问题一样，由经验来解决。可是，经验在这里却沉默了，而且也不能不沉默。我们心中从来只有知觉，而没有任何其他的东西，并且无论如何也不会获得有关知觉和客体的关系的任何经验。因此，设想有这种关系，是没有任何逻辑根据的...’ 。”（列宁书 p.20） 上面三段话，首先描述人们如何深信外界物体的存在，接着声称人们深信的存在物只是物的影子而非物的实在，最后用没有人敢忽视的认识的要件——经验——来支撑他的论点。凭什么休谟这样说？再次，转译成列宁注的语言：认识对象，宇宙万物，依赖不依赖，存在不存在，都在认识之外，不仅认识不到，甚至知觉不到，知觉之中只有映象，没有映象所反映的存在物。物既不能谈，在也不能说，自在更不能说，因此之故，不可容许。 议题二：认识论的终点——因果性 列宁书第三章第三节讨论“自然界中的因果性和必然性”，摆明唯物主义的立场： “恩格斯不容许对自然界的客观规律性、因果性、必然性的存在有丝毫怀疑。”（列宁书 p.148） 因果性，唯物主义视为自然界的属性，唯心的经验批判主义则视为人类认识的本性。（按：常见词是“因果律”——任何事物都有它发生的原因，有因必有果，有果必有因，等等。）休谟《人性论》对于人类认识的本性，知性，有如此一说：“必然的联系依靠于推断，而不是推断依靠于必然的联系”，自然界的客观规律性、因果性、必然性，据他说，根本不存在。所谓因果性，那是“主观的必然性，即习惯性，算做是来自观察的一种客观的必然性”。休谟认为感觉经验丝毫没有告诉我们事物之间任何（因果的）必然联系，“除了逻辑的必然性，其他任何的必然性，例如物理的必然性，都是不存在的”。列宁提醒大家：这正是费尔巴哈极坚决反对的一种观点。（列宁书 p.151） 费尔巴哈（Ludwig Feuerbach）主张： “自然界只有通过自然界本身才能理解。自然界的必然性不是人类的或逻辑的必然性，也不是形而上学的或数学的必然性。自然界是唯一的这样一种存在物，对于它是不能够运用任何人类尺度的... “这是什么意思呢？是不是我想说，自然界中没有任何秩序，比方说，秋去可以夏来...？是不是我想说，自然界中没有目的，比方说，肺和空气之间...没有任何适应呢？是不是我想说，自然界中没有规律，比方说，地球时而按椭圆形运转...？这段话里没有说自然界中任何真实的东西都跟秩序、目的、规律这些词和观念不相符合，这段话只是否认思想和存在是同一的，否认秩序等等之存在于自然界就像存在于人的头脑或感觉中一样。秩序、目的、规律...这些词不是没有意义的，不是没有客观内容的...”（列宁书 pp.146-147） 马赫（Ernst Mach）倒是赞成休谟的解答：自然界中，既没有原因，也没有结果。 “我说过不止一次，因果律的一切形式都是从主观意向中产生的。对自然界说来，并没有必要去同这些形式相适应。”（列宁书 pp.151-152） 毕尔生（Karl Pearson）附和：人是自然规律的创造者。 “人把规律给予自然界这一说法要比自然界把规律给予人这一相反的说法有意义得多。 “必然性属于概念的世界，不属于知觉的世界。...在一定知觉系列不断重复时具有的均一性中，即在知觉的常规中，没有任何内在必然性。可是知觉常规的存在是思维者存在的必要条件。因此，必然性包含在思维者的本性中，而不包含在知觉本身中。必然性是认识能力的产物。”（列宁书 pp.153-154） 列宁总评：费尔巴哈承认自然界的客观规律性，承认被人类的秩序、规律等等观念仅仅近似正确地反映着的客观因果性。...费尔巴哈的观点是彻底的唯物主义观点。（列宁书 p.148） “自在之物”和“因果性”两个概念名词，顺着列宁的思路，从唯物唯心两个方向大体介绍如上。本文将它们标志为认识论的起点和终点，有个缘故。简单说，认识论，论的是人的认识，考查人类认识的来龙去脉，无概念的原始如何过渡到有语文的现状，探寻认识的出发点，找到了自在之物。至于因果性，原因与结果的必然或不必然的联结，因果的判断，归纳的产出，知识的成品，科学理论的终极表达形式，正是认识的目的地。 认识之中的矛盾是怎么产生的？ 唯物论介绍过后重返矛盾论。上文提到事物的矛盾性和认识的矛盾律，二者大不同，前者容许矛盾后者不容矛盾，前者是有特定内容的认识，后者是不含具体内容的认识论。认识论单论知识的普遍特征，不论个别论点的正误，单论认识行为的一般过程和状态，不论认识行为所得结果的用处。科学发展到今天，我们对大自然的认识多不胜数，对人间社会的认识更是无处不有，溢满街头，然而，对于人的认识行为本身我们所知却不多，已知者，逻辑是其一。逻辑不容矛盾这条规律一般称作矛盾律（正确的称呼是“不矛盾律”）：任一事物，假使我们有了认识，我们对它的认识有可能今天是（be）明天不是（not be），但绝不会在认识到它是的当下，同时认识到它不是，今天不会，明天也不会。话虽如此，我们的遵从矛盾律的认识行为实际上的确会产生矛盾，单项认识不矛盾，多项认识保不住互相矛盾。理性的认识，并无感性作祟，亦非一时疏忽，矛盾是怎么产生的？答曰：归纳（Induction）造成的！归纳是什么？如何造成了矛盾？ 归纳这个词，使用自由，有些人喜欢在该用“总结”的场合说“让我们来归纳一下”，倒也不致引起多大误会。总结可以用归纳代替，归纳却没法用总结代替。归纳有个特定的其他用语无法表达的确切含义：一次两次多次，次次如此，从未不如此，于是必然（请注意：不是或然）永远如此。归纳二字的含义仅此而已，别的没有！归纳有何重要性？没有归纳就没有认识！列宁书的重点之一“因果性”——唯心主义谓之习惯性——正是归纳的外在表现，人类对客观世界的认识无一不来自归纳。归纳得出了人们所知的一切因果联系，这个自然简便牢靠实用的办法，是人类生存必需的手段，从古至今，自幼到老，任何时侯，全靠它来体现生命的智慧。 读者您，倘若心中猜疑：只凭多次经验就推出必然？恐怕推不出！对了，过去的经验推不出将来的必然！可是，人间的知识，尤其是科学知识，无一例外，全都是由过去推断将来。推不出的硬推了出来，这就是认识之中发生矛盾的原因。两个或然（或然如此或然如彼）不冲突，两个必然（必然如此必然如彼）必冲突。归纳既推出不应推出的一律，又推出不应推出的另一律，康德所谓的二律背反便是这么来的。有趣的是，归纳（或称归纳法）不时想跻身逻辑的范畴，自称“归纳逻辑”，但逻辑在严格意义上只含演绎（Deduction）不含归纳。数学这个演绎的天地里根本没有归纳法，只有一个性属演绎而非归纳的“数学归纳法”（Mathematical Induction）。数学是纯粹的逻辑运用，有些人宁愿说它是一种语文（或推理工具）而不是一种知识。这已是题外话了。 列宁没有完全讲清楚认识论 哲学，自来没有定论，认识论，莫以为讲得清楚。康德以为讲清楚了，列宁不同意，列宁以为讲清楚了，毛主席不同意，唯物主义讲，唯心主义不同意，唯心主义愈讲，唯物主义愈发不同意。本文零碎复述的各路讲法有深有浅，终归是毛主席那句话：都没有讲清楚！不完全。必须填补的，至少还有如下一讲。列宁写《唯物主义和经验批判主义》，进入正文之前，作为该书的代绪论，先向读者介绍：某些“马克思主义者”在1908年和某些唯心主义者在1710年是怎样驳斥唯物主义的。其中一段对人的认识有个生动的素描： “每个观察人类认识对象的人都看得清楚：这些对象或者是感官真正感知的观念（ideas），或者是我们观察人心的情感和作用而获得的观念，或者是借助于记忆和想象而形成的观念... 凭着视觉，我获得光和色的观念，获得它们的强弱浓淡的观念。凭着触觉，我感知软硬、冷热、运动和阻力... 嗅觉使我闻到气味，味觉使我尝到滋味，听觉使我听到声音... 人们观察到各种不同的观念彼此结合在一起，于是就用一个名称来标志它们，认为它们是某一个物。例如，人们观察到一定的颜色、滋味、气味、形状、硬度结合在一起（to get together），就承认这是一个单个的物，并用苹果这个词标志它；另外一些观念的集合（collections of ideas）构成了石头、树木、图书以及诸如此类的感性实物...”。（列宁书 p.10） 此段描写并非列宁没有完全讲清楚的他本人的唯物认识论而是他所反对的唯心主义者巴克莱（George Berkeley）1710年《人类知识原理》讲的认识论。 ========================== 《毛主席130诞辰纪念专辑》 Translation from the Chinese into English Chairman Mao's 130th Birthday Commemorative Album Lao Dong January 2, 2024 The 130th anniversary of Chairman Mao's birth will be held online on December 26, 2023 (the evening of the 25th in the Americas). The speeches at the meeting and the manuscripts received before and after the meeting have been compiled into this album and sent. Please disseminate it widely. ========================== 【Feature】 1. Ding Yi: Population Issues (with comments from participants) 2. Han Dongping: Chairman Mao's population policy is the most humane and correct 3. Han Dongping: Chairman Mao's opponents always continue to prove that he is right 4. Sans-culottes: Commemorating the 130th anniversary of Chairman Mao's birth—Retrospect and Prospect 5. Wen Ping: Mao Zedong Thought shines brightly 6. Lao Xian: Speech at the symposium in New York commemorating the 130th anniversary of the birth of the great leader Chairman Mao 7. Li Mengxin: Dedicated to Chairman Mao, the great man of the East 8. Liu Shi: Between Chairman Mao Zedong and Dr. Kissinger 9. Lao Dong: The significance of the Palestinian people's armed struggle in this era 10. Huang Zhecao: Chairman Mao's thought of self-reliance has a long history - Speech at the 130th Birthday Commemoration of Chairman Mao 11. Next: Chairman Mao talks about (human) understanding ========================== ========================== 【Feature】 Roger: This passage has become popular on the Internet in the past two days: “The Chinese Communist Party's attitude towards Chairman Mao determines the Chinese people's attitude towards the Communist Party, and also directly affects the world's attitude towards China!” ========================== 1. Ding Yi: Population Issues I wrote an article "Thoughts on Mao Zedong" in 1986. One section is "Derogating Mao" and mentions that Mao Zedong should be primarily responsible for China's population problem. I write like this: "The main reason why China is not yet rich today is that it has too many people. To give a simple example, Zhang Zhuang, who worked in Hinton, said that although the output of grain more than doubled from 1949 to 1971, at this stage Among them, the cultivated land decreased by 39% (for industrial use and road construction) and the population increased by 70%. Per capita rations decreased instead of being given away. The harm of overpopulation has always existed and worsened. Imagine that although China is not as rich and advanced as the United States, if now What a wonderful country it would be with only 200 million people; and how chaotic and terrible the United States would become if it had a population of one billion. "Re-reading the articles Ma Yinchu wrote in "New Construction" in 1959 and 1960, we can know that in January 1960, more than 200 articles criticizing him had been published. He said: 'Since the November 1959 issue of "New Construction" After my article was published, there were not a few letters that agreed with me. Although some expressed their agreement, they did not dare to sign their names and only wrote the words "Yours sincerely, readers"... I had no choice but to sing "One-man show", I I had to go out alone to fight.'" In "Bankruptcy Against the View of History" written by Mao Zedong in September 1949, he said: "China's large population is a great good thing. There is a way to increase the population no matter how many times it is. The way is production." He also said: "Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, as long as there are people, any miracle in the world can be created." In 1957, when Zhou Enlai reported to Mao Zedong, Mao said: "Thank you, the success of the Chinese revolution has proved that firstly, things are easier to do when there are more people, and secondly, more people are more energetic." Hundreds of critical articles were written in response to Mao Zedong's opinions. Ma Yinchu has been the president of Peking University since 1950. Under such tremendous public pressure, he resigned in 1960. He was also 78 years old at that time. In 1979, Ma Yinchu was rehabilitated and appointed as the honorary president of Peking University. In 1980, the "Family Planning" began the "one-child" policy. Today, forty years later, China's production has greatly increased. But the population is too small. The world is changing. Especially today, with the rapid development of science and technology, it is difficult to imagine what the world will be like in a hundred years. "Population" may not be an issue. [Remarks from participants] Morning glory: The speeches on China's population issues and Ma Yinchu's population theory at the meeting were thought-provoking. In a society with a large population and a division of labor, labor and labor are increasingly separated. Which side should be given more attention? Who should listen to whom, those who work hard or those who work hard? The reality we see is that those who work hard get more rewards, and those who work hard obey the will of those who work hard. According to Marx's capital economic theory, the "cost" of labor for those who work hard is high, and the "value" of labor per unit time is large. According to the "principle of equal exchange", they should receive more remuneration. However, we also see that laborers provide the necessities for people's survival. What do laborers provide? Countless "knowledge"! Knowledge can be big or small, good or bad, right or wrong. It cannot feed people but often causes controversy and makes people at a loss what to do. Who has a say in the function of knowledge? Who can make the final judgment on whether knowledge is right or wrong? A hard worker or a hard worker? ========================== 2. Han Dongping: Chairman Mao's population policy is the most humane and correct The population issue is a very serious political issue. Generally speaking, poor countries and poor people are not worried about population growth. Those who are worried about population growth are the elites in developed countries and some people who don’t know what they are doing. When many people talk about population issues, they are often linked to the environmental crisis. But the environmental problems in our world are not caused by Chinese farmers and Indian farmers, but by the extravagant and luxurious lifestyles of the United States and the West. In Mao Zedong's China, Chinese farmers lived a garbage-free lifestyle. All kitchen waste was used as pig feed, and the wild vegetables and wild grass in the fields were used as pig feed, sheep feed, and rabbit feed. Every farmer has one or two pigs and a few sheep at home, and every primary school student has a few rabbits. The first thing students do after school is to dig wild vegetables in the fields, cut grass and feed the pigs and rabbits they raise at home. In 1960, when I was five years old, my hometown suffered a severe natural disaster and food was in short supply. Many families in our village began to raise sheep. My parents bought me a lamb and let me herd sheep for a year with the older kids in the village. At that time, there were hundreds of sheep in our village, and a dozen children herded them together. At that time, the sheep manure was given to the production team to be used as fertilizer, and the production team gave them work points. The production team encourages farmers to raise pigs and give each pig hundreds of pounds of sweet potatoes and sweet potato leaves as feed, because pigs can produce a lot of organic fertilizer, which is beneficial to increasing production. A pig can generally grow to about two hundred pounds in one year. Farmers can sell them to state slaughterhouses, and state security will purchase them at a price of 45 cents to 48 cents per kilogram of live pigs, depending on the fatness of the pigs. One pig can be sold for about 100 yuan, and two pigs can be sold for about 100 yuan. It was about two hundred yuan, which was a lot of income at the time. Farmers can also choose to kill the pigs themselves and sell them at the market. Each kilogram of meat can be sold for eighty-four cents per kilogram. The butcher kills the pigs and sells the pork for about four yuan. He also has to take care of the butcher's food and drinks, and also gives the butcher some meat or pig water. Our family once asked a butcher in the village to kill the pigs we raised and sell the meat at the market. Later, we calculated the results and found that there was not much profit. Later, we no longer hired people to kill pigs ourselves, but sold them directly to the national slaughterhouse. . There were seven part-time butchers in our village, two brothers from the Lan family and five brothers from the Zhou family. Many people say that during Mao Zedong's era, you had to have a ticket to buy meat, but they actually do not understand the situation in Chinese society. The ticket is only for meat from the national store, which is 7.3 cents per catty, one catty per person per month for the urban population, and half a catty per month for the rural population. But the eighty-four pounds of pork on the free market does not require a ticket. You can get as much as you want, every day. The same goes for eggs, fish, and other non-staple foods. Those bought with tickets are cheaper, while those on the free market are more expensive. That's all. It's just to ensure that the poor can also eat cheaper meat. When I was in high school, I was very interested in pen calligraphy, and I would practice calligraphy whenever I had nothing to do. The first pen I used was a Hero brand gold pen from Shanghai. It cost four yuan and twenty cents a pen. I bought it with the money I earned from buying rabbits. Then I lost the pen. I feel very depressed. My classmate and friend Dong Shenhui sold the rabbits he raised and bought me a similar gold pen. I was very grateful and can't forget it to this day. Money came in handy back then. Farmer children have no pocket money, so they raise rabbits by themselves and collect scraps to sell for a little money. A toothpaste casing can be sold for three cents, a pound of scrap iron can be sold for ten cents, a pound of scrap copper can be sold for thirty cents, and a pound of waste paper can be sold for five cents. The National Collection Station specializes in purchasing these reusable waste products. When I was a kid, I earned pocket money from selling scraps and rabbits. The buying station also buys rabbits. This is why in 1975, when the Western world was experiencing an environmental crisis, the United Nations called China a model for the Third World and the hope of mankind. Why, it's because the Chinese people's garbage-free lifestyle sets an example for protecting the environment. At that time, we collected all human feces and animal feces, fermented them, and used them as fertilizer in the fields. This method of returning everything obtained from the land to the land is the most environmentally friendly method and the real reason why mankind can continue. This seems unbelievable to Western elites, but what they don’t know is that the most delicious vegetables and fruits grown with farmyard manure. Americans don't know how to protect their own soil. They only obtain it from the land and dispose of human and animal feces as garbage, causing serious pollution. The Chinese have always used human and animal excrement as valuable fertilizer. Farmers will go to cities to collect the feces of urban residents, ferment it back, and use it as fertilizer for growing vegetables. This is why crops in the suburbs of Chinese cities tend to be much better than those further away from the city, simply because they use more human waste. In the Chinese concept, the longer the land is planted, the more fertile it is. However, the land in the United States and the West becomes poorer as time goes by, and must be left fallow to protect soil fertility. The people in the world who are most worried about population growth are the American elites. They are worried to death about population growth in third world countries. In order to allow India to have family planning and reduce population growth, they gave India six billion US dollars in the 1950s and 1960s to induce India to have family planning. In order to supervise the Indians, the United States sent a large number of graduate students to India for research and investigation. It was later discovered that all the money the Americans gave to India was wasted. Poor people in India don’t want family planning at all. Although India has used money from the United States to train many rural doctors and build many rural family planning clinics. Because farmers need children to work as a source of support for the elderly. So they only take family planning measures after they have five or six children. Later, the Indian government adopted material incentives. If farmers went to family planning clinics, they would be given a radio, or a bag of rice or sugar. The results were ineffective. Farmers would only go to family planning clinics after they had enough children. The elites think that farmers are stupid, but in fact, they themselves are the ones who are really stupid. Those who blame Mao Zedong's criticism of Ma Yinchu for China's population growth should look at India's population situation. The Indian government has taken money from the United States, but it has not reduced population growth. Of course the Americans will not do it. Under pressure from the United States, India instituted a national emergency law in 1975 to force farmers to plan their families. Indian military police rushed into farmers' homes in the middle of the night and took fertile people to the hospital for sterilization. They stopped the train and forcibly took the fertile people on the train to the hospital for sterilization. All government employees must undergo sterilization. Only through formalities can you save your job. It can be said to be the most stringent family planning measure in the history of the world. But the Indian government paid a heavy price for this. Indira Gandhi was murdered and so was her son Rajiv Gandhi. Governments and leaders who deprive poor people of their right to have children are not worthy of living in this world. The Chinese government began legislation on family planning in 1952, giving people the right to use contraception and sterilization. The first decree passed by the Communist Party of China government was the Marriage Law promulgated on March 8, 1950, which gave women equal rights, autonomy in marriage, and freedom in marriage. The first sentence of this law is: The state protects the rights and interests of women and children. The Marriage Law liberated Chinese women and allowed Chinese women to enjoy the same rights as male citizens. This also became a powerful weapon for the Chinese government to implement family planning. Because Chinese women enjoy equal rights, they have greater autonomy in reproductive matters. For this reason, China's family planning issue was never a problem during Mao Zedong's era. Some people with ulterior motives say that China's population has increased by several hundred million because Chairman Mao wrongly criticized Ma Yinchu's "New Population Theory". In fact, most people don't know what Ma Yinchu's New Population Theory is, and what Malthus said. What kind of population theory is this? Malthus's theory of population is actually very simple. It means that the growth of living materials, such as food, etc., is arithmetic, with one percent and two percent growth, while the growth of population is geometric. A couple has four children. Children mean twice the growth. Four children and four more children mean four times the growth. Therefore, if the growth of living standards cannot keep up with the growth of population, it will cause famine, disease, war, etc. This view is also the view of Western environmentalists today. What Ma Yinchu promoted was also Maltius's point of view. Marcius believed that the solution to population growth was not to pay too much wages to the poor and workers, because the poor and workers would have more children if they had more money. If the poor and workers are forced to live barely enough to survive, they will not have more children. Today's Western environmentalists also hold this view. They oppose the development of production, infrastructure construction, etc. in third world countries. Some people even oppose building roads and railways in third world countries. This is the real reason why Westerners are against China and China's One Belt, One Road and other policies. They do not want third world countries, including China, to live like themselves. In fact, the population increase during Mao Zedong's era was not mainly caused by the increase in the birth rate, but by the increase in the survival rate of children and the increase in average life expectancy. In 1949, before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the average life expectancy of Chinese people was only 32 years old, and the child mortality rate was more than 200 per thousand. In the 1930s and 1940s, old Shanghai had a population of only two million, but there were two hundred unclaimed corpses on the streets every day, most of them children. If a poor person gave birth to four or five children, only one or two would survive. This is why China's population barely grew during the more than 100 years from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. During Mao Zedong's era, China's average life expectancy increased from 32 years in 1949 to 69 years in 1976, doubling in less than 30 years, while the mortality rate of children increased from 32 to 1,000. Two hundredths, dropped to eighty-nine thousandths. This is the main reason for the increase in population during Mao Zedong's era, and has nothing to do with criticizing Ma Yinchu. In 1964, when I was nine years old, I started to work in the production team to earn work points after school. By the time I left in the spring of 1978 to go to college, there were more than 1,500 people in our village except for one work-related injury and one suicide. There were no deaths. There is a reason why life expectancy has doubled. The popularization of rural cooperative medical care, the improvement of living standards, and the social environment and climate in which everyone has something to do, food to eat, and housing to live have led to unprecedented improvements in the living standards of the Chinese people. The extension of average life expectancy is the most practical and reliable measure of a country's living standards.standard. During the Maoist era, life expectancy doubled and the population doubled. For ordinary people, this is a good thing for the country and the people to live and work in peace and contentment. But some anti-Mao people began to blame Mao Zedong for criticizing Ma Yinchu and causing China's population to double. On the one hand, they advocate Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, which caused tens of millions of Chinese people to starve to death, and on the other hand, they want to blame Mao Zedong for causing the population to double. Isn't this self-contradictory? Mao Zedong said that people are the most precious in the world. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, as long as there are people, any miracle in the world can be created. This statement seems absolutely true today. Without people, there would be no human society and everything would be gone. In 1970, Chairman Mao proposed that the population issue also required planning. Premier Zhou Enlai proposed that one child should be less than three, and two children for a couple would be just right. So China started a nationwide family planning education campaign and achieved great success. Our village cadre called a meeting of the members and said that it was impossible to increase our land, and our population had doubled. If this continued, it would definitely not be sustainable. Therefore, young people in the village are required to marry after they are twenty-five years old and have only two children, five years apart. The young people in our village all promised to the village to get married after they turn twenty-five. My eldest sister and I promised not to get married until we were 26 years old. By the time Chairman Mao passed away in 1976, rural planning problems had basically come to an end. Most people took the initiative to marry late and only have two children. For some people who want to have more children, the village does not punish them. It just holds classes to educate them until they agree to be sterilized. My eldest cousin's wife gave birth to two daughters. He wanted a son, so he didn't want to plan a family. There were two other people in the village who had only given birth to two daughters and did not want to give up the idea of having a son, so the village asked them to study in a class. While others work in the fields, they go to the brigade headquarters to study alone. As time passed, they agreed to undergo sterilization surgery. When China and the United States established diplomatic relations in 1979, Deng Xiaoping visited the United States. Bewitched by the American elite, he accepted the one-child policy. The Americans have always wanted to intervene in China's population policy, but they have been unable to do so because the two countries have no diplomatic relations. Now with an obedient Chinese leader like Deng Xiaoping, he sold the one-child policy to China. At the same time, Deng Xiaoping dissolved the people's communes and let farmers divide their fields and work alone. The collective economy in rural China provides social security for farmers, which is the main reason why Chinese young people can successfully accept the family planning policy. Now the state forces farmers to divide their land and work alone, and farmers have lost their social security. The idea of raising children to provide for old age has reappeared. They refuse to accept the country's one-child policy. They want to have more children while they are young so that they can have someone to take care of them when they are old. In order to force farmers to accept family planning, the Deng Xiaoping government passed legislation and made family planning a basic national policy, which means that family planning is a law under the law and can override all laws. In order to promote family planning, officials can illegally force farmers to have family planning. For example, farmers can be cut off from electricity and water, and their furniture, food, and electrical appliances can be taken away to force farmers to submit. People who refuse to implement family planning can be illegally detained, and their parents can be beaten. They can break into houses in the middle of the night and drag pregnant women to hospitals for abortion. They can also arrest pregnant women on the streets or in markets and take them to hospitals for forced abortions. In the 1980s and 1990s, many family planning slogans on the walls in rural areas said: I will open a bottle for you to drink medicine, and I will hang you with a rope, but it is absolutely not allowed to have a second child. Family planning law enforcement teams have been set up in many places to punish farmers who want to have one more child to death. The Communist Party of Mao Zedong's era prided itself on being in contact with the masses, caring for the masses, not beating or scolding others, and sharing weal and woe with the peasants. Deng Xiaoping's Communist Party became the nemesis of the peasants, far more ferocious than the Kuomintang reactionaries' chief security officer. The Americans used the one-child policy to successfully undermine the good relationship between the Communist Party and the Chinese people, and turned the Communist Party and the farmers into complete opposition. If Xi Jinping had not brought order to things after coming to power in 2012, stepped up poverty alleviation work in rural areas, increased investment in rural areas, and eased the relationship between the government and farmers, the Communist Party of China would have never had a future in China. China's population is now seriously aging. In 2023, there were more than 11 million deaths and only more than 7 million newborns, a gap of more than 3 million. The birth rate was even lower than that of South Korea and Japan. If this continues, China's population will plummet in a few years, and the aging problem will further intensify. China's aging population is unnatural and entirely caused by government pressure. The number of children in a family suddenly dropped from four or five to one. This kind of cliff-like decrease is unprecedented in the history of human society. The one-child policy adopted by Deng Xiaoping from the Americans will undoubtedly cause an unprecedented catastrophe to the future of the Chinese nation. If the Chinese government wants to solve the problem of population aging, its top priority is to reckon with and criticize the consequences of Deng Xiaoping's wrong policies, and to apologize to the broad masses of the people, especially farmers, and seek their forgiveness. ========================== 3. Han Dongping: Chairman Mao's opponents always continue to prove that he is right Class struggle exists objectively, and it cannot be survived by Yao or destroyed by Jie. Chairman Mao is a man, not a god, and people always make mistakes, so Chairman Mao will also make mistakes. This is a logic that Chairman Mao's political opponents have tirelessly reiterated after the reform. In order to prove that Chairman Mao made mistakes in his later years, Chairman Mao's political opponents took great pains and used all kinds of conspiracies and tricks. They say that practice is the only criterion for testing truth, completely ignoring the truth that practice has already proven: only socialism can save China. They say that Mao Zedong Thought is the collective wisdom of their generation, completely ignoring the fact that the party's history has long proven that it was Chairman Mao who time and time again saved the party and the Red Army from the fatal mistakes caused by the wrong line of their generation. . We have no data to prove how many people have been deceived by these shenanigans, but based on my experience of more than 30 years of rural survey research, the number of poor and lower-middle peasants in rural areas who have been deceived can be ignored. Workers in cities have lost their iron rice bowls and tens of millions of people have been laid off. The number of people who have fallen for their trap can be ignored. Otherwise, it would be impossible to explain the wave of Mao Zedong craze in China today. The people who really oppose Chairman Mao in the countryside are only some wealthy counter-rightists and their descendants. The total number should not exceed 5% of the total population. Those who oppose Chairman Mao in the city are only some former capitalists and their children, and a small group of revisionists and class dissidents who have sneaked into the party and government and were exposed and criticized by the masses during the Cultural Revolution. The total number of these people will not exceed 5% of the urban population. Out of their own class position and class interests, these people do not need anti-Mao propaganda, but are filled with deep-seated hatred of Chairman Mao and the Communist Party, which is not subject to human will. There are not many of these people, but they are the people who have been cultivated and reused by those in power after the reform. Therefore, they often occupy important positions in the government, the army, and the cultural and propaganda departments. They are extremely energetic and make people feel their power. Much larger than their actual numbers. In 2015, I was invited to give a lecture at the Institute of Philosophy at Sun Yat-sen University. Director Liu of the Institute of Modern History at Sun Yat-sen University, a fellow from Shandong, invited me to dinner. During the dinner, he denounced the Mao Zedong era and the rural collective economic system. I asked him what his class status was, and he said that his family was a landlord. I said, what do you have to say? The Chinese revolution and the political power established by the Chinese Communist Party were to deprive the landlords and rich peasants of their exploitation gains and distribute them to the poor and lower-middle peasants. The landlords and rich peasants were unwilling to lose the land and other means of production they once owned. If the broad masses of workers and peasants wanted to safeguard the new people's political power, they had to suppress hostile elements. I told him that Chairman Mao of the Communist Party only reformed the former landlords and rich peasants, while the reactionary Chiang Kai-shek government physically destroyed the poor who dared to resist. In the Soviet areas of Jiangxi and in the Soviet areas of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui, Chiang Kai-shek engaged in atrocities in which stones were overdone and people were forced to change their species. More than eighty members of General Xu Haidong's family were killed, and dozens of members of Marshal He Long's family were also killed. The Kuomintang reactionaries must have killed at least 20 million Communists and their families. Of course the director of modern Chinese history, Liu, knew this very well and did not argue with me anymore. When I gave my speech the next day, Director Liu brought his graduate students to listen to my speech. Many professors and doctoral students at the Institute of Philosophy at Sun Yat-sen University were surprised because Director Liu never allowed his students to speak well of the Cultural Revolution or mention class, class contradictions and class struggle. No one of his students dared to say that the Cultural Revolution was good, and no one dared to mention class struggle. Otherwise, you will not be able to graduate. He brought students to listen to me talk about class struggle and rural collective economy, and he did not argue with me, which can be regarded as giving me, a fellow countryman, some face. But I sincerely hope that he or his students will debate this issue with me in order to clear it up. The society we live in is a class society. Different classes have different class demands. The struggle between these different demands is class struggle. This cannot be transferred by human will. Living in a class society and not acknowledging the existence of classes, class contradictions and class struggles is truly a cover-up, or a blind eye. In the general situation where the Communist Party seized power and the workers, peasants and soldiers took control of the state machinery, Chairman Mao was far-sighted and warned the whole party and the people not to forget the class struggle and the possibility of capitalist restoration. In that social climate, China's workers and peasants truly There are not many people who can understand Chairman Mao's concerns and speak truthfully. At least I couldn't understand it back then. On the day Chairman Mao passed away, my father cried all the way home. The first thing he did when he got home was to gather the whole family together and say: Now that Chairman Mao is gone, the sky has fallen for the poor. No one knows what China will look like tomorrow. But he hoped that his children would never forget what Chairman Mao had done for the Chinese people. At that time, I didn’t think so. Aren’t the workers and peasants already the masters of the country? How can changes happen just because Chairman Mao died alone? Do workers and farmers today still have such questions? In the past forty years of reform and opening up, workers and farmers have re-recognized the existence of classes and the cruelty of class struggle from their own personal experiences. If there are still people today who say that classes and class struggle no longer exist, workers and peasants know that they are misleading the people.
Some people oppose taking class struggle as the key link and believe that it is right to focus on economic development. In fact, why didn't Mao Zedong pay attention to economic development? The vast number of workers and farmers are working day and night on the front line of industrial and agricultural production, building factories, repairing reservoirs, breeding improved seeds, and conducting scientific research. For what? It's not just for economic development. In just over twenty years, our country's grain output has tripled. The establishment of an independent modern industry and a modern national defense industry system is not only to develop the economy and improve people's living standards, but also to enable the broad masses of workers and peasants to enjoy free Education, free medical care, and average life expectancy increased from 32 years in 1949 to 69 years in 1976, 19 years ahead of India at the same starting point. Isn’t this the best for great economic development? prove. Why should we not forget class struggle? It is to ensure that the economic achievements that the broad masses of workers and peasants have worked so hard to develop will not be appropriated by a few people with ulterior motives. It is to ensure that the broad masses of working people will always firmly hold the means of production and the fruits of labor in their own hands. inside. The capitalist roaders in the party and the bourgeoisie in society say they will not engage in class struggle, but in fact they have never stopped class struggle. Looking at the social development since the reform and opening up, workers and farmers have lost free education and free medical care, hundreds of millions of farmers have become migrant workers, one-third of the country's farmers have lost their land, tens of millions of workers in state-owned enterprises have been laid off, and many state-owned enterprises have lost their jobs. Managers enriched themselves during the privatization process and became new bourgeois elements. The number of billionaires in Chinese society exceeds that of the United States. The polarization between the rich and the poor in China has reached a dangerous level, far exceeding that of most capitalist countries, so much so that the country has not dared to publish the Gini coefficient for a long time. Practice has proved that class struggle has never stopped in China. The purpose of the revisionists in preventing the masses of workers and peasants from engaging in class struggle is to cover up their own "class struggle" that steals the fruits of economic development. The bourgeoisie is within the Communist Party Another important assertion made by Chairman Mao during his lifetime was that the bourgeoisie is within the Communist Party. In the process of reforming from the upper echelons of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman Mao realized the class nature of those in authority within the party who were taking the capitalist road and the harm it would do to the cause of socialism. At the risk of being shattered into pieces, Chairman Mao mobilized the masses to rise up and fight against the party. Struggle against those in power taking the capitalist road. Because the people are fully mobilized and use the four freedoms granted by the Constitution to speak loudly, amplify and debate big-character posters, they effectively supervise the cadres of the party and the state. They live with, work with, and eat with the workers and peasants. The children attended the same school as the children of workers and peasants. They live among the people and have no chance of being separated from the masses and have no chance of corruption because everything they do is under the supervision of the broad masses of the people. The Cultural Revolution gave the people the freedom and right to supervise officials, blocked the channels for official corruption, and restricted the freedom of officials to act recklessly. This is the real reason why the people at that time believed that the Cultural Revolution was good and that it was good if it came. According to an online survey, even today, more than 40 years after being smeared, more than 80% of Chinese people still believe that the Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a good thing, which makes some people feel that the rejection of the Cultural Revolution was not thorough enough. Some Chinese leaders after the reform betrayed the original intention of the Party and ignored the fact that the Cultural Revolution was a social movement involving hundreds of millions of people to oppose and prevent revisionism. They completely negated the Cultural Revolution and deprived the people of their right to use big-character posters to speak loudly and amplify debates. They no longer want to work and live in the eyes of the masses. They no longer want to be public servants serving the people. They want to be officials and masters. They think that they have worked hard to conquer the world and have achieved great results. Now it is they and their families who are the masters, eat, drink and have fun. It's time. They moved out of civilian residential areas and built themselves villas; they raised their own wages and promoted their children to important government positions. Their children no longer went to the same schools as civilian children. They use public funds to buy imported cars and travel with public funds. They colluded with unscrupulous businessmen like Xu Jiayin, took a large amount of national assets as their own, and then transferred the money abroad, leaving debts to the country and the people. What they did continued to prove how correct and forward-looking Chairman Mao was in launching the Cultural Revolution. The contradiction between China's bureaucratic class and the Chinese workers and peasants has intensified in the harsh class struggle. During my inspection in the countryside, I witnessed Chinese farmers beating a township chief until he went into shock. The township chief was riding in a car provided by the government when he was stopped by a farmer who urgently needed to take the patient to the hospital. He asked the township chief to take the patient to the hospital, but the township chief refused and said that not everyone could take the township chief's car. His words angered the onlookers. The farmers dragged him out of the car and beat him until the township leader went into shock. The superiors investigated the matter, but in the end they just transferred the township chief. There were too many farmers who violently attacked the township chief, and the police were unable to arrest them, so the matter was left alone. There is also a township party committee secretary who arbitrarily moved a rural gathering in that township to the location of the township government, which seriously affected the original gathering.economic life of local farmers. Farmers petitioned many times to move the market back to its original location, but were ignored by the township government. Finally, the farmers in the village rushed into the township government during lunch break one day, put a sack on the head of the township party committee secretary who was taking a lunch break, and then rushed up and dragged the township party committee secretary to the street, beating him while He scolded the party secretary until he went into shock. In the end, the superiors only transferred the party secretary and did not take any punishment against the farmers who participated in the beating of the township party secretary. Because there are too many such things. The government can only take measures to calm the situation and avoid the situation where the government forces the people to rebel. Before Xi Jinping came to power, there were hundreds of incidents of besieging and beating county and township governments in China every day, and more than 100,000 incidents a year across the country. Seriously endangering the stability of the country. In 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao had to take extreme measures to abandon the thousands-year-old land tax and all other rural taxes to ease conflicts with farmers. The Cultural Revolution was the most effective way to eliminate corrupt officials and various social injustices Since the reform and opening up, corruption among Chinese government officials has reached unprecedented levels. From the Politburo Standing Committee to the village head and branch secretary, almost all officials found are corrupt. From the Vice Chairman of the Military Commission to the Minister of National Defense, more than a dozen generals from various branches of the military have been arrested for corruption. Provincial governors, provincial party committee secretaries, and ministers of various ministries have all been arrested. There are countless arrests at the county, division, and township levels. Even tens of thousands. Since Xi Jinping took over as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee in 2012, he has launched a severe crackdown on corruption. Several million officials at all levels have been arrested, far exceeding the number of war casualties suffered by the Communist Party during its seizure of power. When I visited rural areas, farmers said that if a hundred officials were shot, one or two of them might be unjustly convicted. If every other official is shot, there will be too many corrupt officials caught. A county-level cadre told me personally that according to the standards of the Mao Zedong era, he should have been shot a hundred times. The reason he wasn't caught was because every official was like him. They have all been arrested, and no one is an official anymore. Since Xi Jinping took office in 2012, he has been cracking down on corruption. Officials have been arrested batch after batch. However, the amount of corruption committed by the officials caught is getting larger and larger, from several million, to tens of millions, to hundreds of millions. , billions, and now Xu Jiayin alone is involved in more than 2 trillion, and the methods of corruption are becoming more and more shocking. This shows that there are limitations in relying on officials from the Discipline Inspection Commission at all levels to fight corruption. Often there are moles within the Discipline Inspection Commission. Only by fully mobilizing the masses and relying on all the people to supervise officials at all levels, as was the case during the Cultural Revolution, can we create a social climate where officials dare not be corrupt and do not want to be corrupt. Can we effectively stop corruption and ensure that the color of socialist China will not change. Now is a critical moment for Chinese society to inherit the past and inherit the future. China faces unprecedented challenges both internationally and domestically. The question of where China should go has once again been put before the Chinese people. The Constitution of the Communist Party of China is about pursuing common prosperity. The Party Central Committee headed by Xi Jinping has repeatedly said that it will take the path of common prosperity. The broad masses of workers and peasants in China also expect the Party Central Committee to lead them on the path of common prosperity. But China's people in power who are taking the capitalist road, those small group of unscrupulous businessmen who have become rich by stealing state-owned assets through collusion between officials and businessmen, and some descendants of landlords and capitalists do not want to take the road of common prosperity. This is class struggle, this is the line struggle in reality. There is no room for reconciliation between the two. what to do? The Communist Party has no retreat, the Party Central Committee headed by Xi Jinping has no retreat, and the Chinese people have no retreat. They can only unswervingly follow the path of Chairman Mao's generation of communists. If we continue to fight, there is no way out, and retreating is a dead end. As Lenin said in October, death does not belong to the working class. I would like to write this article to commemorate the 130th anniversary of the birth of the people's leader ========================== 4. Sans-culottes: Commemorating the 130th anniversary of Chairman Mao's birth—Retrospect and Prospect The capitalist line and road that came to power 47 years ago through the counter-revolutionary military coup of Hua Ye, Wang, Li and Deng comprehensively usurped the iron power of the working people and realized the most profound and insidious premeditation of the bourgeoisie at home and abroad to restore capitalism. The agents of the Western bourgeoisie, represented by President Carter of the United States, usurped all political, economic, and military affairs through Deng Xiaoping, a class traitor, state thief, and public enemy of the people who has been lurking in the party for 50 to 60 years, and his group of reactionary forces. Diplomacy, ideological propaganda, public opinion and other ruling powers. Just when the power of this bourgeois dictatorship reaches its peak and the people are forced to go to a dead end, the world's capitalist road is on the decline, and its internal contradictions are so serious that it is falling apart and panicking. The four major crises of capitalism - the Great Pandemic, the Great Depression, the Great War and the Great Climate Change - have forced the world capitalist camp to undergo huge divisions and an unprecedented tendency of self-denial - unprecedented awakenings and manifestations of exploited and oppressed nations and peoples in the world. Show the passion and ambition to dare to fight. Powers such as the "Big Four" (Speak out freely, Air their views fully, Big debates, Big-character posters) distributed among the people and their communities in various countries around the world are rapidly unfolding with the widespread dissatisfaction with world capitalism that is armed to the teeth, and It has become the invincible basic rights and weapons of citizens, and has more completely got rid of the formalistic and stinking fig leaf of so-called democracy under the dictatorship of the world bourgeoisie. Because the decadence of the Western (referring to the United States, Europe, and Japan) capitalist world has been exposed due to its chronic diseases, it has been scorned by the awakened people of the third world; even the so-called new revisionism of the second largest economy, a rising star, The capitalist road under the counter-revolutionary regime is also showing irreversible ruin. The people's democratic revolution faced by the Western capitalist camp belongs to the category of the new democratic revolution pioneered by Chairman Mao due to historical reasons. The new revisionist counter-revolution, that is, the people's democratic revolution in China under the rule of the so-called characteristic party, also belongs to the proletarian revolution due to historical reasons. Continuing revolution under class dictatorship is the scope of the second proletarian cultural revolution. The big-character posters of the Second Cultural Revolution that appeared on the streets of Beijing this time illustrate that Hua, Ye, Wang, Li, Deng, Jiang, Hu, and Xi, the Eight Revisions, are unpopular and have reached the point where their reactionary rule can no longer continue. As conflicts in the political, economic and social fields worsen, there may be calls for a second cultural revolution across the country. The current problem is no longer to continue to wait but to create conditions to gain a favorable opportunity to initiate and launch the great cause of the people's democratic revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. It can be asserted that the second world-revolutionary storm will advance rapidly on the basis of the ideology and class line of the first-world revolutionary storm led by the great leader Chairman Mao. ========================== 5. Wen Ping: Mao Zedong Thought shines brightly Thank you to the hosts and old directors for adhering to the original intention regardless of rain or shine, and continuing to hold the 130th anniversary commemoration of Chairman Mao's birth on the program this year. We always firmly believe that Mao Zedong Thought will always shine brightly. The world is facing a century of changes. The war between Russia and Ukraine continues to rage, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is recurring. In addition to climate change, there are also social issues such as Black Lives Matter, rainbows being expensive, oil being too expensive, the proliferation of guns, technology and ethics, and so on. On the surface, these are ethnic divisions, historical hangovers, seemingly deception and awakening, the relationship between a majority and a handful, historical national grievances between Russians and Ukrainians, Palestinians and Israelis, innovation and conservatism, etc. In essence, these conflicts, in the final analysis, are still class struggles and people-oriented issues. If we forget the people, forget to serve the people, and forget to serve the majority of the people, we will not be able to avoid wars, we will not be able to solve problems, and we will always be accompanied by social unrest. China has thousands of years of history, and many classic examples can be found. The east is red, the sun is rising, and Mao Zedong was born in China. All Chinese are very fortunate that China has produced a great man and national hero, Chairman Mao Zedong. His thoughts guide us, not only for us Chinese ourselves, but also have a profound impact on the world. In Tiananmen Square, there are two large and distinctive slogans, one is "Long live the People's Republic of China" and the other is "Long live the great unity of the people of the world." After all, long live the people. The people of all ethnic groups in China are united as one and, under the leadership of President Xi and the Party Central Committee, continue to create brilliance and take the lead. This is the luck and expectation of all Chinese people. The road to unity for the people of the world is still long and arduous. If we insist on spreading the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind to the whole world, the world will definitely become better and better. Finally, thank you all and wish you good health and a happy New Year! ========================== 6. Lao Xian: Speech at the symposium in New York commemorating the 130th anniversary of the birth of the great leader Chairman Mao Some time ago, I saw on the Internet that people braved the severe cold and heavy snow to line up in long lines to pay homage to Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall, which made me cry. Indeed, the status of the elderly in the hearts of the Chinese people is irreplaceable. In this year, the 130th anniversary of the birth of Chairman Mao Zedong, the situation can be described by the Chairman's poem: the sky is rolling with cold currents, and the earth is slightly warm. Several incidents of demolishing Chairman Mao's statues have occurred in the north and the south, causing strong indignation among people and casting a shadow on people's minds. Hence this passage that became famous on the Internet: “The Chinese Communist Party's attitude towards Chairman Mao determines the Chinese people's attitude towards the Communist Party, and also directly affects the world's attitude towards China!” As the Chairman's birthday approached, I noticed a notice: Chairman Mao Memorial Hall would not be open to the public on the morning of December 26 due to work, and would only open in the afternoon. I can't help but look forward to an official commemorative event being held at the memorial hall. Finally, the report arrived: On the morning of December 26, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a symposium to commemorate the 130th anniversary of Chairman Mao's birth in the Great Hall of the People. Before the meeting, Xi Jinping and other leaders went to pay homage to Chairman Mao Memorial Hall. The central government complied with the people's wishes, and the people were very happy with it. The flesh-and-blood connection between Chairman Mao and the vast majority of the Chinese people cannot be cut off by anyone. I was watching the TV series "Ask the Cangmang" released to commemorate the Chairman's birthday, which brought back memories of my visit to Anyuan when I was in Jiangxi. The chairman came to Anyuan, personally went down to the depths of the mine, and had heart-to-heart talks with the "coal black men" who were suppressed at the bottom of society and made friends, which moved the majority of workers. "Yesterday we were bullshit, today we have to be human beings!" Can the workers not follow the Chairman on the road to seeking liberation? I even heard the story of an old worker in Tianjin. When Tianjin was liberated, she was still a child laborer in a textile factory and knew very little about the outside world. In just 29 hours, the People's Liberation Army captured the city of Tianjin. She went to work in the factory as usual, but was surprised to find that the usually fierce foreman had a flattering smile on his face that day. Her intuition quickly told her that Chairman Mao and the Communist Party were here and liberated! The entire Mao Zedong era was an entrepreneurial era of hard work and excitement. Chairman Mao taught us that the establishment of the socialist system has opened up a way to reach the ideal state, and reaching the ideal state requires everyone's hard work. The overturned Chinese people consciously followed the Communist Party and Chairman Mao, worked hard with their own sweat to change the backwardness of the motherland, and worked hard to build a prosperous and powerful New China. Without oppression and exploitation, everyone is in a happy mood and full of energy, just like a song says, "No matter how hard it is, no matter how tired it is, the heart is sweet"! As the motherland becomes increasingly prosperous, everyone is full of hope, because the dividends of production development and social progress belong to everyone in the society, and will not be exclusive to a small group of early adopters. Today we commemorate the 130th anniversary of Chairman Mao's birth. The question we must consider is how to continue to advance the socialist cause he pioneered under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought. For this reason, it is very important for the broad masses of the people to give full play to their historical initiative as protagonists. Let us unite and work hard together towards the socialist direction of common prosperity. ========================== 7. Li Mengxin: Dedicated to Chairman Mao, the great man of the East On this special day, the anniversary of the birth of Chairman Mao, please let us once again review that glorious history that belongs to the people and commemorate the great leader: Chairman Mao Zedong. Chairman Mao was not only a great leader of the Chinese revolution, but also a firm believer in people-centeredness. He led China on the path of independence, freedom and dignity, leaving an indelible mark on it. Chairman Mao put the people first and always believed that the rise and fall of a country depends on its people. The most distinctive aspect of his leadership philosophy is to put people first. During Chairman Mao's long revolutionary process, he deeply understood the sufferings of the poor people, so he put forward the idea of "serving the people" to actively improve the impoverished post-war China and put it on the correct path of socialism. Why did Chairman Mao firmly advocate the socialist system and regard it as an effective means to fight capitalism. Because he is well aware of the exploitation and injustice under the capitalist system, he actively advocates socialism and pursues true fairness and justice in human society. Recalling the COVID-19 period a few years ago, I still have a deep impression, which directly exposed the way capitalist countries treat their people. Most capitalist countries adopt a liberal isolation mechanism, which in name respects people's freedom, but in fact directly implements social Darwinism. If you have money, you will actively treat people, and if you don't have money, you will give up treatment. This shows the distorted system and idea that capital is greater than people's lives. There is an ancient saying: To grow a tree, you must first grow roots; to build a person, you must first build virtue. The foundation of human society should be people-oriented, not capital-oriented. Human beings create money and build capital but are enslaved by money and capital. This is not the original intention of creating money. But it is the mainstream today, which is really sad. Commemorating Chairman Mao is not just to review history, but also to continue his thoughts and move towards a better future. The people-oriented concept will always be the unchanging cornerstone for us to build society and promote development. ========================== 8. Liu Shi: Between Chairman Mao Zedong and Dr. Kissinger After Dr. Kissinger passed away, many Chinese and foreign media called him the man who opened the door to China and the man who laid the foundation for the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. Regarding this kind of praise in the media, Dr. Kissinger made a direct judgment during his lifetime. Let's take a look at what he said: "What I didn't expect is that in Chinese media reports, whenever the improvement of Sino-US relations in 1972 was mentioned, most of the words were given to me, praising my contribution to this. This is inappropriate and unfair. , and it also disturbs me that most of the words should be given to the great Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai." First of all, Dr. Kissinger visited China many times on the orders of President Nixon. More importantly, if Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai do not cooperate, his visit to China will definitely be in vain. What we want to discuss here is: Why did Chairman Mao Zedong readily cooperate with the special envoys of "American imperialism"? It is said that the Zhenbao Island incident occurred in 1969, and the Chinese border defense forces caused a big loss to the Soviet army. Breznev was furious and had the idea of attacking China with nuclear weapons. He planned to bomb thirty-seven Chinese cities, including in particular China's nuclear bases.land. He knew the problem was serious, so he sent secret letters to solicit opinions from five countries, including the United States and West Germany. The first person to react was President Nixon. After consulting closely with Kissinger, he sent the big news to the tabloid "Washington Star". He also announced: "The United States opposes the Soviet Union's unilateral actions to destroy the world's balance of power." West German Prime Minister Brandt stated that China has a high degree of civilization and that if it is given time, it will have its due status. West Germany opposed the Soviet Union's action. At the same time, Chairman Mao Zedong imitated Zhu Yuanzhang and published his nine-character mantra: "Digb deeply, accumulate food widely, and never seek hegemony." Chairman Mao Zedong wanted to minimize the losses caused by nuclear attacks. Externally, it cooperated with the United States to contain the Soviet Union, and at home, it implemented these nine-character mantra, which made the Soviet Union restrain its hands and the Chinese people safely escaped this disaster. Kissinger was absolutely right to credit Chairman Mao Zedong, while also showing his own style. ========================== 9. Lao Dong: The significance of the Palestinian people's armed struggle in this era Listen to the thunder in the silent place The armed uprising in Gaza led by Hamas on October 7 shocked the world. Overnight, the situation changed. Previously, the United States led Israel, the two major rivals in the Middle East, to shake hands with Saudi Arabia and discuss the new division of power in the Middle East. In fact, it was to completely cancel the tacit alliance between the Arab countries in the Middle East to fight Israel that had long existed in name only on the Palestinian issue. , replaced by a new Israeli-Saudi Arabia agreement to partition the Middle East. While this new international trend was being vigorously publicized, gunfire rang out in Gaza. In just one day, Hamas's underground guerrillas launched multiple attacks in the Gaza "concentration camp" under Israel's strict surveillance, breaking through several frontline surveillance fortresses and Israel was defeated. , thousands died and hundreds were captured. The unprecedented military defeat shattered the propaganda myth of Israel's invincibility. The Oslo Accords of 1993 led by the United States and Europe, the so-called two-state rule for Palestine, gave Palestine state treatment and made it obedient to Israel's orders as a condition for survival. It has been going on for thirty years without any results, and this time it went bankrupt. The war in Gaza dominates international trends around the world. Every day, the hegemony, corruption and incompetence of the US hegemony and the Israeli colonial regime are revealed more clearly. Every day that passes, countries around the world are involved, and people all over the world take to the streets to express their stance, marking an unprecedented awakening of the people. The people's battle cry against capital, hegemony, imperialism and colonialism is sounded again The biggest difference between this Gaza incident and the past is the people's war approach. Without the support of the people, it would be impossible to survive under such high pressure, let alone a counterattack, let alone a huge victory that would attract global attention and reverse the situation. If we do not resort to war, and not only carry out armed resistance, but also work hard and long-term planning to ensure victory, it will not have any impact, let alone change the historical turning point of the world. The Palestinian people have found a way to live even in the face of death. The four words "people's war" are the signature of Mao Zedong's path. "The country wants independence, the nation wants liberation, and the people want revolution. This is an unstoppable trend of history." This was also Chairman Mao's famous saying during his lifetime. Today we see it again in the Palestinian protests in Gaza. From the death of Chairman Mao to today, the interrupted historical trend has continued again in the 21st century. This is the significance of this incident in Gaza. Great reversal in China-Pakistan relations China, during Chairman Mao's lifetime, was the first supporter of the Palestinian people's armed self-rescue, but after Chairman Mao's death, China became the number one betrayer of Palestine. This can be seen more clearly from the development of Sino-Israeli relations. When the PLO was founded in 1964, China was the earliest supporter. Chairman Mao put forward the slogan of "firmly supporting the just cause of the Palestinian people and opposing Zionism." Premier Zhou expressed China's position: The Chinese people strongly condemn U.S. imperialism's aggression against Arab countries and various criminal activities that harm the interests of the Arab people, and firmly support the just struggles of the Palestinian and Arab peoples. The 650 million Chinese people will always stand with the Arab people. “During the Cultural Revolution, China and Palestine had close relations, the fighting friendship they forged, and China's respect and support for the Palestinian people was unprecedented at that time. After Chairman Mao's death, China betrayed the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America with an unparalleled speed. Palestine was the first to be betrayed. This can be seen more clearly from the development of China-Israel relations. Internationally, the Chinese government is closest to Israel. Especially after the June 4th Incident in 1989, the United States and Europe publicly boycotted China in the front office, but left a way out for Israel to win over China in private, performing a double act. . This was Deng Xiaoping's basic policy of keeping a low profile. On the one hand, he kept saying that he would not change his sincerity in requesting to join the United States and Europe because of U.S. condemnation and boycott; on the other hand, he continued to use Israel as an intermediary to connect with the West. The betrayal of the Palestinian people is in sync with the domestic criticism of Mao Zedong. This close relationship between China and Israel has, over the past thirty years, affected Chinese party and official personnel, especially all departments of politics, economics, academia, journalism, military, culture, technology, foreign trade, etc. that interact with the West. The personnel are all tacit and undisclosed secrets. China-Israel relations are so deep that Israel is the exclusive agent for China to sell goods to the United States. It is no exaggeration to say that he has become China's closest friend in the West. If we say that since the reform and opening up, under China's national policy of "keeping a low profile", it has only one "friend" that it relies on in the world, and that is Israel. Such a relationship remains the same even when the West has vigorously cracked down on China in recent years. Fortunately, the Hamas uprising has prevented the Chinese authorities from continuing to play the two-faced game. At the same time, China also attempted to change its capitulation policy of subjugating the party and the country. The domestic anti-Maoist forces became passive. When dealing with the Palestinian issue, they had to take an international stance and had to make diplomatic speeches condemning Israel. However, the style was low and the approach was unfair. The ambiguity is also obvious to all. However, it has allowed the Chinese people, especially the new generation of young people, to re-understand the world situation and the Palestinian issue, and have a new awakening. Return to the path of Mao Zedong The just struggles of the revolutionary people have always supported each other. Just like Chairman Mao's speech when meeting people from Asia, Africa and Latin America: It is not that China supports the people's revolutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America, but that the revolutionary struggles in Asia, Africa and Latin America help China's anti-imperialist and anti-hegemonist international struggle. The people's revolutionary struggle in Palestine is still the same this time. It has greatly aroused the awakening of the Chinese people. The international community has supported China in resisting Western pressure and attacked the domestic capitulationists in power, allowing the people to re-view Mao Zedong's legacy. On the other hand, China's experience is extremely valuable in people's revolutionary self-help struggles around the world. Only the path opened by Mao Zedong is a successful path based on the regeneration of the working people and extended to the great unity of the people of the country and the people of the world. As time goes by, faith becomes stronger. Society is getting darker and darker, but the future is getting brighter and brighter: "The right path in the world is the vicissitudes of life." Mao Zedong's path is the embodiment of the righteousness of the world. This year, this feeling is even deeper. ========================== 10. Huang Zhecao: Chairman Mao's thought of self-reliance has a long history - Speech at the 130th Birthday Commemoration of Chairman Mao Hello everyone, thank you for attending the commemoration of Chairman Mao's 130th birthday. Today is December 26th in mainland China, it is also the 26th in Taiwan and Hong Kong, but it is one day later in the United States, it is the 25th. We commemorate Chairman Mao online through zoom birthday. Today's memorial meeting is co-hosted by Lao Dong (Dong Qingyuan), Xiao Xu (Xu Zhun) and myself. Xiao Xu is also responsible for technical support. Today I want to talk about the impact of Chairman Mao's self-reliance thought on China. Chairman Mao is an unprecedented genius in Chinese history. He has made outstanding achievements in philosophy, politics, military, poetry, calligraphy and many other aspects. No one in Chinese and foreign history can surpass him. I think his biggest influence on China is his idea of self-reliance. Let me first talk about what Chairman Mao said? During the revolutionary period and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he mentioned the word self-reliance many times. In his 1935 report "Strategies Against Japanese Imperialism," he said that our Chinese nation "has the determination to recover the old on the basis of self-reliance and the ability to stand on its own as a nation in the world." In a conversation with American writer Snow in 1936, Chairman Mao repeatedly emphasized that independence and self-reliance are the fundamental guarantees for the victory of the Chinese revolution. On the issue of economic construction, Chairman Mao also made it clear in his article "We Must Learn Economic Work" in 1945 that "We advocate self-reliance and we hope to have foreign aid, but we cannot rely on them. We rely on our own." efforts and rely on the creativity of all military and civilian personnel.” On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, Chairman Mao said in "The Current Situation and Our Policy after the Victory of the Anti-Japanese War" that after victory, our policy should be based on. Starting from one's own base is called self-reliance.” Self-reliance is an important part of Mao Zedong Thought and the ideological force that has had the most profound influence on China since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Below I will explain it from five aspects. First, my dream is that China has an aircraft carrier I was born and raised in Taiwan. I have been attracted to China since I was a child and have been looking forward to China's prosperity. In 1972, when I left the United States for China and set foot on the motherland for the first time, my emotions were ups and downs and my blood was surging. My biggest wish in this life is for China. To powerfully wash away the humiliation of the past 100 years or so, a strong country and strong army are one of the necessary means, and the greatest wish is for China to have its own aircraft carrier. China's own aircraft carrier has become my biggest dream for China in this life. To my surprise, China had its first aircraft carrier in 2012. It was an unfinished aircraft carrier that China bought from Ukraine and refitted. It was named Liaoning and had a displacement of 60,000 metric tons. Then China built its second aircraft carrier, named Liaoning, with a displacement of 70,000 metric tons in 2019, and its third aircraft carrier, named Fujian, with a displacement of 80,000 metric tons in 2021. According to reports, the fourth and fifth aircraft carriers, both nuclear-powered, are being built simultaneously at Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard and Dalian Shipyard. China has designed and built its own aircraft carrier, which far exceeded my expectations in terms of time and technology, and far exceeded my dreams. This is the contribution of Mao Zedong's guiding ideology of self-reliance. Second, rely on self-reliance to make China's lunar exploration successful About 10 years ago our family took a trip to Florida to visit the U.S. Space Center there. There was a big banner hanging at the entrance that said the United States and the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Germany, France, Italy, Australia, and New Zealand. 12 other countries share space data, but China is not included. When I saw this banner excluding China, I felt disapproving and angry. Armed with Mao Zedong's belief in self-reliance, China launched the Chang'e lunar exploration project in 2004. After long-term and unremitting efforts, it collected lunar soil from the moon in 2020, attracting worldwide attention. Now China has also launched a manned mission to the moon. It is expected that Landing on the moon in 2030 is just around the corner. Third, the dazzling Beidou satellite navigation system In 1993, the China Ship Yinhe was en route to Iran when it was forcibly boarded and intercepted by the United States on the high seas, claiming that there were chemicals on board. This was a false accusation. The United States shut down the GPS navigation system, leaving the ship adrift at sea. Faced with this humiliation that has severely damaged China's national character, all China can do is protest and swallow its anger. In addition, it can use Chairman Mao's magic weapon of self-reliance to develop its own navigation system. In 1994, the Beidou Satellite System was officially established to discuss related issues. After nearly 30 years of arduous efforts, there are now 30 satellites covering the world. The Beidou Satellite System not only keeps pace with GPS, but has even surpassed it. It is the World Civil Aviation Organization (World Civil Aviation Organization) One of the world's civil aviation passenger aircraft navigation systems designated by ICAO). Beidou Satellite Navigation System has a huge work team of 80,000 people, the backbone of which are young technical talents in their 30s and 40s. I saw them on TV in the control room in Beijing, full of energy and working hard. I felt very happy and proud. Fourth, young students have unlimited potential Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China has been very dedicated and admirable in its investment and efforts in education. In the past 2023, China had 21.58 million college graduates, of which about 7 million were majoring in science and engineering. This ratio is No other country can match them. They can be said to be the backbone of China's founding. Like the graduates of the Department of Liberal Arts and History, they are young people armed with Mao Zedong's self-reliance thought. They have unlimited potential and are a strong team in China's national construction. Fifth, Mao Zedong's thought of self-reliance has a long history The greatest asset Chairman Mao Zedong left to the 1.4 billion Chinese people is Mao Zedong Thought, of which self-reliance is the most important component. In addition to the contribution of aircraft carriers to the military and armed forces, space development, the Beidou satellite navigation system, and young students, Mao Zedong's self-reliance thought has great influence on The Chinese people are indispensable for establishing a strong sense of national pride, and its influence in various other fields such as economy, society, culture, education, etc. is also powerful and multifaceted and has a long history. ========================== 11. Next: Chairman Mao talks about (human) understanding (1) "On Contradiction" and "On Practice" - the laws and sources of cognition (2) Sakata's article "Dialogue on the New View of Elementary Particles" - Physics is not abstract mathematics (3) "Materialism and Empirical Criticism" written by Lenin - the grand view of epistemology Chairman Mao's talk on dialectical materialist epistemology in 1964 (on the eve of the Cultural Revolution) was roughly recorded and became a part of the history of Chinese cultural thought that is visible to the public. It is contained in the eighth volume of "Collected Works of Mao Zedong" "On the Problem of Human Understanding" (p.389), "Long Live Mao Zedong Thought", "Conversation on Sakata's Articles" (p.561) and "Guangming Daily", etc. Friends may have read the transcript of the conversation and Sakata's article many years ago. Now that I have reread it, my feelings and understandings vary from person to person, but I think the feeling of longing for Chairman Mao is the same. According to records, Chairman Mao said, "What is philosophy? Philosophy is epistemology and nothing else." He also said: "Human knowledge comes from practice. When we use hoe, machine, etc. to transform the world, our understanding becomes deeper. Tools are the extension of human organs, the hoe is the extension of the arm, the telescope is the extension of the eye, and all the five senses of the body can be extended. ... "People's understanding of things always needs to go through many iterations. There must be an accumulation process and a large amount of perceptual materials must be accumulated to cause a leap in perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge. Regarding from practice to perceptual knowledge, and then from perceptual knowledge Neither Marx nor Engels made it clear about the leap to rational understanding, nor did Lenin. Lenin's "Materialism and Empirical-Criticism" only made it clear about materialism, not the theory of epistemology. ...This The ancient Chinese did not explain it clearly. Laozi and Zhuangzi did not explain it clearly. Mozi talked about epistemological issues, but he did not explain it clearly. Zhang Zai, Li Zhuowu, Wang Chuanshan, and Tan Sitong did not explain it clearly." "Philosophy is epistemology and nothing else." The author also holds the same belief. However, this is a subjective point of view. It is impossible and does not have to be agreed by everyone. Generally speaking,The scope of philosophy is relatively broad, and it has always emphasized ethics rather than epistemology. Chairman Mao mentioned Lao Tzu in his talk, and said in five thousand words: "The Tao can be Tao, but it is not eternal. The Tao can be named, but it is not eternal. The nameless beginning of heaven and earth has the name of the mother of all things." The Tao of those who do not know is like the name of those who know it. What is the Tao and where does its name come from? I said it but it seemed like I didn't. In short, I didn't make it clear. Several other historical figures mentioned, their philosophical discussions about intelligence are somewhat mixed with emotional judgments of right and wrong, especially Sakata and Lenin, who have prominent political stances. Before going into details, let us review two of Chairman Mao's early epistemological articles. (1) "On Contradiction" and "On Practice" "On Practice" talks about the sources of understanding: "Human production activities are the most basic practical activities and are what determine all other activities." "Production activities are the basic source of human understanding." In philosophy, there are many words with unclear or controversial meanings, such as "things in themselves" and "causality" in the third section below. However, the above two sentences on practical theory are very clear, and they are the least that can be said about epistemology. Life and survival activities are the source of human understanding. Production activities are not only the primary basis for understanding, but also the basic needs of life. Human understanding, first of all, is the understanding of the surrounding environment and the understanding of the conditions on which the human body depends for survival. The ability to know for survival is the instinct of life shared by all animals. This article talks about understanding, why only talk about people? Observe birds, animals and even insects. They struggle to survive and display various amazing skills. Even domestic dogs can recognize people and understand things, but these show what is generally called perceptual knowledge, the beginning of understanding. Furthermore, rational understanding formed by generalization, abstraction, and the gradual expansion of small-scale special concepts in the field of thinking into universal concepts is something that humans have but other animals do not. People use language and words to communicate ideas. Language is a combination of concepts, and concepts are products of rationality. There is no such thing in sensibility. What power does rationality use to create it? The Chinese language has been passed down from generation to generation, and it is easy to learn and use. In your and my experience, concepts are mostly taught by predecessors, and it takes no effort to acquire them. But how can the original concepts of human beings be created out of thin air by reason? Chairman Mao felt that no one had made it clear about the principle of "a leap from perceptual to rational understanding." "On Contradiction" talks about the laws of cognition: "The fundamental reason for the development of things... lies in the internal contradictions of things." "Every difference in human concepts should be regarded as a reflection of objective contradiction." How to know things? split into two. Everything can be seen as two contradictory aspects. Observing the mutual transformation of the two parties is a good way to understand things. It is called "dialectics". Compared with rigid formal logic, dialectics is a flexible thinking tool, "for natural science, it is the most important thinking form" (Engels' "Dialectics of Nature" p. 28). According to the definition of Engels (who inherited Hegel), dialectics has three laws: the unity of opposites, the change from quantity to quality, and the negation of negation. However, things and their evolving phenomena are differentiated by appearance and interior, and may not all be regarded as basic laws. In the end, no consensus was reached on those three principles, and they could not be defined. Knowledge (knowledge) and action (practice) are regarded as two separate things in life. Try to look at it this way: the theory of practice says that knowledge depends on action, and the theory of contradiction, in turn, is that action depends on knowledge: how to know is how to do, what a world view is convenient What kind of stance and actions. Survival activities and sensory experiences first and decisively produce knowledge, and then (perhaps in no particular order), actions follow the orders of knowledge, and what a person knows guides his actions all the time. Behavior, especially production activities, is originally the purpose of acquiring knowledge. If it were not for action, people would not necessarily seek knowledge. In this way, the unity of knowledge and action, contradiction, dialectics, and the unity of opposites can all refer to the mutually reinforcing relationship between knowledge and action. However, the laws of knowledge are different from the laws of knowledge. The law of cognition that we all know is called the "Law of Contradiction." The law of contradiction does not mean that there are contradictions everywhere, but on the contrary, there is no contradiction at all. Logic does not allow contradictions. People will not think that something is and is not at the same time. However, everyone clearly sees that there are many contradictions in people's understanding. Unknowingly, illogical antinomies have sneaked into their understanding. What's going on? This epistemological issue, which is not easy to clarify, will be discussed below after Lenin has talked about materialism. (2) Sakata's article “Dialogue on the New View of Elementary Particles” The reason for Chairman Mao's speech on August 24, 1964: "I came to you today to study Sakata's article. Sakata said that elementary particles are not indivisible, but electrons are divisible. He said this from the standpoint of dialectical materialism From a standpoint." (Note: Chairman Mao found Zhou Peiyuan and Yu Guangyuan, and they recorded their conversations respectively.) Sakata introduced the new concept of elementary particles, with a clear materialist stance. At the beginning, he specifically quoted Francis Bacon's admonition: "Don't reduce the universe to the scope of understanding, as people have done until today, but we must extend and expand our understanding to accept the image of the universe that is consistent with its original appearance." Bacon's "original" epistemology is consistent with the creed of materialism: the universe is primary, and human knowledge is secondary. The article titled "Dialogue on New Fundamental Particle Views" is a simple explanation from an insider to a layman. The language is simple, but it is content for physics majors. Sakata explained: In ancient times, atoms represented the basic components of matter and could not be further divided. This idea has been maintained for two thousand years. Over two thousand years, the idea of atoms has evolved with increasing scientific knowledge. After the discovery of neutrons (uncharged in the nucleus) in 1932, the idea that atoms were indivisible was finally broken, and the physics community turned to the name "elementary particles". "Elementary" also means indivisible. Indivisible things are easy to imagine and describe using "points". In response to this, Sakata wrote an article to replace the old concept that cannot be subdivided with a new concept that can still be subdivided, emphasizing that "elementary particles are not points." Then reflect on: "Once a theory can be developed in a rigorous mathematical form and achieves some success, the significance of the approximation adopted at the beginning is often forgotten, and it is blinded by an illusion, as if the object of study itself is a mathematical point." Can the elementary particles of physics be regarded as points in mathematics? A layman thinks: When what the eyes want to see is the location or trajectory rather than the internal structure, it might be better to regard the external object as a point, whether it is as small as an electron or as large as a celestial body. In fact, this has always been the case in scientific research. made. However, just as Sakata sounded the alarm to scientists: Researchers should not forget that mathematical points are abstract concepts in the mind and are things that do not exist in nature. However, the basic particles that are the object of physics are the actual existence of nature and are Things that cannot be abstracted into concepts, physics and mathematics are two different worlds of materialism and idealism. Point problems involve the abstract nature of mathematics, and cutting-edge physics has no conclusive answer except a Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory. The biggest difficulty in this problem lies in the dialectical relationship between physics and mathematics, and in the epistemology that Chairman Mao said has not been clearly explained by everyone. Based on the epistemology of materialism, Sakata proposed a new view of elementary particles, which regards "elementary particles as one of the infinite levels of qualitative differences that constitute nature" (note: the word "infinite" is the key). Taking Lenin's admirable famous saying: "Electrons (like atoms) are inexhaustible" take a step forward: "Neuttrinos are also inexhaustible." At this time, laymen who don't know what neutrinos are are interested and take a step back: "Matter is inexhaustible." The three sentences are exactly the same when viewed from a distance. The concept of "inexhaustible" has been around for a long time. "Conversation on Sakata's Articles" mentions an ancient Chinese debate topic: "If you take half of a one-foot stick every day, it will be inexhaustible for eternity." This phrase comes from the book "Zhuangzi", but it is not said by Zhuang Zhou himself, but the sophistry of a group of pre-Qin debaters who "decorated people's hearts and changed their minds. They can win with people's words but cannot convince people's hearts." The ancients (such as Zhuang Zhou) marveled at the inexhaustible and inexhaustible oral conversation throughout the ages, but modern people no longer find it strange. The concept of infinity has long been unimpeded in the field of abstract pure mathematics. The relationship between concepts in cognition and phenomena in perception is subtle. Can the concept of "infinite" (or "inexhaustible") in mathematics be applied to physics to explain the phenomena of nature? Or is it the same as point, which can only be temporarily and one-sidedly used as the premise assumption of individual theories when conditions permit? When we observe things in the outside world, some are big, some are small, some are smaller, and some are smaller than smaller, but we do not observe infinite smaller ones. Our observations have been made once, twice, many times, more times, never infinitely. The metaphor of a stick with a foot that is difficult to pass through is a metaphor for infinity in the mathematical world, not the infinity in the physical world. Nature, the phenomena observed by people, are new and new every day, and they feel infinite. Therefore, ordinary people, not only in the field of physics, subconsciously accept the concept of infinity, and unconsciously attribute this concept to existing objects, treating it as inherent in external objects. nature. But as long as you reflect on it, you will know that endless feelings are one thing, and whether physicists can endlessly find "things" (or "existences") with particle characteristics is another thing. Are the unfinished prospects that have yet to come in the real world something we could have anticipated? The application of mathematical concepts to physics is subject to conditions and limitations. Sakata knew this very well, so he asserted that "elementary particles are not points." Don't think that they cannot be subdivided. Assuming that it can be divided again and continues to be divided, will it never end? We don’t know and dare not say. However, considering the common mathematical abstraction of "infinity" and "point", "elementary particles may not be infinitely divisible" is a more cautious guess, following the reflection of "point": "Once a theory can be developed in rigorous mathematical form and achieves some success, the significance of the approximation adopted at the beginning is often forgotten, and it is blinded by an illusion, as if the object of study itself is the infinity of mathematics." A Danish physicist in the last century, Niels Bohr, who gave the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, was perceptual and rational, both micro and macro, and had rich experience in studying nature. He has a strong epistemological awareness. According to him: What is the task of physics? If you answered "Discover the truth of nature", you would be wrong. The task of physics is not to explore the nature of the universe, but to provide an explanation for the natural phenomena we observe. According to another listener's recollection, Bohr also said: "The purpose of describing nature is not to reveal the true nature of phenomena, but to find out as much as possible the relationship between various aspects of our experience." (Sakata, "Dialogue on New Elementary Particle Views" p. 48) This kind of statement actually "excludes objective existence that does not depend on subjectivity from science" and is inconsistent with the basic principles of materialism. Sakata called it "Copenhagen fog." (3) "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" written by Lenin The book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (hereinafter referred to as Lenin's book) is familiar to you. This book is really a grand view of epistemology. Lenin took the trouble to quote various theories, which were diverse and unbelievable, each one more bizarre than the last. Chairman Mao commented: "We only made clear the materialism, but did not fully explain the theory of knowledge." People ask: What exactly is epistemology about? How can I speak clearly? The previous section talked about its impact on physics, this section examines its possible connections with political science. When talking about philosophy, Engels first distinguished two mutually incompatible doctrines: "materialism" or "idealism." Some people like to use these two words in daily conversation, which means seeking truth from facts or empty talk. However, materialism and idealism in philosophy are the abbreviations of "materialist epistemology" and "idealist epistemology", and they talk about epistemology that people do not take seriously. So, what do epistemological materialism and idealism mean? How to define? Chapter 3 of Lenin's book is devoted to one element of knowledge—experience, and quoted someone else's words: “Experience is only an object of study, not a means of knowledge” (Lenin's book p. 143). It is not easy to understand what he said, and he does not know whether it is materialism or idealism. Lenin also felt that the meaning was not very clear and could easily lead to misunderstanding, so he added a note for readers: Maybe... it is not the "object of study"... but "not the object of study"... An object of knowledge whose existence depends on knowledge” (Lenin p. 145). This note is easy to understand: materialism advocates that "the object of cognition exists independent of cognition," while idealism, on the contrary, advocates that "the object of cognition exists dependent on cognition." Existence that "does not depend on knowledge" is commonly known as objective existence, and is the consistent standard for judging right and wrong in materialist science. There are many forms of idealistic ontology that "depend on knowledge", and the subjective and objective views are vague, depending on the theorist's personal beliefs. An example is as follows: "We may well ask: What causes us to believe in the existence of bodies? But it is in vain to ask: Are there bodies at all? That is what we must assume in all our reasonings." (Quoted from Hume's " "A Theory of Human Nature", Volume 1, Chapter 4, Section 2 "On Skepticism in Senses") Such claims are the source of empirio-criticism and Machism that Lenin's book targets. In his book, Lenin selected two major issues in epistemology - things in themselves and causality - as the battlefields for the debate between materialism and idealism. Topic 1: The starting point of epistemology—things in themselves Thing in Itself, Objects in Themselves, initially had no deep meaning and can be understood literally: "matter outside experience, outside our knowledge" (Lenin p. 9), or " Things exist outside of us independent of our consciousness or our feelings” (Lenin p. 92). For example, the clear moon at night, I look at it, it is there, but I don’t look at it, it is still there. It was there before and after I was born. Before there were humans on the earth, it was already there. Of course, the moon is a thing in itself. In the 18th century, in addition to the materialism that "external things themselves are not in people's knowledge and exist independently of people", the idealist agnostic Immanuel Kant added another content: things in themselves and the human heart. There is an unbridgeable gap between them that cannot be known. His reason is translated in the language of Lenin's note mentioned above: Since the object of idealism's cognition depends on cognition for its existence, then things in themselves that do not depend on cognition are not objects of cognition in the eyes of idealists and are not the subject of cognition. It's within reach, so it's unknowable. The complexity of the problem does not end there. In addition to the above two arguments, there is a third argument: David Hume does not recognize things in themselves and does not admit that things are the objective existence of nature. "Engels said bluntly that he opposed both Hume and Kant. But Hume did not talk about 'unknowable things in themselves' at all... He believed that the idea of things in themselves is philosophically unacceptable..." (Lenin's book p.91) Why is it not allowed? "See Hume's discussion in the chapter on skeptical philosophy (Chapter 12) of Inquiries into Human Reason: ‘People are driven by natural instincts or biases and like to trust their feelings. We always imagine, without any reasoning, even before the use of reason, that there is an external universe that does not depend on our perceptions and even inIt will exist even when we and all other sentient creatures cease to exist or are eliminated. This can be said to be obvious. Even animals are governed by a similar view, and retain this belief in external objects in all their intentions, plans, and actions... 'But this first universal opinion of all men was soon destroyed by the most superficial philosophy. This philosophy teaches us that nothing can be present in our minds except images or perceptions. The senses are merely the inlets through which these images enter; they cannot establish any direct relation between the mind and the object. The farther away we are from the table, the smaller the table we see seems to be. However, the real table, which exists independently of us, has not changed. Therefore, what appears to us is just an image of the table. These are clearly rational instructions. No sensible person can ever doubt that the existences to which we refer when we speak of this table and this tree are nothing more than perceptions in our minds... 'By what argument can it be proved that the perceptions in our minds must be evoked by external objects which, though similar (if this is possible) are quite different from these perceptions, rather than by any faculty of the mind itself, or by some Is it the action of an invisible and unknown spirit, or is it produced by some other cause still less known to us? ... How can this problem be solved? Of course, like all other similar problems, it will be settled by experience. However, experience is silent here, and it cannot help but be silent. We never have anything but perceptions in our minds, and in any case we never gain any experience of the relationship between perceptions and objects. Therefore, there is no logical basis for imagining such a relationship...' . ” (Book of Lenin p.20) The above three paragraphs first describe how people firmly believe in the existence of external objects, then claim that the existing objects that people firmly believe are only the shadows of objects rather than the reality of objects, and finally support them with the essential element of knowledge that no one dares to ignore - experience. argument. Why did Hume say this? Again, translated into the language of Lenin's Note: The objects of knowledge, all things in the universe, dependence or not, existence or non-existence, are all outside of knowledge. Not only cannot they be recognized, they cannot even be perceived. There are only reflections in perception, no reflections. reflected existence. Things cannot be talked about, existence cannot be said, and freedom cannot be said. Therefore, it is not allowed. Topic 2: The end point of epistemology—causality Section 3 of Chapter 3 of Lenin's book discusses “causality and inevitability in nature” and lays out the materialist stance: "Engels did not allow the slightest doubt about the existence of objective regularity, causality and necessity in nature." (Lenin p. 148) Causality is regarded by materialism as an attribute of nature, while idealistic empiricism regards it as the nature of human cognition. (Note: A common word is "the law of cause and effect" - everything has a reason for its occurrence, if there is a cause, there must be an effect, if there is an effect, there must be a cause, etc.) Hume's "Treatise of Human Nature" has this to say about the nature of human understanding and intelligence. One said: "Necessary connections rely on inferences, rather than inferences relying on necessary connections." According to him, the objective regularity, causality, and inevitability of nature do not exist at all. The so-called causality is "subjective necessity, that is, habituality, which is regarded as an objective necessity derived from observation." Hume believes that sensory experience does not tell us any (causal) necessary connection between things. "Except for logical necessity, any other necessity, such as physical necessity, does not exist." Lenin reminded everyone: This is exactly a view that Feuerbach firmly opposed. (Book of Lenin p.151) Ludwig Feuerbach argued: "Nature can be understood only through nature itself. The necessities of nature are not human or logical necessities, nor metaphysical or mathematical necessities. Nature is the only existence to which no human measure can be applied. .. "What does this mean? Do I mean that there is no order in nature, for example, autumn comes and summer comes...? Do I mean that there is no purpose in nature, for example, between the lungs and the air? ...without any adaptation? Am I trying to say that there are no patterns in nature, for example, the earth sometimes moves in an ellipse...? Nothing in this passage says that anything real in nature has anything to do with order, purpose, The words "law" are inconsistent with concepts. This passage only denies that thought and existence are identical, and denies that order, etc. exist in nature just as it exists in the human mind or sense. Order, purpose, laws...these Words are not without meaning or without objective content..." (Lenin pp.146-147) Ernst Mach actually agreed with Hume's answer: In nature, there are neither causes nor effects. "I have said more than once that all forms of the law of cause and effect arise from subjective intentions. It is not necessary for nature to adapt to these forms." (Lenin pp. 151-152) Karl Pearson echoed: Man is the creator of the laws of nature. "The statement that man gives laws to nature is much more meaningful than the opposite statement that nature gives laws to man. "Necessity belongs to the world of concepts, not to the world of perceptions. ... In the uniformity of the repetition of a certain series of perceptions, that is, in the routines of perceptions, there is no inner necessity. But the existence of routines of perception is the existence of the thinker necessary condition. Therefore, necessity is contained in the nature of the thinker and not in the perception itself. Necessity is the product of the cognitive faculty." (Lenin pp. 153-154) Lenin's General Comment: Feuerbach recognized the objective regularity of nature and recognized the objective causality that is only approximately correctly reflected by human concepts of order, laws, etc. ...Feuerbach's point of view is a thoroughly materialist point of view. (Book of Lenin p.148) The two conceptual terms "thing-in-itself" and "causality" follow Lenin's ideas and are roughly introduced as above from the two directions of materialism and idealism. There is a reason why this article marks them as the beginning and end of epistemology. To put it simply, epistemology is about human cognition, examining the ins and outs of human cognition, how the primitive state without concepts transitioned to the current situation with language, exploring the starting point of cognition, and finding the thing in itself. As for causality, the inevitable or inevitable connection between cause and effect, the judgment of cause and effect, the output of induction, the finished product of knowledge, and the ultimate expression form of scientific theory are exactly the destination of knowledge. How do conflicts in understanding arise? After the introduction to materialism, we return to the theory of contradiction. As mentioned above, the contradiction of things and the law of contradiction of knowledge are very different. The former allows contradictions and the latter does not allow contradictions. The former is knowledge with specific content, while the latter is an epistemology without specific content. Epistemology only discusses the general characteristics of knowledge, regardless of the correctness or error of individual arguments, and only discusses the general process and state of cognitive behavior, regardless of the usefulness of the results obtained from cognitive behavior. With the development of science to this day, our understanding of nature is endless, and our understanding of human society is everywhere, filling the streets. However, we know very little about human understanding and behavior itself. What we know is Logic is one. Logic does not tolerate contradictions. This rule is generally called the law of contradiction (the correct name is "the law of non-contradiction"): if we have knowledge of any thing, our understanding of it may be (be) today and not (not be) tomorrow. But never in the moment of recognizing that it is, and at the same time recognizing that it is not, not today and not tomorrow. Having said that, our cognitive behavior that obeys the law of contradiction will actually produce contradictions. A single cognition is not contradictory, but multiple cognitions cannot be inconsistent with each other. Rational understanding is not influenced by emotion, nor is it a momentary negligence. How did the contradiction arise? The answer is: caused by induction! What is induction? How did the conflict arise? The word "summary" can be used freely. Some people like to say "let us summarize" when "summary" should be used, but this will not cause much misunderstanding. Summary can be replaced by induction, but induction cannot be replaced by summary. Induction has a specific and precise meaning that cannot be expressed in other words: once, twice and many times, it is true every time, it is never not true, so it must (please note: not probability) always be true. The meaning of the word "induction" is nothing more than this, nothing else! What is the importance of induction? Without induction, there is no understanding! One of the key points in Lenin's book, "causality" - what idealism calls habituality - is the external manifestation of induction. All human understanding of the objective world comes from induction. All causal connections known to people have been summarized. This natural, simple, reliable and practical method is an essential means for human survival. From ancient times to the present, from childhood to old, at any time, it has been relied on to embody the wisdom of life. Reader, if you have any doubts in your heart: can you deduce the inevitable based on many experiences? I’m afraid I can’t push it out! By the way, past experience cannot predict the future! However, human knowledge, especially scientific knowledge, without exception, is all based on the past and the future. What cannot be deduced is forced to be deduced. This is the reason for the contradiction in understanding. Two possibilities (possibly so or such as that) do not conflict, but two necessity (necessarily so, necessarily such as that) do conflict. Induction not only deduces a law that should not be deduced, but also deduces another law that should not be deduced. This is how Kant's so-called antinomy comes from. Interestingly, induction (or inductive method) often wants to enter the category of logic and calls itself "inductive logic", but logic in a strict sense only includes deduction (Deduction) and does not include induction. There is no induction method at all in the deductive world of mathematics. There is only "Mathematical Induction" which is deductive rather than inductive. Mathematics is a pure application of logic. Some people would rather say that it is a language (or reasoning tool) rather than a kind of knowledge. This is beside the point. Lenin did not fully explain epistemology Philosophy has never been conclusive, and epistemology cannot be explained clearly. Kant thought he had made it clear, but Lenin disagreed. Lenin thought he had made it clear, but Chairman Mao disagreed. Materialism talks about it, but idealism disagrees. The more idealism talks about it, the more materialism disagrees. This article retells the various explanations piecemeal, both profound and superficial, but in the end it is Chairman Mao's words: None of them were explained clearly! incomplete. What must be filled in is at least the following. Lenin wrote "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism". Before entering the main text, as an introduction to the book, he first introduces to readers: how some "Marxists" refuted materialism in 1908 and some idealists in 1710. ism. One of the paragraphs contains a vivid sketch of people's understanding: “Everyone who observes the objects of human cognition sees clearly that these objects are either ideas truly perceived by the senses, or ideas obtained by observing the emotions and operations of the human heart, or formed with the help of memory and imagination. The idea of... With sight, I get the idea of light and color, their intensity. With touch, I feel softness and hardness, hot and cold, movement and resistance... Smell allows me to smell smells , taste makes me taste, hearing makes me hear sounds... People observe that various concepts are combined with each other, so they use a name to label them and think that they are a certain thing. For example, people observe To get together a certain color, taste, smell, shape, and hardness, it is recognized as a single object and marked with the word apple; other collections of ideas constitute a stone. , trees, books and other perceptual objects...". (Book of Lenin p.10) This description is not Lenin's own materialist epistemology, which he did not fully explain clearly, but the epistemology described in the 1710 “Principles of Human Knowledge” by the idealist George Berkeley whom he opposed. ========================== "Chairman Mao's 130th Birthday Commemorative Album"
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