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多少人知道现代议会的鼻祖及其肇始者? 2015-01-22 02:20:58

多少人知道现代议会的鼻祖及其肇始者?

http://www.creaders.net  2015-01-22 00:50:34  万维读者网 


万维读者网记者江夏编译报道:《BBC》新闻杂志网站日前发表文章说,今年6月,世界将庆祝《大宪章》签署800周年。但今年也是另一个可能更重要的日子,英国民主史上的里程碑——威斯敏斯特非常国会召开750周年。当年英格兰每个郡和主要自治城镇首次获邀选出代表,出席被史家称作“英国国会下议院萌芽”的非常国会。由于在1265年1月首次召开,因此又被称为“一月国会”。这是英国民主史上最辉煌的事件。国会代表由每个郡两名骑士,每个自治市镇两名自由市民组成。这种形式后来一直沿用到20世纪,为现代选区打下了基础。

然而“一月国会”的重要性,在学术圈里却鲜为人知。部分原因可能是,这一朝向代议制统治发展的重要步骤,被1215年问世的《大宪章》的光芒遮掩而失色。但正是1265年的非常国会,在构建英国民主政治的进程上,从《大宪章》迈出了一大步。《大宪章》是首部成文宪法,但主要是为贵族写就的宪章。在1215年《大宪章》问世,到1265年邀请百姓代表出席“一月国会”之前的五十年中,类似于国会下院的东西连影子都没有。虽然1265年之前,所谓国会已然存在,但那只不过是国王及其经挑选的顾问的传统贵族精英会议。1254年也曾召集骑士出席国会,但仅为讨论税收问题。

“一月国会”代表郡县和自治城市,议事范围广泛得多,不仅仅只讨论税务。所以“一月国会”的召开,是英国政治发展上划时代的事件。这一激进改革,是理想主义、实用主义和野心驱动的一场典型中世纪革命和叛乱。大约从1250年开始,受够了英王亨利三世暴虐统治的贵族,在莱斯特伯爵西蒙·德孟弗尔(Simon de Montfort)领导下,起兵反对亨利三世。1264年5月,德孟弗尔在刘易斯战役击败并俘虏了亨利三世及其继承人,后来的爱德华一世,夺取了国家控制权。他作为寻求国家重大改革的政治集团的领袖,召开了“一月国会”。

但多数贵族并不支持德孟弗尔,他缺乏国家有效统治者的权威,必须尽可能争取社会各界广泛的支持。非世袭贵族的骑士和自治市民有助于制衡贵族,将改革意识带回各自的社区,形成支持德孟弗尔政权的社会基础。德孟弗尔的动机不仅为了掌握权力,也有意识形态因素。他受到教士很大的影响,他们期望他成为关心穷人的伟人,为广大社会谋福利的统治者。他在1259年的遗嘱中承认,曾经压迫过自己领地上的农民。“一月国会”重申了德孟弗尔在刘易斯战役胜利后草拟的宪法,他也企图攫取更大权力。但他的重要盟友格罗斯特伯爵投向王党阵营,德孟弗尔的短命统治开始终结。1265年8月,他在和反对势力交锋的伊夫夏姆战役中阵亡。

不论德孟弗尔的动机如何,他召开非常的“一月国会”,为自己在全球赢得了民主支持者的声誉。他的改革与后来美国革命时“无代表,不纳税”的口号遥相呼应。拿破仑称他是“最伟大的英国人之一”。德孟弗尔还赢得了“下院之父”的绰号。维多利亚时期的学者称赞说,“代议统治的理念经他之手而臻于成熟”。总之,他的“一月国会”为后世树立了楷模。

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作者:安好中国癌症信息网 留言时间:2015-01-22 07:45:53
英国没有成文的宪法。以下来自英国独立报2008的评述:

Why don't we have a written constitution?

Essentially because the country has been too stable for too long. The governing elites of many European nations, such as France and Germany, have been forced to draw up constitutions in response to popular revolt or war.

Great Britain, by contrast, remained free of the revolutionary fervour that swept much of the Continent in the 19th century. As a result, this country's democracy has been reformed incrementally over centuries rather than in one big bang. For younger countries, including the United States and Australia, codification of their citizens' rights and political systems was an essential step towards independence. Ironically, several based their written constitutions on Britain's unwritten version.

What do our rights depend upon?

Britain's constitution has developed in haphazard fashion, building on common law, case law, historical documents, Acts of Parliament and European legislation. It is not set out clearly in any one document. Mr Straw said yesterday: "The constitution of the United Kingdom exists in hearts and minds and habits as much as it does in law."

Nor is there a single statement of citizens' rights and freedom. As the Justice Secretary put it: "Most people might struggle to put their finger on where their rights are."

What about the Magna Carta?

When the barons forced King John in 1215 to sign the Magna Carta, it was an event that would reverberate through constitutional law eight centuries later.

The landowners were driven by a desire to protect their own interests rather than those of the people. But the resulting document, which has no legal force today in this country, was a key inspiration for the architects of the US constitution.

It has had huge symbolic value in the development of Western-style democracy in that it limited state powers and protected some citizens' rights. Its key principles, including the right to a fair trial by one's peers and protection from unlawful imprisonment, have underpinned common law.

What other constitutional landmarks have there been?

The Bill of Rights of 1689, which followed the accession of William and Mary to the throne after the "glorious revolution" bolstered the powers of parliament and, by extension, the rights of the sovereign's subjects. They included freedom from taxes imposed by the monarch and from being called up in peace-time to serve in the army without Parliament's permission.

The Great Reform Act of 1832, which vastly increased the number of adult males entitled to vote in elections, is widely seen as the starting-point for establishing the sovereignty of citizens over parliament. It set in train the process that led to the Representation of the People's Act of 1928, which gave all men and women over the age of 21 the right to vote.

Then there was Britain's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973, which brought the country for the first time under a degree of international judicial control.

Ten years ago Britain came closer than before to codifying individuals' rights when the Human Rights Act enshrined the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.

What are the advantages of awritten constitution?

It has become almost a truism that British politics, beset by cynicism about politicians and undermined by falling turn-outs at general elections, is in crisis.

Supporters argue that producing such a document could tackle such disillusionment, at the same time as setting new, clear limits on the power of the executive. The Liberal Democrats have called for the public to be involved in drawing up the constitution. They say: "This would reform and reinvigorate the democratic process, putting individuals back in control instead of the wealthy, large businesses and the unions."

《大宪章》不是宪法,它是一个书面文件保护农场主的利益。但它确实是西方民主建立的基石。
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