Today freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.[7] Based on John Milton's arguments, freedom of speech is understood as a multi-faceted right that includes not only the right to express, or disseminate, information and ideas, but three further distinct aspects: the right to seek information and ideas; the right to receive information and ideas; the right to impart information and ideas.[7] 今天，言論自由或表達自由被公認為國際或地區人權法。這一權利被載入《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》的第19條；《歐洲人權公約》第10條；《美國人權公約》第10條和《非洲的人權與民族權利憲章》第7條。根據約翰密爾頓的論點，言論自由被理解成多面體的權利，不僅包括表達，或傳播，信息和思想的權利，還包括另外三個明顯特徵： 尋求信息和思想的權利； 接受信息和思想的權利； 傳播信息和思想的權利； International, regional and national standards also recognize that freedom of speech, as the freedom of expression, includes any medium, be it orally, in written, in print, through the Internet or through art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression.[7] 國際，地區和國家標準也將言論自由認可為表述自由，包括任何形式的通過互聯網或藝術形式的語言，書面和出版物。這意味着，將言論自由作為一種權利保護不僅包括其內容，還包括表述的方法。 Relationship to other rights 與其他權利的關係 The right to freedom of speech and expression is closely related to other rights, and may be limited when conflicting with other rights (see Limitations on freedom of speech).[7] The right to freedom of expression is also related to the right to a fair trial and court proceeding which may limit access to the search for information or determine the opportunity and means in which freedom of expression is manifested within court proceedings.[8] As a general principle freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor and reputation of others. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved.[8] The right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all.[7] However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech. Judith Lichtenberg has outlined conditions in which freedom of the press may constrain freedom of speech, for example where the media suppresses information or stifles the diversity of voices inherent in freedom of speech. Lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle "no money, no voice".[9] 言論自由和自由表述權利與其他權利緊密相關，但當與其他權利相衝突時，也可能受限制（見言論自由的限制）。自由表述權也與法院的公正判決權和訴訟過稱有關，訴訟過稱有可能限制尋求信息的權利，或確定機會和方法，從中顯現表述自由。作為一般原則，表述自由有可能不限制隱私權，以及其他人的榮譽或名聲。然而，當批評涉及公眾人物時，這種限制的尺度將放寬。對媒體而言自由表述權尤為重要，因其扮演了一般自由表述權的特殊載體角色。然而，新聞出版自由不一定能確保言論自語，Judith Lichtenberg概述了新聞出版自由可能限制言論自由的條件，如，當媒體壓制信息或扼殺言論自由的多樣性言論時。Lichtenberg認為, 新聞出版自由是一個簡單形式的財產權，可用“沒錢就沒有發言權” 的原則來概括。（待續） |
