Today freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.[7] Based on John Milton's arguments, freedom of speech is understood as a multi-faceted right that includes not only the right to express, or disseminate, information and ideas, but three further distinct aspects: the right to seek information and ideas; the right to receive information and ideas; the right to impart information and ideas.[7] 今天，言论自由或表达自由被公认为国际或地区人权法。这一权利被载入《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的第19条；《欧洲人权公约》第10条；《美国人权公约》第10条和《非洲的人权与民族权利宪章》第7条。根据约翰密尔顿的论点，言论自由被理解成多面体的权利，不仅包括表达，或传播，信息和思想的权利，还包括另外三个明显特征： 寻求信息和思想的权利； 接受信息和思想的权利； 传播信息和思想的权利； International, regional and national standards also recognize that freedom of speech, as the freedom of expression, includes any medium, be it orally, in written, in print, through the Internet or through art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression.[7] 国际，地区和国家标准也将言论自由认可为表述自由，包括任何形式的通过互联网或艺术形式的语言，书面和出版物。这意味着，将言论自由作为一种权利保护不仅包括其内容，还包括表述的方法。 Relationship to other rights 与其他权利的关系 The right to freedom of speech and expression is closely related to other rights, and may be limited when conflicting with other rights (see Limitations on freedom of speech).[7] The right to freedom of expression is also related to the right to a fair trial and court proceeding which may limit access to the search for information or determine the opportunity and means in which freedom of expression is manifested within court proceedings.[8] As a general principle freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor and reputation of others. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved.[8] The right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all.[7] However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech. Judith Lichtenberg has outlined conditions in which freedom of the press may constrain freedom of speech, for example where the media suppresses information or stifles the diversity of voices inherent in freedom of speech. Lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle "no money, no voice".[9] 言论自由和自由表述权利与其他权利紧密相关，但当与其他权利相冲突时，也可能受限制（见言论自由的限制）。自由表述权也与法院的公正判决权和诉讼过称有关，诉讼过称有可能限制寻求信息的权利，或确定机会和方法，从中显现表述自由。作为一般原则，表述自由有可能不限制隐私权，以及其他人的荣誉或名声。然而，当批评涉及公众人物时，这种限制的尺度将放宽。对媒体而言自由表述权尤为重要，因其扮演了一般自由表述权的特殊载体角色。然而，新闻出版自由不一定能确保言论自语，Judith Lichtenberg概述了新闻出版自由可能限制言论自由的条件，如，当媒体压制信息或扼杀言论自由的多样性言论时。Lichtenberg认为, 新闻出版自由是一个简单形式的财产权，可用“没钱就没有发言权” 的原则来概括。（待续） |
