中美教育的比较 润涛阎 10-8-09 说起美国的中小学教育,很多从中国移民来的华人都是以不以为然的态度来看待的,尤其是数学,觉得中国的初中生学的数学比美国高中的还深。说起大学来,观点的差异就更大了。关于教育方面的文章,润涛阎写的不多,有 《 存活 生存 与生活 --- 如何教育孩子》、《从培养诺贝尔奖得主角度看美国大学的排名》,今天再来谈谈中美教育的特点。 首先,美国的大学以及研究生院培养出来的最聪明的人才去了哪里。这个问题如果不搞清楚,其它的就免谈了。之所以大家对美国的教育褒贬不一,其根本的冲突在于对这个核心问题的把握。 现代工业的摇篮是英国,因为早先英国的自然科学遥遥领先,而那时的英国科学家们都是些聪明透顶的顶尖人才。这个趋势也被英国移民带到了美国,美国资源丰富,加上科学的发达,致使美国取代了英国,成为科学大国的同时也成为世界霸主。 随着美国从实体经济向虚拟经济转移,美国的顶尖人才不再从事于自然科学里的工程、数理化这些工资收入比较低的领域,而是收入高的金融业、律师、医生等行业。 如果按照英国的路子来看,一旦科学不再吸引顶尖人才,制造业就会萎缩。而与基础科学有关的诺贝尔奖就会减少。但在润涛阎的旧作里看到的数据表明,美国的诺贝尔奖人数依然是最多的。拿今年的三大自然科学奖来说,基本上都是在美国的科学家获得的。但仔细追查便发现,其中不少是第一代移民。医学奖的三个中有两个是第一代移民。物理学奖中还有一位上海人。 看到这里您就明白了,美国教育的战略方针已经转移到让第一代移民去从事自然科学研究等不赚钱的领域,而让美国出生的顶尖人才去当官去经商去赚大钱。由于第一代移民因为语言的问题以及生活习惯适应甚至“打不进圈子”等缘故不得不从事科学研究或当工程师。 有了这个战略了,那美国中小学的教育就要跟这个战略部署相适应。顶尖大学招生的时候,学生当没当学生会头头,要比数学考没考满分重要得多。因为顶尖大学培养的是将来或有权(政府以及公司的头头)或有钱(金融家、律师、医生)的人才,而非中产阶级被领导的干实事的人才。因为这后者可以靠外国大量的移民来补充。 下面说说中国的情况。 中国与美国在人才需求上还有差别。中国经济的高速发展,说起来就是西方的工业技术加上中国农民工廉价劳动力拼命的结果。这跟英美当年发展的路子不同。中国需要的主要是科学技术人才,这也是胡锦涛提出的科学发展观的理论基础。当然胡锦涛的科学发展观里的科学不是指自然科学,而是说发展要平衡,要合理。但细看中国三十年的路程,跟毛泽东时代最大的差别就是领导层的科学技术人员比例。江泽民胡锦涛时代,几乎所有的各层领导都是理科毕业生。江泽民李鹏朱镕基胡锦涛温家宝等等等等,从上到下数都数不清。这些理科生脑子里只有发展的数字,对于社会公平等很难注重。这是中国发展快,但属于畸形社会的根源。以润涛阎这一大胆假设为前提,让我们看看证据。全世界的历史上你找不到一个国家,从上到下的领导人统统都是理科毕业生。这也是全世界可能找不到连续高速发展 30 年而生活不公平到达极限的国家。 如果中国不改变这个模式,社会管理按照理工科的发展快就好的思维继续下去,社会的公平和法治的建立是很难的。更可怕的是,这些彻底的唯物主义者是无所畏惧的。 中国这样的现状,大家当然把学生的数理化学得好不好看成是学校是不是好学校的标准。学生有没有法律意识,有没有人文科学常识看得非常轻。中国学生的生活单调到了只有两项内容作为人生的终极目标:一是掌握生存的技能,二是解决性的需求。前者是获得金钱的钥匙,后者是满足性欲的途径。后者依靠前者,所以,掌握了生活技能就可以飞黄腾达了。 从清朝打开国门那一天起,就定下了“西学为用”的基调,慈禧说得清楚就是培养高级奴才。后来胡适说不能培养奴才,因为靠奴才是不能强国的。但今天的情况看,奴才也能强国,如果说现在中国已经是强国了的话。但赶上美国后,中国能否继续往前走而在科学技术上领先世界,我们还不知道。润涛阎不看好这一点。 有了生活技能,不仅仅可以在国内当人上人,不顺心的话也可以到美国等海外讨生活。而这一点,被美国利用的天衣无缝。当真是周瑜打黄盖愿打愿挨。 然而,除了那些海龟外,留在美国的第一代移民,很快就发现自己比美国人能干也照样得不到人上人的地位。也就必然对中国的教育痛恨不已,以为是中国的教育把自己给引向歧途了。所以,第一代移民,不论是哪国人,大都不让自己的孩子学工程或当科学家,而是爬入藤校 --- 简称“爬藤”(这个词不是润涛阎创造的,而是从网上看到的。)。那些爬藤成功的孩子的父母就大书特书美国中小学教育的优点,大批特批中国中小学教育的缺点。端不考虑中国与美国市场需求的不同,以及生活发展所处的位置不同。 润涛阎的观点并不是说,美国的大学都是为了培养挣大钱的或掌大权的人才。事实上,美国的教育是最开放的,各种人才都能基本上按比例培养出来。我所说的是一流大学与中国的名牌大学之间的差别。美国有很多技校性质的专科学校,那些学校培养出来大量的汽车修理工、各类建筑技术工人。而这类学校跟第一代移民没什么关系,甚至跟第一代移民的子女关系都不大,因为第一代移民对孩子的教育非常重视,孩子们很少有去这类学校读书的。 要知道,中国的一流学校,比如清华、交大、科技大,除了外语政治等课程外,其它的跟美国这类学校非常类似,培养出来的人才去向也很类似。当然,出国留学和当政的那些除外。我这里说的是指国家在培养人才方面的用意。家长很多也是指望孩子毕业后有碗饭吃,学点技术似乎就有了铁饭碗, 那么,为何中国大学的科学研究水平依然很低呢?其实,根本原因还是传统文化的束缚。我们的传统文化不容忍逆向思维,不容忍个体自由,否则党不好管理。目前来说,言论自由还没有做到,统一思想,按照党支书的指示办事。 下面是今年英国 Times 给出的全世界大学排名。这个排名每年都有。今年( 2009 )进入 200 名的美国大学有 50 所。我把这 50 所单独列在后边。前边的是从英国网站搬过来的,后面的就是把其它国家的学校删除。中国的清华大学名列第 49 位,是唯一进入前 50 名的大学。其实,这种排名所根据的那些指标到底是不是公平,很难定论。但作为参考,每年用相同的标准,可以看出不同年份的变化。比如,美国进入 200 名的大学总数 2009 年就比 2008 年少,而亚洲和欧洲就增加了几所。这会不会成为一种趋势,目前还不知道。等 10 年后就可看出端倪。 润涛阎,写于 2009 年 10 月 8 日 下面看列表。 Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2009 | Top 200 world universities | 2009 | 2008 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | Harvard University | US | 100 | 100 | 98 | 100 | 85 | 78 | 100.0 | 2 | 3 | University of Cambridge | UK | 100 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 98 | 96 | 99.6 | 3 | 2 | Yale University | US | 100 | 99 | 100 | 94 | 85 | 77 | 99.1 | 4 | 7 | University College London | UK | 98 | 99 | 100 | 90 | 96 | 99 | 99.0 | 5= | 6 | Imperial College London | UK | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 98 | 100 | 97.8 | 5= | 4 | University of Oxford | UK | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 96 | 97 | 97.8 | 7 | 8 | University of Chicago | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 88 | 77 | 83 | 96.8 | 8 | 12 | Princeton University | US | 100 | 96 | 82 | 100 | 89 | 81 | 96.6 | 9 | 9 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | US | 100 | 100 | 89 | 100 | 31 | 95 | 96.1 | 10 | 5 | California Institute of Technology | US | 99 | 72 | 87 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 95.9 | 11 | 10 | Columbia University | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 92 | 28 | 89 | 95.6 | 12 | 11 | University of Pennsylvania | US | 96 | 99 | 85 | 98 | 82 | 60 | 94.2 | 13 | 13= | Johns Hopkins University | US | 98 | 79 | 100 | 99 | 28 | 71 | 94.1 | 14 | 13= | Duke University | US | 95 | 97 | 100 | 93 | 29 | 62 | 92.9 | 15 | 15 | Cornell University | US | 100 | 99 | 85 | 94 | 28 | 73 | 92.5 | 16 | 17 | Stanford University | US | 100 | 100 | 71 | 100 | 25 | 96 | 92.2 | 17 | 16 | Australian National University | Australia | 100 | 91 | 75 | 74 | 99 | 92 | 90.5 | 18 | 20 | McGill University | Canada | 100 | 97 | 92 | 61 | 67 | 95 | 90.4 | 19 | 18 | University of Michigan | US | 99 | 99 | 85 | 81 | 57 | 52 | 89.9 | 20= | 23 | University of Edinburgh | UK | 97 | 99 | 84 | 65 | 93 | 86 | 89.3 | 20= | 24 | ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) | Switzerland | 97 | 80 | 55 | 99 | 100 | 94 | 89.3 | 22 | 19 | University of Tokyo | Japan | 100 | 97 | 98 | 70 | 28 | 42 | 88.9 | 23 | 22 | King’s College London | UK | 91 | 98 | 90 | 67 | 92 | 88 | 88.4 | 24 | 26 | University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 96 | 89 | 87 | 56 | 100 | 95 | 87.5 | 25 | 25 | Kyoto University | Japan | 100 | 93 | 81 | 85 | 32 | 26 | 87.1 | 26 | 29 | University of Manchester | UK | 94 | 100 | 79 | 58 | 90 | 87 | 85.7 | 27 | 21 | Carnegie Mellon University | US | 94 | 93 | 56 | 88 | 62 | 96 | 85.6 | 28 | 28 | Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris | France | 94 | 87 | 100 | 53 | 76 | 61 | 85.4 | 29 | 41 | University of Toronto | Canada | 100 | 96 | 63 | 74 | 82 | 51 | 85.3 | 30 | 30= | National University of Singapore | Singapore | 100 | 96 | 40 | 75 | 100 | 100 | 84.3 | 31 | 27 | Brown University | US | 88 | 85 | 67 | 97 | 53 | 55 | 83.9 | 32= | 30= | University of California, Los Angeles | US | 100 | 98 | 46 | 100 | 21 | 33 | 83.5 | 32= | 33 | Northwestern University | US | 86 | 97 | 78 | 79 | 28 | 100 | 83.5 | 34 | 32 | University of Bristol | UK | 83 | 99 | 84 | 69 | 85 | 77 | 83.4 | 35 | 39 | Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | Hong Kong | 89 | 86 | 84 | 54 | 100 | 99 | 83.3 | 36= | 34= | Ecole Polytechnique | France | 76 | 99 | 100 | 65 | 63 | 95 | 83.1 | 36= | 38 | University of Melbourne | Australia | 100 | 100 | 57 | 61 | 59 | 97 | 83.1 | 36= | 37 | University of Sydney | Australia | 99 | 97 | 58 | 53 | 99 | 95 | 83.1 | 39 | 36 | University of California, Berkeley | US | 100 | 100 | 25 | 100 | 86 | 34 | 82.7 | 40 | 34= | University of British Columbia | Canada | 100 | 93 | 51 | 77 | 34 | 60 | 81.2 | 41 | 43 | University of Queensland | Australia | 94 | 95 | 47 | 67 | 99 | 82 | 80.7 | 42 | 50= | Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne | Switzerland | 67 | 70 | 92 | 84 | 100 | 100 | 80.6 | 43= | 44 | Osaka University | Japan | 92 | 73 | 90 | 68 | 24 | 33 | 80.1 | 43= | 49 | Trinity College Dublin | Ireland | 88 | 96 | 72 | 49 | 98 | 83 | 80.1 | 45 | 47 | Monash University | Australia | 98 | 99 | 56 | 42 | 95 | 96 | 80.0 | 46 | 42 | Chinese University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 87 | 77 | 77 | 55 | 97 | 79 | 79.6 | 47= | 45 | University of New South Wales | Australia | 96 | 99 | 39 | 62 | 82 | 93 | 79.0 | 47= | 50= | Seoul National University | South Korea | 99 | 69 | 92 | 47 | 29 | 33 | 79.0 | 49= | 53 | University of Amsterdam | Netherlands | 93 | 81 | 73 | 62 | 71 | 32 | 78.9 | 49= | 56 | Tsinghua University | China | 98 | 83 | 95 | 34 | 45 | 34 | 78.9 | 51 | 48 | University of Copenhagen | Denmark | 84 | 67 | 100 | 48 | 71 | 73 | 78.8 | 52= | 40 | New York University | US | 94 | 94 | 75 | 53 | 26 | 52 | 78.4 | 52= | 50= | Peking University | China | 100 | 93 | 89 | 35 | 24 | 30 | 78.4 | 54 | 46 | Boston University | US | 87 | 87 | 68 | 67 | 25 | 89 | 77.8 | 55= | 78= | Technical University of Munich | Germany | 73 | 90 | 92 | 58 | 56 | 74 | 76.3 | 55= | 61 | Tokyo Institute of Technology | Japan | 81 | 79 | 72 | 80 | 31 | 49 | 76.3 | 57 | 57 | Heidelberg University | Germany | 90 | 47 | 77 | 58 | 58 | 80 | 76.2 | 58 | 69 | University of Warwick | UK | 86 | 100 | 63 | 39 | 85 | 97 | 75.7 | 59 | 74 | University of Alberta | Canada | 88 | 71 | 65 | 52 | 91 | 66 | 75.4 | 60 | 64 | Leiden University | Netherlands | 89 | 58 | 35 | 97 | 74 | 40 | 75.3 | 61= | 65 | University of Auckland | New Zealand | 95 | 96 | 36 | 45 | 93 | 99 | 74.7 | 61= | 55 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | US | 90 | 76 | 44 | 87 | 29 | 36 | 74.7 | 63= | 81= | Aarhus University | Denmark | 83 | 51 | 65 | 75 | 69 | 66 | 74.5 | 63= | 71 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | US | 92 | 66 | 23 | 93 | 72 | 49 | 74.5 | 65 | 72 | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | Belgium | 94 | 80 | 35 | 73 | 55 | 55 | 74.2 | 66 | 75 | University of Birmingham | UK | 78 | 93 | 57 | 63 | 83 | 76 | 73.9 | 67= | 66 | London School of Economics | UK | 89 | 100 | 53 | 29 | 100 | 100 | 73.7 | 67= | 88 | Lund University | Sweden | 84 | 59 | 55 | 78 | 57 | 62 | 73.7 | 69 | 95 | Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology | South Korea | 84 | 52 | 77 | 65 | 47 | 31 | 72.6 | 70= | 67 | Utrecht University | Netherlands | 87 | 65 | 61 | 71 | 43 | 24 | 72.4 | 70= | 81= | University of York | UK | 63 | 95 | 75 | 61 | 95 | 83 | 72.4 | 72 | 68 | University of Geneva | Switzerland | 68 | 36 | 54 | 96 | 97 | 100 | 72.3 | 73= | 77 | Nanyang Technological University | Singapore | 86 | 84 | 44 | 44 | 100 | 100 | 72.0 | 73= | 60 | Washington University in St Louis | US | 57 | 50 | 95 | 98 | 30 | 53 | 72.0 | 75 | 63 | Uppsala University | Sweden | 89 | 51 | 42 | 80 | 68 | 40 | 71.9 | 76= | 58 | University of California, San Diego | US | 98 | 51 | 17 | 100 | 22 | 27 | 71.5 | 76= | 70 | University of Texas at Austin | US | 93 | 92 | 29 | 65 | 55 | 41 | 71.5 | 78 | 102= | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | US | 72 | 78 | 72 | 82 | 23 | 26 | 71.3 | 79 | 73 | University of Glasgow | UK | 73 | 83 | 67 | 64 | 58 | 60 | 71.2 | 80 | 59 | University of Washington | US | 83 | 46 | 45 | 99 | 25 | 36 | 71.1 | 81 | 106= | University of Adelaide | Australia | 78 | 87 | 38 | 62 | 87 | 96 | 70.8 | 82 | 76 | University of Sheffield | UK | 65 | 97 | 70 | 59 | 81 | 76 | 70.6 | 83 | 78= | Delft University of Technology | Netherlands | 78 | 88 | 57 | 49 | 84 | 73 | 70.4 | 84 | 83= | University of Western Australia | Australia | 72 | 81 | 50 | 63 | 99 | 87 | 70.2 | 85 | 54 | Dartmouth College | US | 58 | 93 | 60 | 100 | 34 | 52 | 70.1 | 86 | 83= | Georgia Institute of Technology | US | 76 | 81 | 23 | 99 | 36 | 77 | 70.0 | 87= | 99= | Purdue University | US | 83 | 83 | 38 | 58 | 94 | 60 | 69.8 | 87= | 83= | University of St Andrews | UK | 57 | 92 | 74 | 61 | 91 | 99 | 69.8 | 89 | 108 | University College Dublin | Ireland | 72 | 94 | 67 | 37 | 95 | 90 | 69.7 | 90 | 62 | Emory University | US | 51 | 68 | 94 | 90 | 41 | 45 | 69.6 | 91 | 86 | University of Nottingham | UK | 70 | 99 | 61 | 48 | 84 | 86 | 69.4 | 92= | 120 | Nagoya University | Japan | 67 | 77 | 89 | 61 | 28 | 34 | 69.2 | 92= | 106= | University of Zurich | Switzerland | 79 | 37 | 22 | 98 | 99 | 71 | 69.2 | 94 | 137= | Free University of Berlin | Germany | 87 | 31 | 28 | 92 | 49 | 63 | 69.0 | 95= | 99= | University of Southampton | UK | 64 | 87 | 66 | 59 | 86 | 76 | 68.9 | 95= | 124= | National Taiwan University | Taiwan | 93 | 82 | 39 | 57 | 29 | 25 | 68.9 | 97 | 112 | Tohoku University | Japan | 67 | 58 | 98 | 58 | 36 | 32 | 68.6 | 98 | 93= | Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich | Germany | 86 | 45 | 34 | 76 | 53 | 66 | 68.4 | 99 | 104 | University of Leeds | UK | 73 | 99 | 57 | 48 | 75 | 62 | 68.3 | 100 | 78= | Rice University | US | 56 | 44 | 86 | 87 | 38 | 67 | 68.1 | 101 | 177= | University of Oslo | Norway | 77 | 62 | 85 | 40 | 32 | 58 | 67.7 | 102 | 93= | Hebrew University of Jerusalem | Israel | 87 | 24 | 43 | 77 | 61 | 32 | 67.3 | 103= | 122= | Durham University | UK | 62 | 99 | 56 | 60 | 91 | 69 | 67.2 | 103= | 113 | Fudan University | China | 90 | 84 | 44 | 44 | 29 | 47 | 67.2 | 105 | 87 | University of Minnesota | US | 74 | 51 | 26 | 99 | 84 | 38 | 67.1 | 106 | 98 | University of California, Santa Barbara | US | 86 | 42 | 21 | 97 | 37 | 21 | 66.6 | 107 | 91= | Université de Montréal | Canada | 81 | 29 | 36 | 71 | 82 | 74 | 66.2 | 108= | 131 | University of Basel | Switzerland | 63 | 30 | 99 | 37 | 99 | 90 | 66.1 | 108= | 89 | University of California, Davis | US | 76 | 47 | 43 | 91 | 26 | 25 | 66.1 | 108= | 126 | Erasmus University Rotterdam | Netherlands | 57 | 98 | 48 | 82 | 57 | 65 | 66.1 | 108= | 91= | University of Helsinki | Finland | 85 | 42 | 53 | 67 | 29 | 21 | 66.1 | 112 | 102= | University of Southern California | US | 62 | 66 | 49 | 79 | 66 | 88 | 66.0 | 113 | 129 | University of Waterloo | Canada | 82 | 78 | 13 | 78 | 71 | 41 | 65.8 | 114= | 97 | University of Pittsburgh | US | 55 | 30 | 93 | 76 | 73 | 35 | 65.6 | 114= | 114 | Tel Aviv University | Israel | 83 | 38 | 24 | 98 | 35 | 20 | 65.6 | 116 | 111 | Maastricht University | Netherlands | 48 | 73 | 76 | 70 | 66 | 100 | 65.3 | 117 | 149 | Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Paris VI | France | 76 | 22 | 85 | 43 | 27 | 88 | 65.0 | 118 | 117= | Queen’s University | Canada | 71 | 88 | 51 | 55 | 68 | 34 | 64.7 | 119 | 90 | Case Western Reserve University | US | 52 | 38 | 88 | 86 | 20 | 52 | 64.6 | 120= | 128 | Eindhoven University of Technology | Netherlands | 55 | 59 | 100 | 42 | 99 | 39 | 64.4 | 120= | 105 | Pennsylvania State University | US | 73 | 69 | 29 | 89 | 38 | 34 | 64.4 | 122= | 147= | Freiburg University | Germany | 67 | 26 | 91 | 44 | 51 | 76 | 64.0 | 122= | 122= | University of Maryland, College Park | US | 67 | 34 | 56 | 83 | 55 | 38 | 64.0 | 124 | 147= | City University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 66 | 58 | 63 | 48 | 100 | 60 | 63.9 | 125 | 124= | University of Otago | New Zealand | 68 | 77 | 39 | 52 | 100 | 83 | 63.8 | 126= | 116 | Université Catholique de Louvain | Belgium | 81 | 53 | 17 | 77 | 47 | 72 | 63.7 | 126= | 140 | Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon | France | 42 | 57 | 100 | 71 | 55 | 60 | 63.7 | 128 | 96 | University of Virginia | US | 57 | 91 | 60 | 77 | 22 | 36 | 63.5 | 129= | 153 | University of Aberdeen | UK | 54 | 69 | 67 | 57 | 90 | 87 | 63.4 | 129= | 110 | Georgetown University | US | 65 | 90 | 65 | 50 | 24 | 51 | 63.4 | 129= | 121 | Ohio State University | US | 69 | 77 | 40 | 64 | 69 | 46 | 63.4 | 132= | 109 | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology | Israel | 80 | 55 | 37 | 75 | 18 | 17 | 63.0 | 132= | 115 | University of Vienna | Austria | 86 | 60 | 13 | 58 | 65 | 77 | 63.0 | 134 | 188= | Pohang University of Science and Technology | South Korea | 53 | 31 | 72 | 97 | 50 | 19 | 62.9 | 135 | 133= | Cardiff University | UK | 59 | 84 | 63 | 49 | 70 | 72 | 62.8 | 136 | 136 | University of Ghent | Belgium | 68 | 37 | 89 | 43 | 49 | 34 | 62.6 | 137 | 133= | University of Liverpool | UK | 52 | 76 | 73 | 54 | 78 | 64 | 62.4 | 138= | 166= | Chulalongkorn University | Thailand | 89 | 80 | 53 | 23 | 28 | 14 | 62.3 | 138= | 144= | University of Groningen | Netherlands | 61 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 62 | 49 | 62.3 | 140 | 101 | Vanderbilt University | US | 43 | 74 | 100 | 58 | 54 | 36 | 62.2 | 141 | 119 | University of Rochester | US | 48 | 20 | 100 | 64 | 61 | 63 | 61.8 | 142 | 214 | Keio University | Japan | 69 | 88 | 79 | 28 | 24 | 18 | 61.6 | 143 | 117= | McMaster University | Canada | 75 | 37 | 18 | 98 | 27 | 31 | 60.9 | 144= | 152 | University of Bath | UK | 52 | 98 | 48 | 50 | 89 | 94 | 60.7 | 144= | 227 | University of Bergen | Norway | 59 | 53 | 62 | 58 | 60 | 64 | 60.7 | 146= | 179 | University of Cape Town | South Africa | 64 | 79 | 27 | 62 | 77 | 86 | 60.6 | 146= | 139 | Humboldt University of Berlin | Germany | 83 | 36 | 36 | 51 | 45 | 59 | 60.6 | 148 | 180= | Waseda University | Japan | 83 | 91 | 43 | 23 | 41 | 30 | 60.5 | 149= | 170= | University of Calgary | Canada | 68 | 60 | 9 | 100 | 47 | 31 | 60.4 | 149= | 155= | Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen | Germany | 65 | 27 | 69 | 58 | 53 | 50 | 60.4 | 151= | 159 | University of Western Ontario | Canada | 65 | 67 | 17 | 91 | 70 | 27 | 60.3 | 151= | 203 | Yonsei University | South Korea | 76 | 43 | 78 | 30 | 22 | 31 | 60.3 | 153 | 144= | Shanghai Jiao Tong University | China | 72 | 74 | 62 | 40 | 32 | 16 | 60.2 | 154 | 141 | University of Science and Technology of China | China | 74 | 61 | 50 | 59 | 17 | 13 | 60.1 | 155= | 158 | Kyushu University | Japan | 59 | 59 | 71 | 63 | 19 | 34 | 60.0 | 155= | 183= | Lomonosov Moscow State University | Russia | 78 | 70 | 36 | 37 | 76 | 44 | 60.0 | 155= | 142 | Wageningen University | Netherlands | 38 | 31 | 87 | 82 | 39 | 97 | 60.0 | 158 | 162= | Newcastle University | UK | 43 | 88 | 63 | 57 | 81 | 86 | 59.6 | 159 | 133= | Technical University of Denmark | Denmark | 39 | 34 | 99 | 62 | 93 | 47 | 59.5 | 160 | 157 | Tufts University | US | 35 | 54 | 70 | 88 | 100 | 43 | 59.4 | 161 | 132 | University of California, Irvine | US | 71 | 22 | 22 | 99 | 26 | 35 | 59.0 | 162 | 170= | Lancaster University | UK | 55 | 73 | 59 | 41 | 85 | 81 | 58.9 | 163 | 174= | Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | India | 76 | 79 | 43 | 45 | 16 | 13 | 58.6 | 164 | 160 | Queen Mary, University of London | UK | 55 | 62 | 75 | 26 | 92 | 90 | 58.5 | 165 | 155= | VU University Amsterdam | Netherlands | 65 | 59 | 67 | 43 | 39 | 28 | 58.3 | 166= | 146 | University of Arizona | US | 64 | 44 | 25 | 94 | 27 | 32 | 58.0 | 166= | 130 | University of Sussex | UK | 54 | 44 | 49 | 62 | 87 | 80 | 58.0 | 168= | 161 | University of Lausanne | Switzerland | 46 | 43 | 57 | 67 | 88 | 80 | 57.4 | 168= | 143 | Nanjing University | China | 76 | 59 | 41 | 42 | 50 | 17 | 57.4 | 168= | 224 | Saint-Petersburg State University | Russia | 63 | 60 | 95 | 21 | 16 | 20 | 57.4 | 171= | 186= | University of Barcelona | Spain | 77 | 53 | 17 | 66 | 24 | 37 | 57.2 | 171= | 174= | Hokkaido University | Japan | 51 | 60 | 72 | 64 | 19 | 25 | 57.2 | 173 | 127 | Stony Brook University | US | 54 | 33 | 50 | 68 | 61 | 87 | 57.1 | 174= | 192= | University of Bologna | Italy | 82 | 62 | 34 | 34 | 27 | 29 | 56.9 | 174= | 173 | KTH, Royal Institute of Technology | Sweden | 58 | 45 | 49 | 46 | 83 | 98 | 56.9 | 174= | 216 | University of Tsukuba | Japan | 59 | 46 | 77 | 45 | 23 | 36 | 56.9 | 177= | 195 | University of Antwerp | Belgium | 47 | 36 | 99 | 37 | 59 | 56 | 56.7 | 177= | 200= | University of Athens | Greece | 46 | 44 | 65 | 76 | 0 | 91 | 56.7 | 179 | 137= | Texas A&M University | US | 66 | 64 | 24 | 72 | 32 | 35 | 56.6 | 180 | 230 | Universiti Malaya | Malaysia | 60 | 68 | 68 | 21 | 72 | 65 | 56.5 | 181 | 154 | Indian Institute of Technology Delhi | India | 68 | 81 | 46 | 48 | 15 | 13 | 56.4 | 182 | 216 | Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen | Germany | 49 | 88 | 75 | 30 | 50 | 66 | 56.3 | 183 | 151 | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey | US | 69 | 32 | 43 | 57 | 61 | 28 | 56.2 | 184 | 207 | University of Karlsruhe | Germany | 47 | 84 | 73 | 33 | 49 | 81 | 56.1 | 185 | 258 | University of Gothenburg | Sweden | 49 | 26 | 63 | 62 | 65 | 86 | 55.8 | 186= | 180= | University of Colorado at Boulder | US | 54 | 20 | 53 | 87 | 36 | 20 | 55.6 | 186= | 166= | University of Göttingen | Germany | 64 | 21 | 63 | 48 | 40 | 49 | 55.6 | 188 | 186= | University of Canterbury | New Zealand | 57 | 89 | 27 | 39 | 99 | 82 | 55.2 | 189 | 182 | Macquarie University | Australia | 61 | 77 | 20 | 43 | 86 | 100 | 54.9 | 190 | 150 | National Autonomous University of Mexico | Mexico | 68 | 81 | 57 | 21 | 35 | 15 | 54.8 | 191= | 183= | Université Libre de Bruxelles | Belgium | 60 | 56 | 22 | 59 | 57 | 96 | 54.7 | 191= | 194 | University of Reading | UK | 45 | 71 | 52 | 50 | 80 | 81 | 54.7 | 193= | 192= | University of Bern | Switzerland | 40 | 22 | 58 | 83 | 92 | 44 | 54.5 | 193= | 170= | Indiana University Bloomington | US | 61 | 69 | 28 | 58 | 46 | 48 | 54.5 | 195 | 224 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Hong Kong | 57 | 49 | 30 | 54 | 100 | 75 | 54.4 | 196= | 177= | University of Leicester | UK | 38 | 48 | 55 | 67 | 72 | 94 | 53.9 | 196= | 164 | Simon Fraser University | Canada | 67 | 49 | 19 | 53 | 88 | 49 | 53.9 | 198 | 162= | Chalmers University of Technology | Sweden | 58 | 37 | 48 | 56 | 44 | 57 | 53.8 | 199 | 168 | University of Notre Dame | US | 50 | 74 | 44 | 67 | 25 | 31 | 53.6 | 200 | 200= | University of Twente | Netherlands | 47 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 83 | 66 | 53.5 | Source: QS Ltd , published October 1 2009. © QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. 美国有 50 所大学列在前 200 名大学之中。它们的排名如下。这只是看起来方便而已。 Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2009 | Top 2009 USA universities (50) | 2009 | 2008 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | Harvard University | US | 100 | 100 | 98 | 100 | 85 | 78 | 100. | 3 | 2 | Yale University | US | 100 | 99 | 100 | 94 | 85 | 77 | 99.1 | 7 | 8 | University of Chicago | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 88 | 77 | 83 | 96.8 | 8 | 12 | Princeton University | US | 100 | 96 | 82 | 100 | 89 | 81 | 96.6 | 9 | 9 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | US | 100 | 100 | 89 | 100 | 31 | 95 | 96.1 | 10 | 5 | California Institute of Technology | US | 99 | 72 | 87 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 95.9 | 11 | 10 | Columbia University | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 92 | 28 | 89 | 95.6 | 12 | 11 | University of Pennsylvania | US | 96 | 99 | 85 | 98 | 82 | 60 | 94.2 | 13 | 13= | Johns Hopkins University | US | 98 | 79 | 100 | 99 | 28 | 71 | 94.1 | 14 | 13= | Duke University | US | 95 | 97 | 100 | 93 | 29 | 62 | 92.9 | 15 | 15 | Cornell University | US | 100 | 99 | 85 | 94 | 28 | 73 | 92.5 | 16 | 17 | Stanford University | US | 100 | 100 | 71 | 100 | 25 | 96 | 92.2 | 19 | 18 | University of Michigan | US | 99 | 99 | 85 | 81 | 57 | 52 | 89.9 | 27 | 21 | Carnegie Mellon University | US | 94 | 93 | 56 | 88 | 62 | 96 | 85.6 | 31 | 27 | Brown University | US | 88 | 85 | 67 | 97 | 53 | 55 | 83.9 | 32= | 30= | University of California, Los Angeles | US | 100 | 98 | 46 | 100 | 21 | 33 | 83.5 | 32= | 33 | Northwestern University | US | 86 | 97 | 78 | 79 | 28 | 100 | 83.5 | 39 | 36 | University of California, Berkeley | US | 100 | 100 | 25 | 100 | 86 | 34 | 82.7 | 61= | 55 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | US | 90 | 76 | 44 | 87 | 29 | 36 | 74.7 | 63= | 71 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | US | 92 | 66 | 23 | 93 | 72 | 49 | 74.5 | 73= | 60 | Washington University in St Louis | US | 57 | 50 | 95 | 98 | 30 | 53 | 72.0 | 76= | 58 | University of California, San Diego | US | 98 | 51 | 17 | 100 | 22 | 27 | 71.5 | 76= | 70 | University of Texas at Austin | US | 93 | 92 | 29 | 65 | 55 | 41 | 71.5 | 78 | 102= | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | US | 72 | 78 | 72 | 82 | 23 | 26 | 71.3 | 80 | 59 | University of Washington | US | 83 | 46 | 45 | 99 | 25 | 36 | 71.1 | 85 | 54 | Dartmouth College | US | 58 | 93 | 60 | 100 | 34 | 52 | 70.1 | 86 | 83= | Georgia Institute of Technology | US | 76 | 81 | 23 | 99 | 36 | 77 | 70.0 | 87= | 99= | Purdue University | US | 83 | 83 | 38 | 58 | 94 | 60 | 69.8 | 90 | 62 | Emory University | US | 51 | 68 | 94 | 90 | 41 | 45 | 69.6 | 100 | 78= | Rice University | US | 56 | 44 | 86 | 87 | 38 | 67 | 68.1 | 105 | 87 | University of Minnesota | US | 74 | 51 | 26 | 99 | 84 | 38 | 67.1 | 106 | 98 | University of California, Santa Barbara | US | 86 | 42 | 21 | 97 | 37 | 21 | 66.6 | 108= | 89 | University of California, Davis | US | 76 | 47 | 43 | 91 | 26 | 25 | 66.1 | 112 | 102= | University of Southern California | US | 62 | 66 | 49 | 79 | 66 | 88 | 66.0 | 114= | 97 | University of Pittsburgh | US | 55 | 30 | 93 | 76 | 73 | 35 | 65.6 | 119 | 90 | Case Western Reserve University | US | 52 | 38 | 88 | 86 | 20 | 52 | 64.6 | 120= | 105 | Pennsylvania State University | US | 73 | 69 | 29 | 89 | 38 | 34 | 64.4 | 122= | 122= | University of Maryland, College Park | US | 67 | 34 | 56 | 83 | 55 | 38 | 64.0 | 128 | 96 | University of Virginia | US | 57 | 91 | 60 | 77 | 22 | 36 | 63.5 | 129= | 110 | Georgetown University | US | 65 | 90 | 65 | 50 | 24 | 51 | 63.4 | 129= | 121 | Ohio State University | US | 69 | 77 | 40 | 64 | 69 | 46 | 63.4 | 160 | 157 | Tufts University | US | 35 | 54 | 70 | 88 | 100 | 43 | 59.4 | 161 | 132 | University of California, Irvine | US | 71 | 22 | 22 | 99 | 26 | 35 | 59.0 | 166= | 146 | University of Arizona | US | 64 | 44 | 25 | 94 | 27 | 32 | 58.0 | 173 | 127 | Stony Brook University | US | 54 | 33 | 50 | 68 | 61 | 87 | 57.1 | 179 | 137= | Texas A&M University | US | 66 | 64 | 24 | 72 | 32 | 35 | 56.6 | 183 | 151 | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey | US | 69 | 32 | 43 | 57 | 61 | 28 | 56.2 | 186= | 180= | University of Colorado at Boulder | US | 54 | 20 | 53 | 87 | 36 | 20 | 55.6 | 193= | 170= | Indiana University Bloomington | US | 61 | 69 | 28 | 58 | 46 | 48 | 54.5 | 199 | 168 | University of Notre Dame | US | 50 | 74 | 44 | 67 | 25 | 31 | 53.6 | 最后,借机会谈谈股市。由于在旧作中我提到了当时股市的长线预测,就是第四浪的上下限,标普500的顶端是1100,目前已经快到了。这个四浪震荡时间上看要2-3年,当然当时我还不知道是三角、平台甚或锲形。由于形态还看不出来,那么震荡4-5年的可能性不能排除。大四浪完后,便是第五浪下跌。 由于有人看不懂,不知道大四浪的特点,以为我说的是很快就是下跌五浪。四浪的特征就是耗时。如果大四浪的底部是在670一带,那么下次如果破不了这个底部,平台的形态可能性大。如果是平台,超过5年震荡的可能性是有的。 |