中美教育的比較 潤濤閻 10-8-09 說起美國的中小學教育,很多從中國移民來的華人都是以不以為然的態度來看待的,尤其是數學,覺得中國的初中生學的數學比美國高中的還深。說起大學來,觀點的差異就更大了。關於教育方面的文章,潤濤閻寫的不多,有 《 存活 生存 與生活 --- 如何教育孩子》、《從培養諾貝爾獎得主角度看美國大學的排名》,今天再來談談中美教育的特點。 首先,美國的大學以及研究生院培養出來的最聰明的人才去了哪裡。這個問題如果不搞清楚,其它的就免談了。之所以大家對美國的教育褒貶不一,其根本的衝突在於對這個核心問題的把握。 現代工業的搖籃是英國,因為早先英國的自然科學遙遙領先,而那時的英國科學家們都是些聰明透頂的頂尖人才。這個趨勢也被英國移民帶到了美國,美國資源豐富,加上科學的發達,致使美國取代了英國,成為科學大國的同時也成為世界霸主。 隨着美國從實體經濟向虛擬經濟轉移,美國的頂尖人才不再從事於自然科學裡的工程、數理化這些工資收入比較低的領域,而是收入高的金融業、律師、醫生等行業。 如果按照英國的路子來看,一旦科學不再吸引頂尖人才,製造業就會萎縮。而與基礎科學有關的諾貝爾獎就會減少。但在潤濤閻的舊作里看到的數據表明,美國的諾貝爾獎人數依然是最多的。拿今年的三大自然科學獎來說,基本上都是在美國的科學家獲得的。但仔細追查便發現,其中不少是第一代移民。醫學獎的三個中有兩個是第一代移民。物理學獎中還有一位上海人。 看到這裡您就明白了,美國教育的戰略方針已經轉移到讓第一代移民去從事自然科學研究等不賺錢的領域,而讓美國出生的頂尖人才去當官去經商去賺大錢。由於第一代移民因為語言的問題以及生活習慣適應甚至“打不進圈子”等緣故不得不從事科學研究或當工程師。 有了這個戰略了,那美國中小學的教育就要跟這個戰略部署相適應。頂尖大學招生的時候,學生當沒當學生會頭頭,要比數學考沒考滿分重要得多。因為頂尖大學培養的是將來或有權(政府以及公司的頭頭)或有錢(金融家、律師、醫生)的人才,而非中產階級被領導的干實事的人才。因為這後者可以靠外國大量的移民來補充。 下面說說中國的情況。 中國與美國在人才需求上還有差別。中國經濟的高速發展,說起來就是西方的工業技術加上中國農民工廉價勞動力拼命的結果。這跟英美當年發展的路子不同。中國需要的主要是科學技術人才,這也是胡錦濤提出的科學發展觀的理論基礎。當然胡錦濤的科學發展觀里的科學不是指自然科學,而是說發展要平衡,要合理。但細看中國三十年的路程,跟毛澤東時代最大的差別就是領導層的科學技術人員比例。江澤民胡錦濤時代,幾乎所有的各層領導都是理科畢業生。江澤民李鵬朱鎔基胡錦濤溫家寶等等等等,從上到下數都數不清。這些理科生腦子裡只有發展的數字,對於社會公平等很難注重。這是中國發展快,但屬於畸形社會的根源。以潤濤閻這一大膽假設為前提,讓我們看看證據。全世界的歷史上你找不到一個國家,從上到下的領導人統統都是理科畢業生。這也是全世界可能找不到連續高速發展 30 年而生活不公平到達極限的國家。 如果中國不改變這個模式,社會管理按照理工科的發展快就好的思維繼續下去,社會的公平和法治的建立是很難的。更可怕的是,這些徹底的唯物主義者是無所畏懼的。 中國這樣的現狀,大家當然把學生的數理化學得好不好看成是學校是不是好學校的標準。學生有沒有法律意識,有沒有人文科學常識看得非常輕。中國學生的生活單調到了只有兩項內容作為人生的終極目標:一是掌握生存的技能,二是解決性的需求。前者是獲得金錢的鑰匙,後者是滿足性慾的途徑。後者依靠前者,所以,掌握了生活技能就可以飛黃騰達了。 從清朝打開國門那一天起,就定下了“西學為用”的基調,慈禧說得清楚就是培養高級奴才。後來胡適說不能培養奴才,因為靠奴才是不能強國的。但今天的情況看,奴才也能強國,如果說現在中國已經是強國了的話。但趕上美國後,中國能否繼續往前走而在科學技術上領先世界,我們還不知道。潤濤閻不看好這一點。 有了生活技能,不僅僅可以在國內當人上人,不順心的話也可以到美國等海外討生活。而這一點,被美國利用的天衣無縫。當真是周瑜打黃蓋願打願挨。 然而,除了那些海龜外,留在美國的第一代移民,很快就發現自己比美國人能幹也照樣得不到人上人的地位。也就必然對中國的教育痛恨不已,以為是中國的教育把自己給引向歧途了。所以,第一代移民,不論是哪國人,大都不讓自己的孩子學工程或當科學家,而是爬入藤校 --- 簡稱“爬藤”(這個詞不是潤濤閻創造的,而是從網上看到的。)。那些爬藤成功的孩子的父母就大書特書美國中小學教育的優點,大批特批中國中小學教育的缺點。端不考慮中國與美國市場需求的不同,以及生活發展所處的位置不同。 潤濤閻的觀點並不是說,美國的大學都是為了培養掙大錢的或掌大權的人才。事實上,美國的教育是最開放的,各種人才都能基本上按比例培養出來。我所說的是一流大學與中國的名牌大學之間的差別。美國有很多技校性質的專科學校,那些學校培養出來大量的汽車修理工、各類建築技術工人。而這類學校跟第一代移民沒什麼關係,甚至跟第一代移民的子女關係都不大,因為第一代移民對孩子的教育非常重視,孩子們很少有去這類學校讀書的。 要知道,中國的一流學校,比如清華、交大、科技大,除了外語政治等課程外,其它的跟美國這類學校非常類似,培養出來的人才去向也很類似。當然,出國留學和當政的那些除外。我這裡說的是指國家在培養人才方面的用意。家長很多也是指望孩子畢業後有碗飯吃,學點技術似乎就有了鐵飯碗, 那麼,為何中國大學的科學研究水平依然很低呢?其實,根本原因還是傳統文化的束縛。我們的傳統文化不容忍逆向思維,不容忍個體自由,否則黨不好管理。目前來說,言論自由還沒有做到,統一思想,按照黨支書的指示辦事。 下面是今年英國 Times 給出的全世界大學排名。這個排名每年都有。今年( 2009 )進入 200 名的美國大學有 50 所。我把這 50 所單獨列在後邊。前邊的是從英國網站搬過來的,後面的就是把其它國家的學校刪除。中國的清華大學名列第 49 位,是唯一進入前 50 名的大學。其實,這種排名所根據的那些指標到底是不是公平,很難定論。但作為參考,每年用相同的標準,可以看出不同年份的變化。比如,美國進入 200 名的大學總數 2009 年就比 2008 年少,而亞洲和歐洲就增加了幾所。這會不會成為一種趨勢,目前還不知道。等 10 年後就可看出端倪。 潤濤閻,寫於 2009 年 10 月 8 日 下面看列表。 | Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2009 | | Top 200 world universities | | 2009 | 2008 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | Harvard University | US | 100 | 100 | 98 | 100 | 85 | 78 | 100.0 | | 2 | 3 | University of Cambridge | UK | 100 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 98 | 96 | 99.6 | | 3 | 2 | Yale University | US | 100 | 99 | 100 | 94 | 85 | 77 | 99.1 | | 4 | 7 | University College London | UK | 98 | 99 | 100 | 90 | 96 | 99 | 99.0 | | 5= | 6 | Imperial College London | UK | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 98 | 100 | 97.8 | | 5= | 4 | University of Oxford | UK | 100 | 100 | 100 | 80 | 96 | 97 | 97.8 | | 7 | 8 | University of Chicago | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 88 | 77 | 83 | 96.8 | | 8 | 12 | Princeton University | US | 100 | 96 | 82 | 100 | 89 | 81 | 96.6 | | 9 | 9 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | US | 100 | 100 | 89 | 100 | 31 | 95 | 96.1 | | 10 | 5 | California Institute of Technology | US | 99 | 72 | 87 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 95.9 | | 11 | 10 | Columbia University | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 92 | 28 | 89 | 95.6 | | 12 | 11 | University of Pennsylvania | US | 96 | 99 | 85 | 98 | 82 | 60 | 94.2 | | 13 | 13= | Johns Hopkins University | US | 98 | 79 | 100 | 99 | 28 | 71 | 94.1 | | 14 | 13= | Duke University | US | 95 | 97 | 100 | 93 | 29 | 62 | 92.9 | | 15 | 15 | Cornell University | US | 100 | 99 | 85 | 94 | 28 | 73 | 92.5 | | 16 | 17 | Stanford University | US | 100 | 100 | 71 | 100 | 25 | 96 | 92.2 | | 17 | 16 | Australian National University | Australia | 100 | 91 | 75 | 74 | 99 | 92 | 90.5 | | 18 | 20 | McGill University | Canada | 100 | 97 | 92 | 61 | 67 | 95 | 90.4 | | 19 | 18 | University of Michigan | US | 99 | 99 | 85 | 81 | 57 | 52 | 89.9 | | 20= | 23 | University of Edinburgh | UK | 97 | 99 | 84 | 65 | 93 | 86 | 89.3 | | 20= | 24 | ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) | Switzerland | 97 | 80 | 55 | 99 | 100 | 94 | 89.3 | | 22 | 19 | University of Tokyo | Japan | 100 | 97 | 98 | 70 | 28 | 42 | 88.9 | | 23 | 22 | King’s College London | UK | 91 | 98 | 90 | 67 | 92 | 88 | 88.4 | | 24 | 26 | University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 96 | 89 | 87 | 56 | 100 | 95 | 87.5 | | 25 | 25 | Kyoto University | Japan | 100 | 93 | 81 | 85 | 32 | 26 | 87.1 | | 26 | 29 | University of Manchester | UK | 94 | 100 | 79 | 58 | 90 | 87 | 85.7 | | 27 | 21 | Carnegie Mellon University | US | 94 | 93 | 56 | 88 | 62 | 96 | 85.6 | | 28 | 28 | Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris | France | 94 | 87 | 100 | 53 | 76 | 61 | 85.4 | | 29 | 41 | University of Toronto | Canada | 100 | 96 | 63 | 74 | 82 | 51 | 85.3 | | 30 | 30= | National University of Singapore | Singapore | 100 | 96 | 40 | 75 | 100 | 100 | 84.3 | | 31 | 27 | Brown University | US | 88 | 85 | 67 | 97 | 53 | 55 | 83.9 | | 32= | 30= | University of California, Los Angeles | US | 100 | 98 | 46 | 100 | 21 | 33 | 83.5 | | 32= | 33 | Northwestern University | US | 86 | 97 | 78 | 79 | 28 | 100 | 83.5 | | 34 | 32 | University of Bristol | UK | 83 | 99 | 84 | 69 | 85 | 77 | 83.4 | | 35 | 39 | Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | Hong Kong | 89 | 86 | 84 | 54 | 100 | 99 | 83.3 | | 36= | 34= | Ecole Polytechnique | France | 76 | 99 | 100 | 65 | 63 | 95 | 83.1 | | 36= | 38 | University of Melbourne | Australia | 100 | 100 | 57 | 61 | 59 | 97 | 83.1 | | 36= | 37 | University of Sydney | Australia | 99 | 97 | 58 | 53 | 99 | 95 | 83.1 | | 39 | 36 | University of California, Berkeley | US | 100 | 100 | 25 | 100 | 86 | 34 | 82.7 | | 40 | 34= | University of British Columbia | Canada | 100 | 93 | 51 | 77 | 34 | 60 | 81.2 | | 41 | 43 | University of Queensland | Australia | 94 | 95 | 47 | 67 | 99 | 82 | 80.7 | | 42 | 50= | Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne | Switzerland | 67 | 70 | 92 | 84 | 100 | 100 | 80.6 | | 43= | 44 | Osaka University | Japan | 92 | 73 | 90 | 68 | 24 | 33 | 80.1 | | 43= | 49 | Trinity College Dublin | Ireland | 88 | 96 | 72 | 49 | 98 | 83 | 80.1 | | 45 | 47 | Monash University | Australia | 98 | 99 | 56 | 42 | 95 | 96 | 80.0 | | 46 | 42 | Chinese University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 87 | 77 | 77 | 55 | 97 | 79 | 79.6 | | 47= | 45 | University of New South Wales | Australia | 96 | 99 | 39 | 62 | 82 | 93 | 79.0 | | 47= | 50= | Seoul National University | South Korea | 99 | 69 | 92 | 47 | 29 | 33 | 79.0 | | 49= | 53 | University of Amsterdam | Netherlands | 93 | 81 | 73 | 62 | 71 | 32 | 78.9 | | 49= | 56 | Tsinghua University | China | 98 | 83 | 95 | 34 | 45 | 34 | 78.9 | | 51 | 48 | University of Copenhagen | Denmark | 84 | 67 | 100 | 48 | 71 | 73 | 78.8 | | 52= | 40 | New York University | US | 94 | 94 | 75 | 53 | 26 | 52 | 78.4 | | 52= | 50= | Peking University | China | 100 | 93 | 89 | 35 | 24 | 30 | 78.4 | | 54 | 46 | Boston University | US | 87 | 87 | 68 | 67 | 25 | 89 | 77.8 | | 55= | 78= | Technical University of Munich | Germany | 73 | 90 | 92 | 58 | 56 | 74 | 76.3 | | 55= | 61 | Tokyo Institute of Technology | Japan | 81 | 79 | 72 | 80 | 31 | 49 | 76.3 | | 57 | 57 | Heidelberg University | Germany | 90 | 47 | 77 | 58 | 58 | 80 | 76.2 | | 58 | 69 | University of Warwick | UK | 86 | 100 | 63 | 39 | 85 | 97 | 75.7 | | 59 | 74 | University of Alberta | Canada | 88 | 71 | 65 | 52 | 91 | 66 | 75.4 | | 60 | 64 | Leiden University | Netherlands | 89 | 58 | 35 | 97 | 74 | 40 | 75.3 | | 61= | 65 | University of Auckland | New Zealand | 95 | 96 | 36 | 45 | 93 | 99 | 74.7 | | 61= | 55 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | US | 90 | 76 | 44 | 87 | 29 | 36 | 74.7 | | 63= | 81= | Aarhus University | Denmark | 83 | 51 | 65 | 75 | 69 | 66 | 74.5 | | 63= | 71 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | US | 92 | 66 | 23 | 93 | 72 | 49 | 74.5 | | 65 | 72 | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | Belgium | 94 | 80 | 35 | 73 | 55 | 55 | 74.2 | | 66 | 75 | University of Birmingham | UK | 78 | 93 | 57 | 63 | 83 | 76 | 73.9 | | 67= | 66 | London School of Economics | UK | 89 | 100 | 53 | 29 | 100 | 100 | 73.7 | | 67= | 88 | Lund University | Sweden | 84 | 59 | 55 | 78 | 57 | 62 | 73.7 | | 69 | 95 | Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology | South Korea | 84 | 52 | 77 | 65 | 47 | 31 | 72.6 | | 70= | 67 | Utrecht University | Netherlands | 87 | 65 | 61 | 71 | 43 | 24 | 72.4 | | 70= | 81= | University of York | UK | 63 | 95 | 75 | 61 | 95 | 83 | 72.4 | | 72 | 68 | University of Geneva | Switzerland | 68 | 36 | 54 | 96 | 97 | 100 | 72.3 | | 73= | 77 | Nanyang Technological University | Singapore | 86 | 84 | 44 | 44 | 100 | 100 | 72.0 | | 73= | 60 | Washington University in St Louis | US | 57 | 50 | 95 | 98 | 30 | 53 | 72.0 | | 75 | 63 | Uppsala University | Sweden | 89 | 51 | 42 | 80 | 68 | 40 | 71.9 | | 76= | 58 | University of California, San Diego | US | 98 | 51 | 17 | 100 | 22 | 27 | 71.5 | | 76= | 70 | University of Texas at Austin | US | 93 | 92 | 29 | 65 | 55 | 41 | 71.5 | | 78 | 102= | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | US | 72 | 78 | 72 | 82 | 23 | 26 | 71.3 | | 79 | 73 | University of Glasgow | UK | 73 | 83 | 67 | 64 | 58 | 60 | 71.2 | | 80 | 59 | University of Washington | US | 83 | 46 | 45 | 99 | 25 | 36 | 71.1 | | 81 | 106= | University of Adelaide | Australia | 78 | 87 | 38 | 62 | 87 | 96 | 70.8 | | 82 | 76 | University of Sheffield | UK | 65 | 97 | 70 | 59 | 81 | 76 | 70.6 | | 83 | 78= | Delft University of Technology | Netherlands | 78 | 88 | 57 | 49 | 84 | 73 | 70.4 | | 84 | 83= | University of Western Australia | Australia | 72 | 81 | 50 | 63 | 99 | 87 | 70.2 | | 85 | 54 | Dartmouth College | US | 58 | 93 | 60 | 100 | 34 | 52 | 70.1 | | 86 | 83= | Georgia Institute of Technology | US | 76 | 81 | 23 | 99 | 36 | 77 | 70.0 | | 87= | 99= | Purdue University | US | 83 | 83 | 38 | 58 | 94 | 60 | 69.8 | | 87= | 83= | University of St Andrews | UK | 57 | 92 | 74 | 61 | 91 | 99 | 69.8 | | 89 | 108 | University College Dublin | Ireland | 72 | 94 | 67 | 37 | 95 | 90 | 69.7 | | 90 | 62 | Emory University | US | 51 | 68 | 94 | 90 | 41 | 45 | 69.6 | | 91 | 86 | University of Nottingham | UK | 70 | 99 | 61 | 48 | 84 | 86 | 69.4 | | 92= | 120 | Nagoya University | Japan | 67 | 77 | 89 | 61 | 28 | 34 | 69.2 | | 92= | 106= | University of Zurich | Switzerland | 79 | 37 | 22 | 98 | 99 | 71 | 69.2 | | 94 | 137= | Free University of Berlin | Germany | 87 | 31 | 28 | 92 | 49 | 63 | 69.0 | | 95= | 99= | University of Southampton | UK | 64 | 87 | 66 | 59 | 86 | 76 | 68.9 | | 95= | 124= | National Taiwan University | Taiwan | 93 | 82 | 39 | 57 | 29 | 25 | 68.9 | | 97 | 112 | Tohoku University | Japan | 67 | 58 | 98 | 58 | 36 | 32 | 68.6 | | 98 | 93= | Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich | Germany | 86 | 45 | 34 | 76 | 53 | 66 | 68.4 | | 99 | 104 | University of Leeds | UK | 73 | 99 | 57 | 48 | 75 | 62 | 68.3 | | 100 | 78= | Rice University | US | 56 | 44 | 86 | 87 | 38 | 67 | 68.1 | | 101 | 177= | University of Oslo | Norway | 77 | 62 | 85 | 40 | 32 | 58 | 67.7 | | 102 | 93= | Hebrew University of Jerusalem | Israel | 87 | 24 | 43 | 77 | 61 | 32 | 67.3 | | 103= | 122= | Durham University | UK | 62 | 99 | 56 | 60 | 91 | 69 | 67.2 | | 103= | 113 | Fudan University | China | 90 | 84 | 44 | 44 | 29 | 47 | 67.2 | | 105 | 87 | University of Minnesota | US | 74 | 51 | 26 | 99 | 84 | 38 | 67.1 | | 106 | 98 | University of California, Santa Barbara | US | 86 | 42 | 21 | 97 | 37 | 21 | 66.6 | | 107 | 91= | Université de Montréal | Canada | 81 | 29 | 36 | 71 | 82 | 74 | 66.2 | | 108= | 131 | University of Basel | Switzerland | 63 | 30 | 99 | 37 | 99 | 90 | 66.1 | | 108= | 89 | University of California, Davis | US | 76 | 47 | 43 | 91 | 26 | 25 | 66.1 | | 108= | 126 | Erasmus University Rotterdam | Netherlands | 57 | 98 | 48 | 82 | 57 | 65 | 66.1 | | 108= | 91= | University of Helsinki | Finland | 85 | 42 | 53 | 67 | 29 | 21 | 66.1 | | 112 | 102= | University of Southern California | US | 62 | 66 | 49 | 79 | 66 | 88 | 66.0 | | 113 | 129 | University of Waterloo | Canada | 82 | 78 | 13 | 78 | 71 | 41 | 65.8 | | 114= | 97 | University of Pittsburgh | US | 55 | 30 | 93 | 76 | 73 | 35 | 65.6 | | 114= | 114 | Tel Aviv University | Israel | 83 | 38 | 24 | 98 | 35 | 20 | 65.6 | | 116 | 111 | Maastricht University | Netherlands | 48 | 73 | 76 | 70 | 66 | 100 | 65.3 | | 117 | 149 | Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Paris VI | France | 76 | 22 | 85 | 43 | 27 | 88 | 65.0 | | 118 | 117= | Queen’s University | Canada | 71 | 88 | 51 | 55 | 68 | 34 | 64.7 | | 119 | 90 | Case Western Reserve University | US | 52 | 38 | 88 | 86 | 20 | 52 | 64.6 | | 120= | 128 | Eindhoven University of Technology | Netherlands | 55 | 59 | 100 | 42 | 99 | 39 | 64.4 | | 120= | 105 | Pennsylvania State University | US | 73 | 69 | 29 | 89 | 38 | 34 | 64.4 | | 122= | 147= | Freiburg University | Germany | 67 | 26 | 91 | 44 | 51 | 76 | 64.0 | | 122= | 122= | University of Maryland, College Park | US | 67 | 34 | 56 | 83 | 55 | 38 | 64.0 | | 124 | 147= | City University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 66 | 58 | 63 | 48 | 100 | 60 | 63.9 | | 125 | 124= | University of Otago | New Zealand | 68 | 77 | 39 | 52 | 100 | 83 | 63.8 | | 126= | 116 | Université Catholique de Louvain | Belgium | 81 | 53 | 17 | 77 | 47 | 72 | 63.7 | | 126= | 140 | Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon | France | 42 | 57 | 100 | 71 | 55 | 60 | 63.7 | | 128 | 96 | University of Virginia | US | 57 | 91 | 60 | 77 | 22 | 36 | 63.5 | | 129= | 153 | University of Aberdeen | UK | 54 | 69 | 67 | 57 | 90 | 87 | 63.4 | | 129= | 110 | Georgetown University | US | 65 | 90 | 65 | 50 | 24 | 51 | 63.4 | | 129= | 121 | Ohio State University | US | 69 | 77 | 40 | 64 | 69 | 46 | 63.4 | | 132= | 109 | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology | Israel | 80 | 55 | 37 | 75 | 18 | 17 | 63.0 | | 132= | 115 | University of Vienna | Austria | 86 | 60 | 13 | 58 | 65 | 77 | 63.0 | | 134 | 188= | Pohang University of Science and Technology | South Korea | 53 | 31 | 72 | 97 | 50 | 19 | 62.9 | | 135 | 133= | Cardiff University | UK | 59 | 84 | 63 | 49 | 70 | 72 | 62.8 | | 136 | 136 | University of Ghent | Belgium | 68 | 37 | 89 | 43 | 49 | 34 | 62.6 | | 137 | 133= | University of Liverpool | UK | 52 | 76 | 73 | 54 | 78 | 64 | 62.4 | | 138= | 166= | Chulalongkorn University | Thailand | 89 | 80 | 53 | 23 | 28 | 14 | 62.3 | | 138= | 144= | University of Groningen | Netherlands | 61 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 62 | 49 | 62.3 | | 140 | 101 | Vanderbilt University | US | 43 | 74 | 100 | 58 | 54 | 36 | 62.2 | | 141 | 119 | University of Rochester | US | 48 | 20 | 100 | 64 | 61 | 63 | 61.8 | | 142 | 214 | Keio University | Japan | 69 | 88 | 79 | 28 | 24 | 18 | 61.6 | | 143 | 117= | McMaster University | Canada | 75 | 37 | 18 | 98 | 27 | 31 | 60.9 | | 144= | 152 | University of Bath | UK | 52 | 98 | 48 | 50 | 89 | 94 | 60.7 | | 144= | 227 | University of Bergen | Norway | 59 | 53 | 62 | 58 | 60 | 64 | 60.7 | | 146= | 179 | University of Cape Town | South Africa | 64 | 79 | 27 | 62 | 77 | 86 | 60.6 | | 146= | 139 | Humboldt University of Berlin | Germany | 83 | 36 | 36 | 51 | 45 | 59 | 60.6 | | 148 | 180= | Waseda University | Japan | 83 | 91 | 43 | 23 | 41 | 30 | 60.5 | | 149= | 170= | University of Calgary | Canada | 68 | 60 | 9 | 100 | 47 | 31 | 60.4 | | 149= | 155= | Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen | Germany | 65 | 27 | 69 | 58 | 53 | 50 | 60.4 | | 151= | 159 | University of Western Ontario | Canada | 65 | 67 | 17 | 91 | 70 | 27 | 60.3 | | 151= | 203 | Yonsei University | South Korea | 76 | 43 | 78 | 30 | 22 | 31 | 60.3 | | 153 | 144= | Shanghai Jiao Tong University | China | 72 | 74 | 62 | 40 | 32 | 16 | 60.2 | | 154 | 141 | University of Science and Technology of China | China | 74 | 61 | 50 | 59 | 17 | 13 | 60.1 | | 155= | 158 | Kyushu University | Japan | 59 | 59 | 71 | 63 | 19 | 34 | 60.0 | | 155= | 183= | Lomonosov Moscow State University | Russia | 78 | 70 | 36 | 37 | 76 | 44 | 60.0 | | 155= | 142 | Wageningen University | Netherlands | 38 | 31 | 87 | 82 | 39 | 97 | 60.0 | | 158 | 162= | Newcastle University | UK | 43 | 88 | 63 | 57 | 81 | 86 | 59.6 | | 159 | 133= | Technical University of Denmark | Denmark | 39 | 34 | 99 | 62 | 93 | 47 | 59.5 | | 160 | 157 | Tufts University | US | 35 | 54 | 70 | 88 | 100 | 43 | 59.4 | | 161 | 132 | University of California, Irvine | US | 71 | 22 | 22 | 99 | 26 | 35 | 59.0 | | 162 | 170= | Lancaster University | UK | 55 | 73 | 59 | 41 | 85 | 81 | 58.9 | | 163 | 174= | Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | India | 76 | 79 | 43 | 45 | 16 | 13 | 58.6 | | 164 | 160 | Queen Mary, University of London | UK | 55 | 62 | 75 | 26 | 92 | 90 | 58.5 | | 165 | 155= | VU University Amsterdam | Netherlands | 65 | 59 | 67 | 43 | 39 | 28 | 58.3 | | 166= | 146 | University of Arizona | US | 64 | 44 | 25 | 94 | 27 | 32 | 58.0 | | 166= | 130 | University of Sussex | UK | 54 | 44 | 49 | 62 | 87 | 80 | 58.0 | | 168= | 161 | University of Lausanne | Switzerland | 46 | 43 | 57 | 67 | 88 | 80 | 57.4 | | 168= | 143 | Nanjing University | China | 76 | 59 | 41 | 42 | 50 | 17 | 57.4 | | 168= | 224 | Saint-Petersburg State University | Russia | 63 | 60 | 95 | 21 | 16 | 20 | 57.4 | | 171= | 186= | University of Barcelona | Spain | 77 | 53 | 17 | 66 | 24 | 37 | 57.2 | | 171= | 174= | Hokkaido University | Japan | 51 | 60 | 72 | 64 | 19 | 25 | 57.2 | | 173 | 127 | Stony Brook University | US | 54 | 33 | 50 | 68 | 61 | 87 | 57.1 | | 174= | 192= | University of Bologna | Italy | 82 | 62 | 34 | 34 | 27 | 29 | 56.9 | | 174= | 173 | KTH, Royal Institute of Technology | Sweden | 58 | 45 | 49 | 46 | 83 | 98 | 56.9 | | 174= | 216 | University of Tsukuba | Japan | 59 | 46 | 77 | 45 | 23 | 36 | 56.9 | | 177= | 195 | University of Antwerp | Belgium | 47 | 36 | 99 | 37 | 59 | 56 | 56.7 | | 177= | 200= | University of Athens | Greece | 46 | 44 | 65 | 76 | 0 | 91 | 56.7 | | 179 | 137= | Texas A&M University | US | 66 | 64 | 24 | 72 | 32 | 35 | 56.6 | | 180 | 230 | Universiti Malaya | Malaysia | 60 | 68 | 68 | 21 | 72 | 65 | 56.5 | | 181 | 154 | Indian Institute of Technology Delhi | India | 68 | 81 | 46 | 48 | 15 | 13 | 56.4 | | 182 | 216 | Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen | Germany | 49 | 88 | 75 | 30 | 50 | 66 | 56.3 | | 183 | 151 | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey | US | 69 | 32 | 43 | 57 | 61 | 28 | 56.2 | | 184 | 207 | University of Karlsruhe | Germany | 47 | 84 | 73 | 33 | 49 | 81 | 56.1 | | 185 | 258 | University of Gothenburg | Sweden | 49 | 26 | 63 | 62 | 65 | 86 | 55.8 | | 186= | 180= | University of Colorado at Boulder | US | 54 | 20 | 53 | 87 | 36 | 20 | 55.6 | | 186= | 166= | University of Göttingen | Germany | 64 | 21 | 63 | 48 | 40 | 49 | 55.6 | | 188 | 186= | University of Canterbury | New Zealand | 57 | 89 | 27 | 39 | 99 | 82 | 55.2 | | 189 | 182 | Macquarie University | Australia | 61 | 77 | 20 | 43 | 86 | 100 | 54.9 | | 190 | 150 | National Autonomous University of Mexico | Mexico | 68 | 81 | 57 | 21 | 35 | 15 | 54.8 | | 191= | 183= | Université Libre de Bruxelles | Belgium | 60 | 56 | 22 | 59 | 57 | 96 | 54.7 | | 191= | 194 | University of Reading | UK | 45 | 71 | 52 | 50 | 80 | 81 | 54.7 | | 193= | 192= | University of Bern | Switzerland | 40 | 22 | 58 | 83 | 92 | 44 | 54.5 | | 193= | 170= | Indiana University Bloomington | US | 61 | 69 | 28 | 58 | 46 | 48 | 54.5 | | 195 | 224 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Hong Kong | 57 | 49 | 30 | 54 | 100 | 75 | 54.4 | | 196= | 177= | University of Leicester | UK | 38 | 48 | 55 | 67 | 72 | 94 | 53.9 | | 196= | 164 | Simon Fraser University | Canada | 67 | 49 | 19 | 53 | 88 | 49 | 53.9 | | 198 | 162= | Chalmers University of Technology | Sweden | 58 | 37 | 48 | 56 | 44 | 57 | 53.8 | | 199 | 168 | University of Notre Dame | US | 50 | 74 | 44 | 67 | 25 | 31 | 53.6 | | 200 | 200= | University of Twente | Netherlands | 47 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 83 | 66 | 53.5 | Source: QS Ltd , published October 1 2009. © QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. | 美國有 50 所大學列在前 200 名大學之中。它們的排名如下。這只是看起來方便而已。 Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2009 | | Top 2009 USA universities (50) | | 2009 | 2008 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | Harvard University | US | 100 | 100 | 98 | 100 | 85 | 78 | 100. | | 3 | 2 | Yale University | US | 100 | 99 | 100 | 94 | 85 | 77 | 99.1 | | 7 | 8 | University of Chicago | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 88 | 77 | 83 | 96.8 | | 8 | 12 | Princeton University | US | 100 | 96 | 82 | 100 | 89 | 81 | 96.6 | | 9 | 9 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | US | 100 | 100 | 89 | 100 | 31 | 95 | 96.1 | | 10 | 5 | California Institute of Technology | US | 99 | 72 | 87 | 100 | 100 | 89 | 95.9 | | 11 | 10 | Columbia University | US | 100 | 99 | 97 | 92 | 28 | 89 | 95.6 | | 12 | 11 | University of Pennsylvania | US | 96 | 99 | 85 | 98 | 82 | 60 | 94.2 | | 13 | 13= | Johns Hopkins University | US | 98 | 79 | 100 | 99 | 28 | 71 | 94.1 | | 14 | 13= | Duke University | US | 95 | 97 | 100 | 93 | 29 | 62 | 92.9 | | 15 | 15 | Cornell University | US | 100 | 99 | 85 | 94 | 28 | 73 | 92.5 | | 16 | 17 | Stanford University | US | 100 | 100 | 71 | 100 | 25 | 96 | 92.2 | | 19 | 18 | University of Michigan | US | 99 | 99 | 85 | 81 | 57 | 52 | 89.9 | | 27 | 21 | Carnegie Mellon University | US | 94 | 93 | 56 | 88 | 62 | 96 | 85.6 | | 31 | 27 | Brown University | US | 88 | 85 | 67 | 97 | 53 | 55 | 83.9 | | 32= | 30= | University of California, Los Angeles | US | 100 | 98 | 46 | 100 | 21 | 33 | 83.5 | | 32= | 33 | Northwestern University | US | 86 | 97 | 78 | 79 | 28 | 100 | 83.5 | | 39 | 36 | University of California, Berkeley | US | 100 | 100 | 25 | 100 | 86 | 34 | 82.7 | | 61= | 55 | University of Wisconsin-Madison | US | 90 | 76 | 44 | 87 | 29 | 36 | 74.7 | | 63= | 71 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | US | 92 | 66 | 23 | 93 | 72 | 49 | 74.5 | | 73= | 60 | Washington University in St Louis | US | 57 | 50 | 95 | 98 | 30 | 53 | 72.0 | | 76= | 58 | University of California, San Diego | US | 98 | 51 | 17 | 100 | 22 | 27 | 71.5 | | 76= | 70 | University of Texas at Austin | US | 93 | 92 | 29 | 65 | 55 | 41 | 71.5 | | 78 | 102= | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | US | 72 | 78 | 72 | 82 | 23 | 26 | 71.3 | | 80 | 59 | University of Washington | US | 83 | 46 | 45 | 99 | 25 | 36 | 71.1 | | 85 | 54 | Dartmouth College | US | 58 | 93 | 60 | 100 | 34 | 52 | 70.1 | | 86 | 83= | Georgia Institute of Technology | US | 76 | 81 | 23 | 99 | 36 | 77 | 70.0 | | 87= | 99= | Purdue University | US | 83 | 83 | 38 | 58 | 94 | 60 | 69.8 | | 90 | 62 | Emory University | US | 51 | 68 | 94 | 90 | 41 | 45 | 69.6 | | 100 | 78= | Rice University | US | 56 | 44 | 86 | 87 | 38 | 67 | 68.1 | | 105 | 87 | University of Minnesota | US | 74 | 51 | 26 | 99 | 84 | 38 | 67.1 | | 106 | 98 | University of California, Santa Barbara | US | 86 | 42 | 21 | 97 | 37 | 21 | 66.6 | | 108= | 89 | University of California, Davis | US | 76 | 47 | 43 | 91 | 26 | 25 | 66.1 | | 112 | 102= | University of Southern California | US | 62 | 66 | 49 | 79 | 66 | 88 | 66.0 | | 114= | 97 | University of Pittsburgh | US | 55 | 30 | 93 | 76 | 73 | 35 | 65.6 | | 119 | 90 | Case Western Reserve University | US | 52 | 38 | 88 | 86 | 20 | 52 | 64.6 | | 120= | 105 | Pennsylvania State University | US | 73 | 69 | 29 | 89 | 38 | 34 | 64.4 | | 122= | 122= | University of Maryland, College Park | US | 67 | 34 | 56 | 83 | 55 | 38 | 64.0 | | 128 | 96 | University of Virginia | US | 57 | 91 | 60 | 77 | 22 | 36 | 63.5 | | 129= | 110 | Georgetown University | US | 65 | 90 | 65 | 50 | 24 | 51 | 63.4 | | 129= | 121 | Ohio State University | US | 69 | 77 | 40 | 64 | 69 | 46 | 63.4 | | 160 | 157 | Tufts University | US | 35 | 54 | 70 | 88 | 100 | 43 | 59.4 | | 161 | 132 | University of California, Irvine | US | 71 | 22 | 22 | 99 | 26 | 35 | 59.0 | | 166= | 146 | University of Arizona | US | 64 | 44 | 25 | 94 | 27 | 32 | 58.0 | | 173 | 127 | Stony Brook University | US | 54 | 33 | 50 | 68 | 61 | 87 | 57.1 | | 179 | 137= | Texas A&M University | US | 66 | 64 | 24 | 72 | 32 | 35 | 56.6 | | 183 | 151 | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey | US | 69 | 32 | 43 | 57 | 61 | 28 | 56.2 | | 186= | 180= | University of Colorado at Boulder | US | 54 | 20 | 53 | 87 | 36 | 20 | 55.6 | | 193= | 170= | Indiana University Bloomington | US | 61 | 69 | 28 | 58 | 46 | 48 | 54.5 | | 199 | 168 | University of Notre Dame | US | 50 | 74 | 44 | 67 | 25 | 31 | 53.6 | 最後,藉機會談談股市。由於在舊作中我提到了當時股市的長線預測,就是第四浪的上下限,標普500的頂端是1100,目前已經快到了。這個四浪震盪時間上看要2-3年,當然當時我還不知道是三角、平台甚或鍥形。由於形態還看不出來,那麼震盪4-5年的可能性不能排除。大四浪完後,便是第五浪下跌。 由於有人看不懂,不知道大四浪的特點,以為我說的是很快就是下跌五浪。四浪的特徵就是耗時。如果大四浪的底部是在670一帶,那麼下次如果破不了這個底部,平台的形態可能性大。如果是平台,超過5年震盪的可能性是有的。 |