《十二凡人》第七章《拿但業-心無詭詐的使徒》(譯註)

The use of surnames among Jewish people began to develop during the Middle Ages. Prior to that, Jewish individuals were often identified by a given name followed by the name of their father, such as "David ben Jacob" (David, son of Jacob) or "Sarah bat Abraham" (Sarah, daughter of Abraham). These patronymic naming practices were common in many cultures at the time.

As European society evolved and centralized systems of administration emerged, the use of hereditary surnames became more prevalent. Jewish communities gradually adopted surnames to comply with these new requirements. The specific timing and implementation varied across different regions and countries.

The adoption of surnames by Jews was influenced by local laws, customs, and cultural factors. In some cases, Jewish families took on surnames derived from their occupation, location, or personal characteristics. Others adopted surnames based on their ancestral lineage or religious traditions.

It is important to note that while surnames became more common among Jewish people during the Middle Ages, the specific practices and timelines varied among different Jewish communities and geographical regions.

從中世紀起，猶太人開始使用姓氏。在這之前，猶太人通常通過名字後面加上父親的名字來識別，例如“David ben Jacob”（大衛，雅各之子）或“Sarah bat Abraham”（莎拉，亞伯拉罕之女）。新約聖經中一些人名因用的是亞蘭文，由ben變成了bar，如Simon bar Jonah(西門巴約拿)。這些以父名命名的做法在當時的許多文化中都很常見，如斯拉夫民族。

隨着歐洲社會的發展和集中管理系統的出現，世襲姓氏的使用變得更加普遍。猶太社區逐漸採用姓氏以符合這些新要求。具體時間和實施因地區和國家而異。

猶太人採用姓氏受到當地法律、習俗和文化因素的影響。在某些情況下，猶太家庭根據他們的職業、地點或個人特徵取姓。其他人根據他們的祖先血統或宗教傳統採用姓氏。

值得注意的是，雖然姓氏在中世紀的猶太人中變得更加普遍，但不同的猶太社區和地理區域的具體做法和時間表各不相同。