《十二凡人》第七章《拿但业-心无诡诈的使徒》(译注)

The use of surnames among Jewish people began to develop during the Middle Ages. Prior to that, Jewish individuals were often identified by a given name followed by the name of their father, such as "David ben Jacob" (David, son of Jacob) or "Sarah bat Abraham" (Sarah, daughter of Abraham). These patronymic naming practices were common in many cultures at the time.

As European society evolved and centralized systems of administration emerged, the use of hereditary surnames became more prevalent. Jewish communities gradually adopted surnames to comply with these new requirements. The specific timing and implementation varied across different regions and countries.

The adoption of surnames by Jews was influenced by local laws, customs, and cultural factors. In some cases, Jewish families took on surnames derived from their occupation, location, or personal characteristics. Others adopted surnames based on their ancestral lineage or religious traditions.

It is important to note that while surnames became more common among Jewish people during the Middle Ages, the specific practices and timelines varied among different Jewish communities and geographical regions.

从中世纪起，犹太人开始使用姓氏。在这之前，犹太人通常通过名字后面加上父亲的名字来识别，例如“David ben Jacob”（大卫，雅各之子）或“Sarah bat Abraham”（莎拉，亚伯拉罕之女）。新约圣经中一些人名因用的是亚兰文，由ben变成了bar，如Simon bar Jonah(西门巴约拿)。这些以父名命名的做法在当时的许多文化中都很常见，如斯拉夫民族。

随着欧洲社会的发展和集中管理系统的出现，世袭姓氏的使用变得更加普遍。犹太社区逐渐采用姓氏以符合这些新要求。具体时间和实施因地区和国家而异。

犹太人采用姓氏受到当地法律、习俗和文化因素的影响。在某些情况下，犹太家庭根据他们的职业、地点或个人特征取姓。其他人根据他们的祖先血统或宗教传统采用姓氏。

值得注意的是，虽然姓氏在中世纪的犹太人中变得更加普遍，但不同的犹太社区和地理区域的具体做法和时间表各不相同。