目錄 Content：12.1 欲界 Desire Boundary；12.1.1 地獄趣 Hell Interest；12.1.2 畜生趣 Livestock Interest；12.1.3 餓鬼趣 Hungry Ghost Interest；12.1.4 修羅趣 Asura Interest；12.1.5 人趣 Human Interest；12.1.6 欲天趣 Desire Sky Interest；12.2 色界 Color Boundary；12.3 無色界 Colorless Boundary；12.4 統觀大千世界 General View of the Great Grand Worlds.

苦諦談三千大千世界（如圖12）的眾生相是一大苦具。三千大千世界是由十億塵剎土世界構成的。塵剎土是一瞬間的感知，亦作一小世界。土是身土義，亦作佛。佛是梵語，覺義，聖人義。古人稱一千位一小千，一百萬為一中千，十億為一大千。古人在讀時，先看見三組三個零，就讀出了三千，又看見三千是一個數字，就讀成了 三千大千世界。實際上三千大千世界和大千世界的意義相同。

Bitter Crux talks about phenomena that Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds (see figure 12) of sentient beings are a big bitter aggregate. The Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds are composed of 1,000,000,000 dust instant soils. The dust instant soil means the momentary body and mind, is also called a small world. The soil means perception, Buddha. Buddha is a Pali word, means Perception, sage. The ancients called a thousand a small grand, a million a medium grand, and a billion a great grand. When ancients read it, they first saw three groups of three zeros and read three grands. Then saw that three thousand are one number, so they read it as three-grand great-grand worlds. In fact, the Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds and the Great-Grand Worlds have the same meaning.

12.1 欲界 Desire Boundary

依據對根本十戒的遵守與違犯，古德把眾生分成了六類，稱作六道，或六趣。根本十戒亦可分為十惡戒和十善戒。

十惡戒是：（一）殺生，（二）偷盜，（三）邪淫， （四）妄語，（五）綺語，（六）惡口，（七）兩舌，（八）慳貪，（九）嗔恚，（十）邪見。

古人根據對十惡戒的違犯程度，把惡人分成了三類，稱作三惡趣（如圖12-22至20），或三惡道，分別是地獄趣、畜生趣、和惡鬼趣。

Based on the observance or violation of the Ten Fundamental Precepts, Ancient Virtues divided all sentients into six categories, called the six paths, or six interests. The Ten Fundamental Precepts can also be divided into the Ten Ferocious Precepts and Ten Benevolent Precepts.

The ten ferocious precepts are: 1. killing, 2. stealing, 3. heretical sexual conduction, 4. delusional speech, 5. flowery speech, 6. ferocious speech, 7. two-tongue, 8. stingy greed, 9. hatred irritability, and 10. heretic.

According to the degree of violation of the ten ferocious precepts, the ancients divided the ferocious sentient beings into three categories called the Three Ferocious Interests (see figures 12-22 to 20), or the Three Ferocious Paths, which are the hell interests, the livestock interests, and the hungry ghost interests.

不作以上十惡，就是十善：

（一）不殺生，或不唯不行殺害，更能實行救護。

（二）不偷盜，或不唯不行非予取，更能實行給施。

（三）不邪淫，或不唯不行淫邪，更能實行清淨。

此前三戒是身戒，是約束身體行為的戒律。什麼是不殺生？如自己不親自殺生，不幫助別人殺生，不製造運輸殺人的武器裝備，不建議慫恿和歌頌死亡。

Not committing the above ten ferocities are the Ten Benevolences:

(1) not to kill, or not only not to kill but also to save lives.

(2) not to steal, or not only not to steal but also to practice donation.

(3) not to commit heretical sex, or not only not to commit heretical sex but also to practice immaculateness.

The previous three precepts are body precepts that govern bodily physical behavior. What is it to refrain from killing? Such as one does not kill personally, does not help others to kill, does not manufacture or transport weapons and equipment for killing, does not recommend encourage and eulogize death.

（四）不妄語，或不唯不行誑惑，更能言說真實語。

（五）不綺語，或不唯不行魅惑，更能作利益語。

（六）不惡口，或不唯不行粗獷，更能善言安慰。

（七）不兩舌，或不唯不行離間，更能從中調和。此四是口戒。

(4) not to speak delusionally, or not only not to muddle and deceive, but also to speak truthfully.

(5) not to use flowery speech, or not only not to seduce, but also to speak for the benefit of others.

(6) not to speak of coarse ferocious language, or not only not to speak ferociously, but also to speak kindly to console.

(7) not to two-tongue, not only not to sow discord, but also to conciliate and harmonize. The four are oral precepts.

（八）不慳貪，或不唯不行慳吝，更能進行施捨。

（九）不嗔恚，或不唯不行憤恚，更能恒生慈念。

（十）不邪見，或不唯不行邪見，更能信行四諦因果理。此三是意戒。

(8) not to be stingy greed, or not only not to be stingily greed, but also to perform donation.

(9) not to be resentfully irritated, or not only not to be angry, but also to be able to bear merciful spell.

(10) not to be heretical, or not only not to be heretical, but also be able to believe and implement the causes and fruits of the Four Victorious Cruxes. The three are intentional precepts.

古人根據對此十善戒的違犯程度，把善人分成了三類，分別是修羅趣（如圖19），人趣（如圖18），和天趣（如圖15至1）。

六趣亦作六道，是說此類人正行進在去往地獄、惡鬼等處的道路上。本章後文對此六趣做進一步的分析和辨別。

According to the degree of violation of these Ten Good Precepts, Ancient Virtues divided the good people into three categories, namely, Asura Interest (see figure 19), Human Interest (see figure 18), and Sky Interest (see figures 15 to 1).

Six Interests are also known as Six Paths. Path means that such people are traveling on the road to hell, hungry ghost, and so on places. These six interests are further analyzed and identified below in this chapter.

古德又根據眾生的種性把眾生分成了三界。界是因義，種子義，是生命之樹的四大種之一（參見10.2節）。

欲界，如插圖35所示，義為此界眾生，都是從欲望的種子而有，都有飲食、睡眠、性交等色聲香味觸五欲。

那還有沒有欲望的人嗎？插圖36是色界，那種境界的人沒有男女差別，也沒有飲食的欲望，和睡眠的需求。插圖37是無色界，是純粹的思想意識狀態，沒有身體的感覺，自然就沒有飲食、睡眠、和性生活的需求。

Ancient sages divided all sentients into three boundaries according to their seed nature. The boundary means cause, seed, is one of the four big seeds (see section 10.2) of the Tree of Life.

Desire Boundary, as shown in Illustrations 35, means that all beings in this boundary are born from the seeds of desires, have the five desires of color, sound, smell, taste, and touch, such as eating, sleeping, and sexual intercourse. Are there any who have no desires? Fig. 36 is Color Boundary, where there is no difference between men and women, and there are no desires for food, drink, or sleep. Fig. 37 is Colorless Boundary, which are pure conscious states, with no bodily feelings, so naturally there is no need at all for food, drink, sleep, or sexual intercourse.

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