什么是"美国精神"? 大约75万军人在美国的内战中阵亡,占当时总人口的比例高达2.4%。相比之下,二战中美国阵亡军人大约是40万,占总人口的0.3%。美国独立战争阵亡将士约2万5千军人,占当时总人口的0.9%。 而美国内战的起因,可以说是独一无二的。南方说是为了保卫自己的生活方式,习惯,和自己的家园。这似乎比较容易理解。保家卫国嘛。但北方说,战争不是为了权力,不是为了财富,不是为了国家,不是为了土地,而是为了一种新的信念。这就有点邪乎了。 这"信念"是什么呢? 我以前看过 Ken Burns的纪录片"The Civil War"。里面一位叫Chamberlain的北军上校给我留下了深刻的印象。内战开始时,他是一位教授。他一心想去参加北军但学校不放他走。于是,他请了Sabbatical Leave, 跑去北军当了个上校。在盖茨堡战役中,他作战勇猛,关键时刻出奇兵奇策,为北军取得盖茨堡战役的胜利,和北军的最后胜利,立下了不朽的功勋。 一百多年后,Chamberlain 成了描写盖茨堡战役的小说The Killer Angels 里的主角之一。以下是小说里Chamberlain自己的一些思考。我试着翻译几句吧。 1. The faith itself was simple: he believed in the dignity of man. 这个信念其实很简单:他坚信人的尊严。 2. He had grown up believing in America and the individual and it was a stronger faith than his faith in God. 他是在坚信美国,坚信个人中长大的。这个信念比信仰上帝还要强烈。 3. This was the land where no man had to bow. In this place at last a man could stand up free of the past, free of the tradition and blood ties and the curse of royalty and become what he wished to become. 在这片土地上,人不用折腰。人终于可以站起来,摆脱过去,摆脱传统和血缘,摆脱皇室的魔咒,而成就自己。 4. This was the first place on earth where the man mattered more than the state. 这是世界上第一个人比国家更重要的地方。 5. True freedom had began here and it would spread eventually over all the earth. 真正的自由,从这片土地上开始,并且终将遍及全球。 6. The fact of slavery upon this incredibly beatutiful new clean earth was appaling, but more even than that was the horror of old Europe, the curse of nobility, which the South was transplanting to new soil. They were forming a new aristocracy, a new breed of glittering men, and Chamberlain had come to crush it. 在这片清新干净美丽无比的土地上,居然还有奴隶,这太可恶了。这甚至比旧欧洲的贵族恶行带来的恐怖更加可恶。南方把这些恶行移植到了这块清新的土地上。他们已经形成了新的贵族阶层,一群满身铜臭的家伙。所以我Chamberlain来捣毁他们。 (说得太好了。解释了他一个教授为什么要奋不顾身来参军,来打仗)。 7. But he was fighting for the dignity of man and in that way he was fighting for himself. 为人的尊严而战,就是为自己的尊严而战。 8. If men were equal in America, all these former Poles and English and Czechs and blacks, then they were equal everywhere, and there was really no such thing as a foreigner; there were only free men and slaves. And so it was not even patriotism but a new faith. 如果在美国的人,不管他们是来自波兰还是英国还是捷克还是黑人,是平等的,那么,在世界上所有的地方,人都是平等的。其实,根本没有外国人(本国人)的区别,只有自由人还是奴隶的区别。所以,(这个仗)甚至连爱国主义都说不上,而是一种新的信念。 9. The Frenchman may fight for France, but the American fights for mankind, for freedom, for the people, not the land. 法国人可以为法国而战,但美国人将为人类,为自由,为人民而战,而不是为国土。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 因为是小说,是内战一百多年后写出的小说,以上的说法是不是 Chamberlain 的真实想法,无从考证。但我想,这些想法,展现了美国精神的精髓。起码是美国曾经有过的精神。
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