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诺贝尔文学奖的误解 2014-04-25 14:13:33

记不清什么时候知道诺贝尔奖项中包含了文学奖,反正是很早以前就知道了,肯定是在莫言被提名为诺贝尔文学奖得主的很多很多年以前,但是不久以前才发现,所谓的诺贝尔文学奖是中国人自己的发明,诺贝尔奖项中并没有文学奖这一项,莫言得到的也不是文学奖,而是文献奖(Nobel Prize in Literature)只不过这个文献不但包含了文学,而且很不幸地,迄今为止的诺贝尔文献奖主要是颁发给了文学作品的作家。

包括散文,长短诗,剧作,故事在内的各种形式的文学作品确实是人类文明中最能直接打动社会大众的心灵的写作形式,同时也是最容易被读者理解的一类作品,所以诺贝尔文献奖主要颁发给了文学作品的作家自有其合理性。但是在人类文明中,文学写作只反映了除了与物理,化学,医学,经济,及与和平有关的努力以及诺贝尔因个人感情而不喜欢的数学之外的极为广泛的文化领域的一个具有相当的局限性的一个子集,只是这个子集相对来说最容易理解而已。因此,反映了人类文明各重大领域的发展现状的诺贝尔奖的绝大多数得主都是文学作品的作家这一点本身反映了人类文明的一种不幸:作为自然界的最高进化的物种的人类在对于真理的认识上却与自然界的最原始的无机物的运动一样是受到最小阻力律 制约的。这个最小阻力律 在人类的认识活动中就表现为最容易理解律

当然,就如同在自然过程中最小阻力律 并非永远成立一样,对于有了智能的自主性的人类来说,最容易理解律 也只是一个在大范围内以大概率成立的一个相对正确的统计现象而已。之所以说这个律的成立是一种不幸是因为最容易理解的内容不但不代表最深刻最有意义的,而且很多时候会因为它的肤浅而诱使人们忽视对于深刻内涵的理解因而为人类的社会实践带来困难和灾难。在诺贝尔文献奖的问题上所表现出来的人类对于最容易理解律 的屈从的不幸有着两方面的意义:首先,这表明了社会大众具有欢迎容易理解的而排斥不容易理解的内容的倾向,尽管这些不容易理解的内容中有很多是非常重要的;第二,诺贝尔文献奖评审人员本身对不容易理解的内容也具有回避的倾向。

我在本文下面列出了自1901年以来历年的诺贝尔文献奖的获奖列单。从这个列单中我们可以看到,不幸中的万幸是诺贝尔文献奖并没有象这个名词的中文译者可能期待的那样将它完全颁发给文学作品的作家,而是自1901年第一个诺贝尔文献奖以来的一百多次文献奖中有7次颁发给了非文学作品的作家。虽然这7次中的有些作者也曾写小说故事,但是他们在文学上的成就并非是他们得奖的主要原因,或者说他们在文献方面的主要成就不是表现在他们的小说作品上;其中也有的作者与文学基本无关。这7位非文学类的获奖作者中有一位是德国的历史文献作家(Theodor Mommsen),一位德国的哲学家(Rudolf Eucken),一位英国的政治家(英国首相丘吉尔),三位法国的哲学家(Henri BergsonAlbert CamusJean-Paul Sartre),和一位英国的哲学家(Bertrand Russell)。

这里要顺便提一下1938年的文献奖得主,美国女作家赛珍珠(Pearl Buck)。她出生在美国的西弗吉尼亚,3岁时到中国,43岁回到美国。她因她的一系列反映中国农民生活的文学作品而获得1938年的诺贝尔文献奖。今天的华人很多熟悉高行建和莫言的反映中国文化的作品,但是对赛珍珠的作品可能就不太熟悉了。

历年诺贝尔文献奖列表:

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 was awarded to Sully Prudhomme "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 was awarded to Theodor Mommsen "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903 was awarded to Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 was divided equally between Frédéric Mistral "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist" and José Echegaray y Eizaguirre "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905 was awarded to Henryk Sienkiewicz "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 was awarded to Rudyard Kipling"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 was awarded to Rudolf Eucken"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 was awarded to Selma Lagerlöf"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1910 was awarded to Paul Heyse "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 was awarded to Maurice Maeterlinck "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912 was awarded to Gerhart Hauptmann "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 was awarded to Rabindranath Tagore "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West".

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1914. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 was awarded to Romain Rolland"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 was awarded to Verner von Heidenstam "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917 was divided equally between Karl Adolph Gjellerup "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals" and Henrik Pontoppidan "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark".

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1918. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919 was awarded to Carl Spitteler "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 was awarded to Knut Hamsun "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 was awarded to Anatole France" in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 was awarded to Jacinto Benavente "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 was awarded to William Butler Yeats "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924 was awarded to Wladyslaw Reymont "for his great national epic, The Peasants".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 was awarded to George Bernard Shaw "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 was awarded to Grazia Deledda" for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 was awarded to Henri Bergson "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928 was awarded to Sigrid Undset "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929 was awarded to Thomas Mann "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 was awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 was awarded to John Galsworthy "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 was awarded to Ivan Bunin "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 was awarded to Luigi Pirandello "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art".

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1935. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 was awarded to Eugene O'Neill "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 was awarded to Roger Martin du Gard "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 was awarded to Pearl Buck "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 was awarded to Frans Eemil Sillanpää "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature".

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1940. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1941. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1942. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

No Nobel Prize was awarded 1943. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes V. Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 was awarded to Gabriela Mistral "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 was awarded to Hermann Hesse "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 was awarded to André Gide "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 was awarded to T.S. Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 was awarded to William Faulkner"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 was awarded to Bertrand Russell"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 was awarded to Pär Lagerkvist "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 was awarded to François Mauriac "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 was awarded to Winston Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 was awarded to Ernest Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 was awarded to Halldór Laxness"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 was awarded to Juan Ramón Jiménez "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 was awarded to Albert Camus"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 was awarded to Boris Pasternak "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 was awarded to Salvatore Quasimodo "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 was awarded to Saint-John Perse"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 was awarded to Ivo Andric "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 was awarded to John Steinbeck "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 was awarded to Giorgos Seferis"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 was awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 was awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 was divided equally between Shmuel Yosef Agnon "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" and Nelly Sachs "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" .

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 was awarded to Yasunari Kawabata "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 was awarded to Samuel Beckett"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 was awarded to Alexandr Solzhenitsyn "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 was awarded to Pablo Neruda"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 was awarded to Heinrich Böll "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 was awarded to Patrick White"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 was divided equally between Eyvind Johnson "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom" and Harry Martinson "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 was awarded to Eugenio Montale"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 was awarded to Saul Bellow "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 was awarded to Vicente Aleixandre "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 was awarded to Isaac Bashevis Singer "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 was awarded to Odysseus Elytis"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 was awarded to Czeslaw Milosz "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 was awarded to Elias Canetti "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 was awarded to Gabriel García Márquez "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 was awarded to William Golding"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 was awarded to Jaroslav Seifert"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 was awarded to Claude Simon"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 was awarded to Wole Soyinka"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 was awarded to Joseph Brodsky"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 was awarded to Naguib Mahfouz"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 was awarded to Camilo José Cela"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 was awarded to Octavio Paz "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 was awarded to Nadine Gordimer"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 was awarded to Derek Walcott"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 was awarded to Toni Morrison"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 was awarded to Kenzaburo Oe"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 was awarded to Seamus Heaney"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 was awarded to Wislawa Szymborska "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 was awarded to Dario Fo "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 was awarded to José Saramago"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999 was awarded to Günter Grass"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000 was awarded to Gao Xingjian "for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 was awarded to V. S. Naipaul "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 was awarded to Imre Kertész "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 was awarded to J. M. Coetzee"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 was awarded to Elfriede Jelinek"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005 was awarded to Harold Pinter"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 was awarded to Orhan Pamuk"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 was awarded to Doris Lessing"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 was awarded to Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 was awarded to Herta Müller"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 was awarded to Tomas Tranströmer "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 was awarded to Alice Munro"master of the contemporary short story".

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/

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作者:联合社区 留言时间:2014-05-03 08:44:23
莫言这个人的社会价值甚至不如刘晓波。。。根本是社会文化垃圾。。。他小说描写的东西只有商业利益讨好西方获奖。对中国社会无有益成分。。。
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-30 05:12:18
老庄户:

这个问题问得好。我也不知道答案,但是正如我前面在给俞先生和谭岳博的回复中提到的,本文对文学一词的质疑并不是完全基于字面的意思(不论是哪种语言)更在于诺贝尔文献奖(或文字奖)本身并不是严格地授予文学作品的作者,尤其是早期的获奖人员中非文学类的比例更高(前两届里是50%)这一点而提出的。。。当然如果有人有兴趣可以去查查诺贝尔遗嘱的原文。。。。

谢谢参加讨论!
回复 | 0
作者:老庄户 留言时间:2014-04-29 18:33:19
看了博主的文章以及随后的一系列跟贴、讨论,深感各位学问渊博,令在下狗咬刺猬不知何处下嘴。
小声问一句:诺贝尔遗嘱原本是什么语言?英文Literature是否也是翻译的?
回复 | 0
作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-28 11:47:18
再回俞先生:

这个世界上有很多巧事。。前两天刚因和某位老友的微信对话的感触打算写一篇题为“子非鱼安知鱼之乐”的文章,当时并没有和现象学联系起来,昨天俞先生来此提到胡塞尔,而与此同时新浪的一位网友昨天又通过纸条让我去他的qq评论他的一篇批现象学的文章,所以我昨天就恶补了一下胡塞尔的现象学(看哲评,来不及看原著,不好意思)。。结果无意中发现一个尔哲学现象:笛卡尔,黑格尔,胡塞尔,海德格尔,萨特尔他们的哲学基本上是一条线的关系,但是无巧不巧的是他们的名字的中译文都以尔结尾尽管在他们的母语中他们的名字相去甚远,而且他们的哲学都是试图从一个不需要额外前提的基本点出发的所谓的第一哲学:笛卡尔的前提是“我思故我在”,黑格尔的前提是纯无与纯有,胡塞尔的前提是意向性,海德格尔和萨特尔基本上沿用了黑格尔的纯无和纯有。。。另外,这些尔哲学(包括黑格尔在内)的一个核心内容就是主观意识对世界的反应。。。。:)

当然,尽管今天人们早已对这种所谓的第一哲学的合理性或有效性有所批评和诟病,他们的作为第一哲学的出发点在逻辑上是过得硬的,而不象万维的范例的出发点是一个不需要任何逻辑论证建构的“绝对的绝对”。。。呵呵
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-27 13:29:52
俞先生好!

胡塞尔的文章我基本没有读过,他的IDEAS我拿起来几次又放下,不是因为难读,而是没有觉得有必要占用读别的书的时间来读它,主要有两个原因:1)我最早接触到胡塞尔哲学是海德格尔的文章中,胡塞尔是海德格尔的老师,如果你读过他的学生海德格尔的文章就会发现,海德格尔根本没有超越黑格尔。。。所以就造成了一个先如为主的影响,作为老师的胡塞尔的哲学恐怕也不会有很大超越。。。;2)今天人们提起胡塞尔的哲学,就是所谓的现象学,而现象学又是黑格尔的首创,而黑格尔的哲学集大成者不是他的现象学,而是他在现象学之后写的辩证逻辑,所以跳过辩证逻辑来发展现象学让我感觉可能又是对黑格尔的哲学没有全面了解而局部发展。。。。。。

但是,后来从哲评文章中了解到胡塞尔其实是理解西方近代哲学从黑格尔到后来的二十世纪后期诸多哲学的一个非常关键的转折人物:1)他的现象学是黑格尔到海德格尔等的存在主义的本体论连接线,这一点可能是大家谈得最多的,但从海德格尔自身的哲学来看(因为我没有读过胡塞尔的原著所以只能这么说)这条连到本体论的线恐怕反而是成效最低的;2)他也是与Frege同期的,在罗素和怀特海以及魏根斯坦之前对语言和逻辑进行分析的一个重要的哲学家。。。虽然这一部分今天大家谈得不多,但从结果来看,恐怕反而是胡塞尔的哲学对后世影响中最有成效的一部分。

还有,胡塞尔他提出对心理学主义的批判也是有积极意义的,对后来的逻辑实证主义的发展和存在主义在相关方面的发展肯定是有积极的影响的。。。不过,今天人们对逻辑的认识恐怕是当初的反心理学主义(即柏拉图主义)所主张的逻辑完全独立于心理和所谓的心理学主义主张的心理对逻辑的影响的两方面认识的综合结果(这方面很多逻辑发展史书都有介绍)。。。另外,遗憾的是,即便在今天,虽然人类已从很多方面对心理学取得的重大发展,但是在哲学对心理相关的部分的认识(诸如philosophy of mind, cognitive science等)方面的进展仍然不尽人意,甚至让人们感觉它们已成为心理学的一部分。。。。。。对这一方面的发展需要我在做公平分析时感受很深,而且过去这些年来也略微做过些相关讨论,当然还是很不够的。。。。

顺便提一句,与胡塞尔大概处于同一时期的Bergson对于与心理相关的哲学讨论其实是很有深度的。。。

当然,哲学并不局限于结论,论述本身也很重要,这恐怕也是海德格尔及萨特尔虽然没有很大的哲学结论上的发展(萨特尔比海德格尔还好些,因为他有存在先于特质之说,并将存在主义应用于生活---尽管我很不认同他的应用,但是,不管怎么说他的应用过程的哲理论述是高水平的)却被大家捧得很高的重要原因。。。。。。不过,我个人认为海德格尔的论述本身有很大问题,很大程度上是玩弄文字游戏,只是大家一般没有看出而已,我在前面举出的链接中专门讨论了他的文字游戏问题。。。。。

Bergson的书我主要是读他的诺贝尔得奖著作“创造性进化”。。。尽管有些知识或许有点过时,但是他的逻辑论述非常出色而且具有很深的洞察力!。。。以自我意识所导致的人的存在与物的存在的不同这一点来说,那是存在主义的一个基本前提,但是不论Camus,还是海德格尔,萨特尔,甚至心理医师出身的Jaspas都只是延续笛卡尔,黑格尔的将这一点作为他们的论述前提的作法,虽然有类似笛卡尔的“我思故我在”这样的逻辑论述作基础,但是与Bergson的相关论述比起来其深度就逊色了。。。Bergson是从生命的进化的角度来对之进行论述,使得一个原本听来有些玄妙的理论非常顺理成章地就立住脚了。。。。。。

当然,随着生物学,尤其是生物化学的突飞猛进的发展,Bergson的理论中用到的一些知识或许有些过时,但是他的洞察力及逻辑论述的功力是配得上诺贝尔奖的荣誉的。。。。。。

相比之下,海德格尔就逊色多了。。。。。。

不过我之所以喜欢Bergson的“创造性进化”的一个重要原因是我的直觉告诉我它与我的公平分析之间有着深刻的内在关联(尽管两者处在不同的层次:他是在生物的层次,而我是在社会的层次来看世界的)。。。。这是我当初写公平分析时不知道的。。。。今后如果我有必要也有条件将我的公平分析再整理成新书(中文或英文)的时候,我或许会将他的书列作重要的参考文献。。。不过在这之前,我也可能会结合他的书写一些关于生命的哲学文章。。。。。。

补充说明一点:上面提到的黑格尔的辩证逻辑不是今天人们讲马克思主义时归纳出的那几条,而是指黑格尔的“science of logic”一书,中文译名好像是《小逻辑》。。。这恐怕是西方经典哲学中最难读的一本书。。。比亚里士多德,柏拉图,和康德的书要难读得多了。。。。。当年叔本华把黑格尔骂的狗血喷头可能就是因为黑格尔在这本书中把语言搞得很晦涩。。。。。。

顺便再提一句,万维的兔子他想要模仿海德格尔却从不去读海德格尔的原著(至少在他当初写他的范例的时候是这样的,直到几个月前的讨论中他仍未读海德格尔的原著),而只是读关于海德格尔的哲评文章,这又构成了他的范例的另一个先天的不足。。。。。。

谢谢
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-27 04:34:12
谭岳博:

欢迎来访,谢谢评论。。。

你和俞先生说的都有道理。。。但是,如你也看到的用中文里的文学奖来翻译Nobel Prize in Literature是有缺陷的,这个缺陷的最大印证不在于字面的意思而在于本文给出的7个非文学类的例子,而且尽管我和朋友一样无法肯定诺贝尔的初衷是什么,但是直觉上他的初衷应该不是局限于文学,这是因为早期的诺贝尔文献奖(或朋友所说的文字奖)中的非文学类的比例远高于后来近一百年里的非文学类的比例。。。

既然用中文的文学来表示Nobel Prize in Literature中的Literature是有缺陷的,而过去这么多年里一直用文学二字来翻译Nobel Prize in Literature的结果是已经造成华人圈中人们普遍把Nobel Prize in Literature当作就是严格的文学奖,那么本文的咬文嚼字虽然从统计的意义上可能价值不大但是从信息普及的意义上却很有价值,可以帮助对于Nobel Prize in Literature的严格意义认识的误差的拨乱反正。。。如本博客曾经指出的,语言的作用很多时候在于语义之外的价值。。。

谢谢
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作者:俞先生 留言时间:2014-04-26 19:33:33
青草博:

我在网络上查了一下。伯格森好像是研究生命哲学、道德哲学等。祖上来自波兰的犹太人后裔。后来移民法国。
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作者:俞先生 留言时间:2014-04-26 19:11:49
青草博:

谢谢你的介绍。我感到还是很受益。我不了解海德格尔。我只是偶然看到有人引用他的一点语言哲学。我是非常注意语言哲学的。如果只是做了黑格尔的哲学的普及工作那就意义贬损了很多。曾经读过萨特的《存在与虚无》。感到很费力。罗素好像写过一本《数学哲学》,如果我没有记错的话。这个我不懂。我读过他的《西方的智慧》一书,其实就是西方哲学简史。比较生动。还读过他写的《论权力》。体会是他没有抓到要领。就是说,研究的方法是吃力不讨好。读过舍勒的书。受益很大。但是,他的现象学比较抽象。比较晦涩。胡塞尔的书就更加晦涩。根本没有读下去。

请问伯格森的哲学是哪个领域的?
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作者:谭岳 留言时间:2014-04-26 19:06:18
我也就这个话题来点儿咬文嚼字。就中文的意义来讲,称诺贝尔文献奖比诺贝尔文学奖更糟糕,因为中文的文献一词应该不包含文学作品。中国很多大学里都有文献专业,主要是对各类历史著作和古文的研究。即使不限于文史哲,文献也主要是指对事物或文化的文字研究结果。 文献学可用来研究小说诗歌等文学作品,但按中文意义,文献文章本身并不属于文学作品,文学作品也不归属文献文章。这一点应该是明白无疑的。中文的文献和英文的Literature不是对等的,英文的Literature包含了文献和文学两种东西。如果同意这一条,再对照这个诺贝尔文字奖的名单,就能明白为什么称诺贝尔文献奖比诺贝尔文学奖更糟糕了,一百多个获奖作品中只有是少数几个是文献作品,绝大多数都是文学作品。中文只有用文字这个词才能同时罩住文献与文学。所以,从咬文嚼字的角度来说,称诺贝尔文字奖更合适。还有,我想世上非常优秀的文献作品不会少于优秀的文学作品,但为什么只有极个别的被选入这个奖?如果说这个文字奖的评委会不太懂自然科学,没法评选自然科学的优秀文献成果,那优秀的西方文史哲文献作品也应该是多多于善的。这个文字奖的评委会显然主要是把这个奖当做文学奖来评选的,偶尔兼顾一下文献作品而已。从绝大多数获奖作品是文学作品这个事实来看,称为诺贝尔文学奖也是名符其实的。所以,无论怎么咬文嚼字,这个诺贝尔文字奖的实际情况就是一个文学奖。如果说人们普遍误解了这个文字奖的意义,将它看成是文学奖,那首先也是诺贝尔文字奖评委会误解了它的意义,主要将它做为文学奖在评。

不过,我对博主的这个话题很感兴趣,它提出了一个问题:这个文字奖评委会到底有没有贯彻诺贝尔本人设这个奖的初衷?或者说诺贝尔本人设这个奖的初衷到底是什么?下面是维基关于诺贝尔文字奖的开始段:

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction"

什么是一个文字作品的理想方向?作为研究事物与文化的文献作品来说,这种理想方向应该是存在。一个优秀的文献作品能把事情的来胧去脉梳理清晰,使人们读后对谜茫的东西有合理的认识和方向感。但什么是文学作品中的理想方向?这就很玄乎了,即使是描写同时期同类人和事,一个文学作品中的理想方向对另一个文学作品来说,可能是完全不理想的方向。咬文嚼字了半天,我其实是赞成这个奖是一个文献奖,而非文学奖的。那样的话,至少有点接近那个经济学奖,有些学术性和体系性的东西可言可信,而不是像现在的这个文学奖,缺乏可参照的学术性。当然,也不能排除诺贝尔本人对这个文字奖的初衷就是要多奖励一些小说诗歌一类的文学作品和作家,学术不学术的,没关系。

非常感谢博主的这个话题和介绍,让我有些以上的体会和想法。
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-26 17:45:04
另外,罗素的文章也还是很有水平的,比海德格尔的好太多了。。。从这点来说诺贝尔奖评审还是有眼光的。。。不过他们没有给海德格尔奖到底是因为他们看出了海德格尔哲学的问题还是因为海德格尔干过纳粹的政治因素就不清楚了。。。。。一个巧合是英国的两位非文学的诺贝尔文献奖得主一位是两任的首相丘吉尔,一位是两任的首相的孙子(罗素的外公干过两任首相)。。。。。。
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-26 16:58:51
举几个简单的例子,今天如果你去英文搜索海德格尔的哲学介绍,常会看到诸如关于海德格尔的无,海德格尔的Dasein等海德格尔的哲学概念或理论的介绍,而只字不提黑格尔。。。实际上你去黑格尔的小逻辑里查查这些概念都是黑格尔在海德格尔之前100年就讨论过的了。。。海德格尔只是沿用而已,只是他沿用得很巧妙以致人们会把这些当作是他的首创。。。。。
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-26 16:49:28
俞先生好!

对于海德格尔我很不以为然,我觉得他的名气本身在很大程度上恰是20世纪以后由于科学的兴起而导致人类文明在某方面的衰败的一个表现。。。它也是自黑格尔以后世界的主流哲学在某个方向上开始走向歧途的一个表现。。。对此我曾有过一些讨论(见后面的相关链接)。。。当然,那些讨论还是比较有局限的,因为更深入的讨论还需要对子黑格尔主流哲学发展方向上的缺陷进行分析。。。我这里没有要否认海德格尔个人在文笔,哲学史,以及语言等方面的出众的才华,只是要指出几点:1)如果你对黑格尔的哲学有所了解的话,你会发现自海德格尔本人在哲学上的创新是极其有限的,很多在海德格尔时期直到现在人们归于海德格尔的思想都是黑格尔的理论,海德格尔只不过在黑格尔的基础上进行了小打小闹的修改,而他的修改并非都使黑格尔的哲学有所进步,有些是退步的,也就是说海德格尔的名气在很大程度上是因为人们读不懂黑格尔的结果,这一点并非海德格尔本人的错,而是反映了人类文明的一个丑陋,是人类文明病了的一个表现;2)由于受到主流哲学整体发展的偏颇的影响,海德格尔的文风不好,我不是说他文笔不好,而是指他喜欢玩文字游戏,这一点其实在古希腊就是哲学家们的一大忌,结果二十世纪里反而成为了时髦,而海德格尔是一个典型;3)海德格尔的名气本身是一个社会性的皇帝新衣闹剧的表现,它在自古以来的人类文明中有很深的根源,而且实实在在地在误导着人类文明的发展和导致实践的错误及灾难,所以值得人类好好地反思。。。。

相比海德格尔我比较推崇他之前的诺贝尔奖得主Bergson,他的文章很实在,而且他对黑格尔的哲学(其实也可追踪到古希腊)的运用也恰到好处。。。即便是相当推崇海德格尔的萨特尔(另一位诺贝尔奖得主)的文章也比海德格尔强,虽然他不象Bergson的文章那样具有很实在的自然的内容,但是他与现实的社会联系得比较密切,因此内容相对来说也比较实在。。。而海德格尔主要是从哲学到哲学(也可能正是因为这一点才使得包括萨特尔在内的没有看到海德格尔哲学的漏洞的人对他崇拜有加),这样一来一旦他的哲学逻辑出了问题,其哲学的整体价值就大大贬值。。。。。。。万维的兔子偏偏喜欢模仿海德格尔,喜欢搞所谓的纯抽象哲学,结果他的范例可以说是缺乏基本的生命力。。。实际上他忽略了这样一点:海德格尔的成名一方面很大程度上社会捧出来的,另一方面海德格尔的文笔超人而且对黑格尔等大家的哲学也相当熟悉,少了这几点,兔子想要模仿海德格尔不但不得其时和其实,而且也难得其表啊。。。。

相关链接:
1.为什么和如何批海德格尔?(http://blog.creaders.net/murongqingcao/user_blog_diary.php?did=161614)
2.从认识到本体的游戏(http://blog.creaders.net/murongqingcao/user_blog_diary.php?did=160236)
3.如何整死哲学?(http://blog.creaders.net/murongqingcao/user_blog_diary.php?did=167748)
4.哲学是怎么死的?(http://blog.creaders.net/murongqingcao/user_blog_diary.php?did=150936)
5.哲学死了吗?(http://blog.creaders.net/murongqingcao/user_blog_diary.php?did=144984) - See more at: http://blog.creaders.net/murongqingcao/user_blog_diary.php?did=179677
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作者:俞先生 留言时间:2014-04-26 12:14:21
青草博:

有可能是政治因素授予丘吉尔诺贝尔奖。具体详情不清楚。二十世纪没有出过能与十九世纪以前的一些大哲学家比肩的哲学家。像海德格尔、萨特、胡塞尔、舍勒等人都是二十世纪哲学界的翘楚,或许诺贝尔奖委员会认为他们还没有资格获得诺贝尔奖。在哲学里,政治哲学对人类社会的影响最大。但是,学术界有人认为二十世纪以来政治哲学已经死亡。现在美欧的政治哲学的基本理论都是19世纪以前的哲学家创作的。
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-26 08:23:21
俞先生好

谢谢分享。。。

先来回到俞先生在前一个跟贴中提出的问题。。。你在第二个跟贴中的分享好像已经替我作了回答:Nobel Prize in Literature中的Literature与中文里的文学的意思相去甚远,而诺贝尔奖评审会也显然没有要把诺贝尔文献奖局限于中文里的文学的意义。。。呵呵。。。俞先生想必也注意到了本文不是孤立地讨论英文的Literature的意思,而是指出它与中文的文学的意思的差别。。。:-)。。。。

回到俞先生分享的内容,丘吉尔确实是一个相当全面的人才。。。不过这里的政治因素也很多,毕竟我们还是生活在一个政治性的世界里;-)
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作者:俞先生 留言时间:2014-04-26 07:25:21
青草博:

你好!Literature还可以翻译成文字作品。在英文里文字作品与文学没有区别。不过,本人觉得理解为文学比较合理。在我的印象里,政治家丘吉尔写过四卷本的《英国人民史》。他是英国的历史学家。但是,要说是杰出的历史学家可能还谈不上。英国近代和现代的确出了一些有贡献的历史学家,如写八卷本的《历史研究》的阿诺德托因比,还有写了八卷历史书《希腊史》的康诺德瑟沃尔。对于哲学家,我关心的是政治哲学,没有读过伯格森等哲学家的书,以后打算读海德格尔的书。目前,还抽不出时间来读。读过萨特的书,感到难懂。另一方面,也觉得其中有很多废话。读过一些罗素的书。罗素写了很多哲学书。1955年他因哲学领域的成就荣获诺贝尔文学家。他的哲学思想比一般的哲学家明显高一些,但是与历史上的最有名的哲学家如黑格尔等比还差很远。就是说,感觉他的知识渊博,很难说他的知识水平比黑格尔低,但是,他选择的命题不如黑尔格研究时选择的命题更加重要或关键。就是说,要能抓住人类历史进步的关键命题。历史上德国和法国的一些哲学家就是因为抓住了那些关键的命题而做出巨大成就的。
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作者:慕容青草 留言时间:2014-04-26 06:35:53
俞先生好!

第一,英文中的Literature与中文的文学的含义有很大区别。
第二,本文给出的例子也表明诺贝尔文献奖本身就不是要局限于中文所说的文学。早期的历史文献作家及哲学家得奖与文学不沾边,后来的二战时期的英国首相丘吉尔虽然也写过小说,但是单以他的小说的文学水平来说根本够不上诺贝尔奖,他更出名的是他的演讲(Orator),及包括他小说在内的其它各种写作的综合水平。。。Henri Bergson的科学哲学(其实我觉得他比后来的海德格尔和萨特尔们更称得上是存在主义,不知为何人们不把他列为存在主义)的文章虽然读起来朗朗上口,但也与中文所说的文学的意思相去甚远。。。Camus和萨特尔虽然也以写小说出名,但是人们并不把他们当作著名的小说家而是著名的哲学家因为单以他们的小说写作水平来说也够不上诺贝尔奖,他们的主要贡献是哲学思想。。。。。。。罗素根本没有写过按照中文的意思来说的文学作品。。。。

从俞先生对西方哲学的介绍来看应该读过不少西哲的书,想必也读过Bergson,Camus, 萨特尔,罗素的书吧,你觉得他们的书够得上中文里所说的文学大家的水平吗?当然,他们的哲学水平是一流的。。。。。我还没有读过Eucken的哲学书,丘吉尔的演讲以前读过,当时不知道他曾因此得过诺贝尔奖因此也没太在意,只是从别人的介绍中得知他的小说比不上他的演讲。。。。。。

谢谢
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作者:俞先生 留言时间:2014-04-25 19:39:10
青草博:

本人觉得还是叫文学奖比较合理。虽然literature有文献的意思,文献并非一个专业领域。文学奖与物理学奖或化学奖比较对称。诺贝尔考虑设立这些奖项的时候没有提出任何人文学科的奖项。后来的确出现一些有成就的哲学家、历史学家等,就越界授奖。和平奖是一个另类。和平也不是一个专业,而是一个理想。本人是这么看的。
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