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https://twitter.com/wuxiang2022/status/1667668380718088197





2016年12月2日




Infections with eleven species of pathogens associated with cancers are classified as Group 1 carcinogens, definitely “carcinogenic to humans”, by the IARC. These agents include
Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma haematobium, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
(Bouvard et al., 2009, IARC, 2012, de Martel et al., 2012). Among parasitic diseases, infections with the two fish-borne liver flukes of the family Opisthorchiidae (trematodes), specifically Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, can induce cholangiocarcinoma, and infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium may cause cancer of the urinary bladder (Bouvard et al., 2009). Although malaria per se is not considered carcinogenic to humans by the IARC, the geographical association between the occurrence of malaria and that of Burkitt lymphoma provides a clue that malaria plays as a co-carcinogenic factor, together with EBV infection, for the development of Burkitt lymphoma (Molyneux et al., 2012). Other species of the genera Opisthorchis and Schistosoma are thought likely to be carcinogenic (Sripa et al., 2007, Pakharukova and Mordvinov, 2016). Intriguingly, Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agents of Chagas disease, displays apparently paradoxical roles in malignancy in exerting carcinogenic and anticancer properties (Krementsov, 2009, Sacerdote de et al., 1980). Potential causative roles of other parasitic infections have been postulated (Machicado and Marcos, 2016).
IARC 將與癌症相關的 11 種病原體的感染歸類為第 1 組致癌物,絕對是“對人類致癌”。 這些病原體包括幽門螺桿菌、乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)、Opisthorchis viverrini、華支睾吸蟲、埃及血吸蟲、人乳頭瘤病毒 (HPV)、EB 病毒 (EBV)、人類 T 細胞嗜淋巴病毒型 1 (HTLV-1)、8 型人類疱疹病毒 (HHV-8) 和 1 型人類免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV-1)(Bouvard 等人,2009 年;IARC,2012 年;de Martel 等人,2012 年)。 在寄生蟲病中,感染後吸蟲科(吸蟲)的兩種魚源性肝吸蟲,特別是後吸蟲和華支睾吸蟲,可誘發膽管癌,血吸蟲血吸蟲感染可導致膀胱癌(Bouvard 等人) 等人,2009 年)。 雖然瘧疾本身不被 IARC 認為對人類致癌,但瘧疾和伯基特淋巴瘤發生之間的地理關聯提供了一條線索,即瘧疾與 EB 病毒感染一起作為伯基特淋巴瘤發展的共同致癌因素 淋巴瘤(Molyneux 等人,2012 年)。 後睾屬和血吸蟲屬的其他物種被認為可能具有致癌性(Sripa 等人,2007 年;Pakharukova 和 Mordvinov,2016 年)。 有趣的是,恰加斯病的病原體克氏錐蟲在惡性腫瘤中表現出明顯矛盾的作用,發揮致癌和抗癌特性(Krementsov,2009 年;Sacerdote de 等人,1980 年)。 已經假設了其他寄生蟲感染的潛在致病作用(Machicado 和 Marcos,2016 年)。


















https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233816/#:~:text=The%20helminth%20diseases%20schistosomiasis%2C%20opisthorchiasis,both%20carcinogenic%20and%20anticancer%20properties.






http://chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglcle findmkaj/https://www.cancer.org/cont ent/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/6141.00.pdf

The International Agency for Research on Cancer declared them in 2009 as a Group 1 biological carcinogens in humans. 






































https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2021/03211059/?all=1


























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