如此性感、热辣的一首“情诗”,可惜连大诗人余光中都译走了味儿
美国著名诗人罗伯特.弗洛斯特(Robert Frost)在1941年发表的一首短诗The Gift Outright在文学界素有争议,特别是括在引号中的第十三句直接用到了一个纯粹的法律术语“deed of gift”("A deed executed and delivered without consideration", 可译作“无偿赠与契约”),引起不少评论者的疑惑和猜想。其实,这个“deed of gift”与标题Gift Outright紧密呼应,并与同一句中的“deeds of war”构成有趣的文字游戏。
抛开这掺杂法律术语的一句不谈,全诗其实是一部异常深沉热烈的“情诗”,诉说着诗人及其身后的一个国家的族群,对于土地,国家以及忠诚的投入与执着。从结构上,“拥有”是贯穿始终的主旋律,并用了“Ours”, “Hers”,“Possessing” 及“Possessed”作为变奏,反复地阐述从《五月花》起始的早期清教徒殖民,直至尔后一百多年的向西扩张中,人们对于广袤疆土的拥有,及美国建立后,人民对于国家的奉献,这样一种诗意的“彼此拥有、血肉相连”的爱国情结。其言辞是平实却热烈的,情感是深不可测的,逻辑上也错落有致,令人反思回味。
这样一首佳作,在读到诗人余光中的译本时,稍感意外地发现译者失却了不少原作的闪光点;或者直白点说,错译了一些精彩之处、丢掉了热辣的诗风,变成了一首晦涩,甚至不甚通顺、不能顺理成章的诗作。(再次想起诗人本人的名言:经过翻译所丢掉的东西,便是诗。)
下面是余氏的翻译:
The Gift Outright 全心的奉献
By Robert Frost 余光中译
The land was ours before we were the land's. 土地先属于我们,我们才属于土地。
She was our land more than a hundred years 她成为我们的土地历一百余年,
Before we were her people. She was ours 我们才成为她的人民。当时
In Massachusetts, in Virginia,她属于我们, 在麻萨诸塞,在佛吉尼亚,
But we were England's, still colonials, 但我们属于英国,仍是殖民之身,
Possessing what we still were unpossessed by, 我们拥有的,我们仍漠不关心,
Possessed by what we now no more possessed. 我们关心的,我们已不再拥有。
Something we were withholding made us weak 我们保留的一些什么使自己贫弱,
Until we found out that it was ourselves 直到我们发现,原来是我们自己,
We were withholding from our land of living, 保留着,不肯给自己生息之地,
And forthwith found salvation in surrender. 立刻,在献身之中找到了生机。
Such as we were we gave ourselves outright 赤裸裸地,我们全心将自己奉献,
(The deed of gift was many deeds of war) (献身的事迹是多次的战迹)
To the land vaguely realizing westward, 献身与斯土,斯土正浑沦拓展,向西,
But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced, 但迄未经人述说,朴实无华,未加渲染。
Such as she was, such as she would become. 当时她如此,且预示她仍将如是。
小议:
从具体的局部技术细节讲,上译有不少疏忽:“我们保留的一些什么使自己贫弱,直到我们发现,原来是我们自己,保留着,不肯给自己生息之地,”之中的“不肯给自己生息之地”发挥得有所失真。其实,原句所强调的是:土地把自己交给了我们,她待我们如子女,而我们(由于历史的原因)当时没有通过建国而将赖以生存的土地奉为母国。所以,被保留的是臣民的忠诚之心,而不是“不肯给自己生息之地”。
“(献身的事迹是多次的战迹)” 是错译。(The deed of gift was many deeds of war) 为文字上的变形的双关。The deed of gift是“无偿赠与”的法律文本之意,与many deeds of war构成了字面相近而含义迥异,并逻辑上相互关联的这样一个巧妙的文字游戏。此句应译作:“(屡屡之战绩,写就了我们无偿拥有的契文)”。
最后, “斯土正浑沦拓展,向西,但迄未经人述说,朴实无华,未加渲染。当时她如此,且预示她仍将如是。”中加下划线的结尾部分更是译得大为失真,字面上产生的歧义,颇令人费解:西部土地“迄未经人述说”,在开发西部是确实如此,可是为什么要说“当时她如此,且预示她仍将如是”?永远“无人述说”吗?错,这里诗人不过省略了一个“ours”--Such as she was, such as she would become (ours),逐渐向西扩展的领土,就像东北部十三州那样,先被我们拥有,成为“我们的”,与此同时,我们把新扩张的土地视为母国的不可分割的一部分,我们献身成为“她的”。总之,当时如此,将来也如是的,是美国人民与国土相互拥有、依存的关系,而不是西部“但迄未经人述说,朴实无华,未加渲染”这样一个状态。
小结,余光中之译本基本遵循原文,个别地方有误解(误译),导致原作热烈,“性感”的气氛流失不少,不能不说是种缺憾。建议用意译加扩充补足的手法,尽量把原诗的热辣与深沉烘托出来。谨把拙译贴出,供讨论批评。
奉献身心 (Jimmy 译)
The land was ours before we were the land’s.
我们佔有此土的胴体,先于她拥有我们的忠诚
She was our land more than a hundred years
她委身于我们百多年后
Before we were her people. She was ours
我们才成为效忠她的子民。
In Massachusetts, in Virginia,
当年,她在麻省、弗州把自已交给了我们
But we were England’s, still colonials,
而我们卻心属大英,仍属魂不守舍的殖民
Possessing what we still were unpossessed by,
佔有一片领土,却拒绝以母子相认
Possessed by what we now no more possessed.
而我们为之魂梦牵绕的母国,已放弃了我们
Something we were withholding made us weak
我们某种固执的操守,令我们软弱无能
Until we found out that it was ourselves
直到我们醒悟,正是我们自已
We were withholding from our land of living,
在向我们赖以生养的土地,拒交一片忠贞
And forthwith found salvation in surrender.
弃暗投明,瞬间拯救了我们的灵魂
Such as we were we gave ourselves outright
正像当年那样痴情一片,我们要无保留地献身
(The deed of gift was many deeds of war)
(屡屡之战绩,写就了我们无偿拥有的契文)
To the land vaguely realizing westward,
以拥有向西逐渐拓展的土地
But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced,
这片史前的,未施铅华的处女地
Such as she was, such as she would become.
就像她当初,及在未来,那样献身于我们
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