順帶列出幾個價值不菲的非正常"水果" : 鮮美的植物菌苞果     茶苞 , 又叫茶樹泡,“茶匏”, 主要是由於油茶樹的花蕾(或幼果)受真菌(細麗外擔菌 Exobasidium gracile(Shirai)Syd.)感染後形成的,民間又名“茶泡”、“茶桃”等;而由油茶樹嫩葉受真 菌感染後形 成的則為“茶耳”;兩者均可食,尤以色白者為佳。每年夏天生長,懸在樹冠 上,蘋果大 小,淡的蘋果綠/白色,內空,正底有一小孔,遠看像是一隻白的汽燈罩。外形象桃子,只有一層半透明的皮(類似桔子皮)。“茶苞” 水分不多,有一種清淡的甜味。傳說吃了這人間仙果會 飄於仙界! 茶苞有時有小蟲進出,故品嘗之先,要檢查一下。這些無辜小生命在自然界共生相棲,可別不小心殺了生。      茶耳朵“狗舌頭” 油茶樹葉 (染真菌後的) 畸形水果 很像玉雕 晶瑩剔透 甜味的茶耳(Teaear),又稱茶掛、茶耳朵。        杜鵑花蘋果 Azalea Apple Exobasidium rhododendri (Fuckel) C.E.Cramer 這種菌果沒長在茶樹上,而是長到杜鵑花科 樹形杜鵑(Rhododendron arboreum)植物-----尼泊爾(Nepal) 的國花(Rhododendron arboreum)上去了。     camellia leaf gall Exobasidium camelliae 杜鵑花樹葉"耳朵" Exobasidium rhododendri, also known as Azalea Apple is a gall-like, parasitic fungus that grows in bogs and wet places on Rhododenron species. The fruit-bodies are fleshy to fruit-like, 1 to 5 cm and start as a swelling on the leaf surface, light yellow-green turning pinkish and then white and powdery. I find it fruiting on the leaves and sometimes the flowers of wild azaleas. Season is spring to mid-summer.  Exobasidium symploci, flower gall, on Symplocos tinctoria, Altamaha Wildlife Management Area, Buffalo Swamp Tract, McIntosh County, Georgia This was a difficult one to identify. It took me about an hour but I found an obscure reference. This gall is formed by the fungus, Exobasidium symploci. Galls form on the leaves, buds, and flowers of horse sugar: plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SYTI This one formed on a flower. The bottom of the gall has remnant flower parts. I noticed old galls from previous years so it is not detrimental to the shrub. Most of the horse sugar shrubs in the immediate area were infected. For more information, read page 5 of this document: www.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/C3C28B35-6F94-4986-8BDA  地底下的花生果也有可能長成菌果(另一種真菌),估計很少有人這麼一株一株地拔出來檢查他的勞動果實變壞了沒有。 Here's the bad boy, underground white mold. You can see the white mycelium and one of the pods was starting to rot. This can be a real problem and can really only be found with scouting and pulling up random plants. Often a problem in hot dry conditions. .  Botrytis cinerea "grey mould" 比較難看的菌果,可是由它釀造的果酒非常美味。實際上水果酒包括葡萄酒也得這麼釀造 Have you ever enjoyed a glass of sweet dessert wine? It's all thanks to a fungal parasite called Botrytis cinerea, or "grey mould". It is a pathogen which can infect a number of different crop plants including beans, strawberries, cucumbers, tomatoes, and grapes. Unlike many parasites, Botrytis cinerea is not obligately parasitic - it can alternate between living as a parasite, or as detrivore which digests dead organic matter. While this fungi is a cause for headache for most farmers, in vitriculture, it is also known as "noble rot". A late infection by B. cinerea in white grapes lead to drying of the grape berries which increase the sugar concentration without increasing acidity. Maybe a good dessert wine brought to us thanks to the "noble rot" would be a good way to accompany the course of parasites you have been enjoying this week. 美國這東部幾年一種大量種植的薔薇科Rosaceae觀賞樹結的小蘋果也大量為一種真菌侵染,鼓了很大的勇氣,還是敢看不敢吃。  Mealybugs (unidentified): asparasites of noni fruits. 體現着菌-蟲-果的某種生長關係   印第安麵包果 Cyttaria espinosae parasitic fungal fruit on Southern Beech tree. Patagonia. Also called "Beech strawberries" on southern-beeches. Edible. Here's another parasite that people eat on purpose. Cyttaria espinosae is a fungus that is a parasite of beech trees (Nothophagus) and is native to Chile, where locals call it Digüeñe, Lihueñe or Quideñe. The fungus produces fruiting bodies that look remarkably like golf balls - and for a similar reason. The little divots in the fruiting body seem to promote air flow around them - which helps the fungal spores disperse in the wind. Locals like to serve them in salads and it supposedly has a gelatinous texture.    Indian Bread (parasitic fungalfruit) 一種印第安菌生水果, 長在樹節上,Indian Bread,南美當地印第安人當飯吃的水果 (from fryking (赤道企鵝)) Wood Fruits Digüeñes, edible Chilean parasite mushrooms which grow on beech trees, a staple spring food of local Indians for more than eight thousand years      土苞子開花 -------玉米匏 Corn smut is a disease of maize caused by the pathogenic plant fungus Ustilago maydis. U. maydis causes smutmaize (Zea mays) and teosinte (Euchlena mexicana). Known in Latin America as huitlacoche, it is eaten, usually as a filling in quesadillas and other tortilla-based foods. 玉米匏, 玉米黑粉米是一種鮮美真菌Ustilago maydis 感染幼嫩玉米而產生的。 英語叫corn smut. 接出的不是玉米粒而是甜鮮可口的蘑菇泡,顏色分白,灰,綠,紫,黑,藍等等和它們的混雜過渡色。不熟悉的人看了很吃驚,可是種植者會 樂開懷,因為那"果 實"比起玉米來是既好吃又昂貴,吃不了從來不愁賣個好價錢,或者干制和做罐頭留着以後享受。    在 墨西哥,玉米匏被叫作huitlacoche (“維特拉柯奇”),是一種正規食品,有多種吃法,在飯店裡常見。還被製成罐頭。味道鮮美的類似蘑菇。現 在美國加洲, 有人可以直接用這種菌種種出鮮美的huitlacoche 作食品,而不用通過種玉米來生產它。它常同其他蘑姑在一起賣,10到20美元一磅。有的人喜歡生吃(吃 起來像炒麵, 微甜鮮,墨黑墨黑的,吃得滿嘴滿臉烏黑,很不雅觀)。高粱上 也有,但是好像除了中國別人不種高粱,所以大概知道研究開發的不多見 ....中國叫它烏米。美 國有罐裝的 huitlacoche (也拼作 "cuitlacoche") 供出售。  Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. Host: oat (Avena spp. L.) 長在雁麥上的同類真菌果 sulphureus      茭白 我們熟知的茭白也是Ustilago屬真菌感染產生的,所 以它是特殊的鮮美蔬菜。茭草黑粉菌 Ustilago esculenta 為擔子菌亞門(Basidioy cotina),蕉孢綱(Teliosporae),黑粉菌科(Ustiluginaceae), 黑粉菌原 (Ustilago)真菌。菌絲寄生在植物菰即茭草(Zizania caduuciflora)上。當然,這回不是寄生在花托 上,而是主莖中,所以,它是只蔬菜而不是水果。 土苞子開花賣好價錢,就跟從哪裡偷來或天上掉下來中的獎似的,不論雅 俗自然都有一樂。古人也說感到最好吃的是偷來的,大文豪蘇東坡的文字為證: “就中香美,除是偷嘗”。  中華蟲草"冬蟲夏草"學名:Cordyceps sinensis 為麥角菌科真菌冬蟲夏草菌Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Sacc.寄生在蝙蝠蛾科昆蟲 蝙蝠蛾Hepialus armoricanus Oberthur幼蟲上的子座和幼蟲體的複合體 麥角菌科植物冬蟲夏草菌寄生在蝙蝠蛾科昆蟲蝙蝠蛾越冬幼蟲體上而長成的的子座與蟲體複合體就是中華蟲草"冬蟲夏草"(學名:Cordyceps sinensis)。中華蟲草益腎補陽、補肺益陰藥,現在已經成了所謂的軟黃金。它始載於清乾隆吳儀洛著《本草備要》,簡稱蟲草。以前品嘗過清蒸蟲草,感覺如果不看着吃,完全象是一種韌而脆的美味植物,口感很不錯。 蟲草由肉座菌目麥角菌科蟲草屬的冬蟲夏草菌寄生於高山草甸土中的蝠蛾幼蟲,使幼蟲僵化,在適宜條件下,夏季由僵蟲頭端抽生出長棒狀的子座而形成(即冬蟲夏草菌的子實體與僵蟲菌核構成的複合體)。主要產於中國青海、西藏、新疆、四川、雲南、甘肅、貴州等省及自治區的高寒地帶和雪山草原。夏季,蝠蛾需要產卵於地面的淺土中,經過孵化變成幼蟲後鑽入潮濕鬆軟的土層。如果運氣不佳讓土裡的麥角菌發現了,就直接侵襲幼蟲,在幼蟲體內一起生長。 經過一個冬天,到第二年春天來臨,蟲體達到四至五厘米長的最佳形象時,因為攜帶氣溫適合傳播孢子菌絲開始生長而大限到了,到夏天時長出地面,菌孢養料充足生長迅速,蟲體一般為四至五厘米,菌孢一天之內即可長至蟲體的長度,這時的蟲草稱為“頭草”,質量最好;蟲草時間長了會長出假根須,民間根據這些特徵稱它冬蟲夏草。 有趣的是,這類真菌很專一,非自己的目標昆蟲不選,因此也挽救了大量其他昆蟲的性命。這也就是在中國西北,基本上只有蝠蛾幼蟲需要擔心自己的安全,若換到南美,那裡有的地方的昆蟲可謂生活在水深火熱之中,因為當地類似麥角菌科真菌的種類豐富爛漫,有找飛蛾做伴的真菌,也有分別找知了、瑪蚱、甲殼蟲,甚至有一種專門找螞蟻為家,這些各類專性真菌也都是一種真菌只攻擊一種昆蟲,長出的"植物",不用說,那就是形態和顏色的大匯合。 More: new research for the coming halloween: http://www.npr.org/2011/10/30/141832947/invasion-of-the-mind-controlling-parasites       Giant Puffball (Calvatia gigantea) Mushroom The Giant puffball (Calvatia Gigantea) The giant puffball, Calvatia gigantea, is easily recognized by its size and shape. Typical specimens are about the size of a soccer ball, and more or less round. However, it can be much larger (a 5-foot, 50-pound specimen is on record!), and its shape can be more "blob-ish" than round, especially when it attains enormous sizes. But it is never shaped like an inverted pear, since it lacks the sterile base portion common to many other puffballs. 我也採到過巨馬勃蘑菇,當時沒查資料,不敢吃,就一直觀察,直到從白變黃棕色,最後噴出深咖啡色的孢子。它其實在白色時很美味,下面一位還用它做"煎雞排"晚餐。 I cut it up into bread slice thickness. I noticed quickly that I had way too much to consume by myself, and ended up giving some to my neighbour. I dredged it in flour, salt and black pepper. I shook off the dredging powder and laid the pieces aside. I was wondering what it would taste like, but soldiered on. Soon a rich scent filled the kitchen - and the mushroom began to resemble chicken strips. It smelled glorious. It didn't smell like normal button mushrooms, more like - well, more like chicken and zucchini. Into the frying pan, I put a little bit of olive oil, and butter. Once it was hot, I laid the strips of the Giant Puffball onto the pan. It sizzled. Nice to have a giant dinner. from: http://www.wellsphere.com/add-adhd-article/the-hunt-harvesting-cooking-and-eating-a-giant-puffball-calvatia-gigantea-mushroom/1387265 下面這種類似球型的真菌是純粹的真菌,它和星角菌一樣,都與竹蓀菌是近親。  --End-- http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/mhma/edibles Some Edible and Medicinal Wild Mushrooms of the Mid Hudson Region The last ones are fake pictures, just for fun: Jobs blue apple    Question: 上圖中的小鳥和下圖裡的蘋果和不是雪白的而是紅顏色的山楂花 -----都是自然界真實存在的麼? Yep. Enjoy and protect THE nature.       紅色 山楂樹花 C.l.‘Paul’s Scarlet’, C.coccinea and C. laevigata 知道通常情況下哪些食物會有毒嗎,相信只要大家知道是有毒的食物就不會有人 會食用吧。可是,有這麼一些水果是有毒的,但是還有很多人群都在食用它,那麼,到底是哪些水果有毒的呢? 1、有毒水果 —— 芒果:生石灰捂黃 青芒果用生石灰捂黃,使表皮看起來黃澄澄的,但吃起來卻沒有芒果味,也存在過量使用防腐劑的問題。 2、有毒水果 ——桃:用工業檸檬酸浸泡 水蜜桃用工業檸檬酸浸泡,桃色鮮紅、不易腐爛。這種化學殘留會損害神經系統,誘發過敏性疾病,甚至致癌。半熟脆桃,加入明礬、甜味素、酒精等, 使其清脆香甜。明礬的主要成分是硫酸鋁,長期食用會導致骨質增生、記憶力減退、痴呆、皮膚彈性下降以及皺紋增多等問題。白桃用硫磺熏制,還會 有二氧化硫的殘留。 3、有毒水果 ——梨:催長素令其早熟 使用膨大素、催長素令其早熟,再用漂白粉、着色劑(檸檬黃)為其漂白染色。處理過的梨汁少味淡,有時還會伴有異味和腐臭味。這種毒梨存放時間短,易腐 爛。 4、有毒水果 ——香蕉:用氨水催熟 用氨水或二氧化硫催熟,這種香蕉表皮嫩黃好看,但果肉口感僵硬,口味也不甜。二氧化硫對人體神經系統造成損害,還會影響肝腎功能。 5、有毒水果 ——柿子:用酵母催熟 生柿子用酵母或催熟劑來催熟,但柿子的甜度大減。還有果農在生柿子蒂巴處點上“一試靈”使之紅透。這些化學藥劑都會產生殘留,使柿子帶毒。 6、有毒水果 ——大棗:用化學劑染色 用開水泡,不管多青的棗用開水一泡利馬變紅。還有果販用化學染色劑染色,用工業石蠟打蠟,使大棗帶毒。 7、有毒水果 ——桂圓:噴灑硫變艷 噴灑硫酸或酸性溶液浸泡,使其顏色鮮艷。硫酸具有較強的腐蝕性,會灼傷人的消化道。還容易引發感冒、腹瀉以及強烈咳嗽。 8、有毒水果 ——荔枝:硫酸浸泡改色 用硫酸溶液浸泡、或用乙烯利水劑噴灑,使變色的荔枝變得鮮紅誘人,但很容易腐壞。這類溶液酸性較強,會使手脫皮、嘴起泡,還會燒傷腸胃。還有果販會用 硫磺熏制,而二氧化硫對眼睛、喉嚨會產生強烈刺激,導致人頭昏、腹痛、腹瀉。二氧化硫還會致癌。 9、有毒水果 ——柑橘:工業石蠟拋光 柑橘類水果儲存中超量使用防腐劑,在出售中用着色劑“美容”,用工業石蠟拋光。工業石蠟的雜質中含有鉛、汞、砷等重金屬,會滲透到果肉中,使用後會導 致記憶力下降、貧血等症狀。 10、有毒水果 ——蘋果:催紅素增色 用膨大素催個,催紅素增色,防腐劑保鮮。過量使用膨大素、催紅素、防腐劑會傷害肝臟。零售果販還會給蘋果打上工業石蠟,目的是保持水分,是果體鮮亮有 賣相。 11、有毒水果 ——西瓜:膨大劑催大 超標使用催熟劑、膨大劑和劇毒農藥,這種西瓜皮上的條紋不均勻,切開後瓜瓤新鮮,瓜子呈白色,有異味。 12、有毒水果 ——葡萄:放入乙烯變紫 把尚未成熟的青葡萄放入乙烯利稀釋溶液中浸濕,過一兩天青葡萄就變成了紫葡萄。這種葡萄顏色不均,含糖量少,汁少味淡,長期食用對人體有害。 The funny group 假水果和人工修飾的水果也是永遠的話題:  |