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吉薩金字塔群(Pyramids of Giza)(二) 2008-08-29 00:50:22

 

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/khafre.html

Khafre Pyramid
(click and drag in image, left or right, up or down)

 

 

二、卡夫拉(Khafre)金字塔


 

http://www.pbase.com/lewis1/image/76530383

Khafre\'s pyramid has still some of is original casing left at the top. The base side was originally 215 m and the height 144. By the Valley Temple the Sphinx is guarding. It\'s the king himself lying there with a 72 m long lion\'s body.


距離 Khufu 大金字塔160處,有一座古夫的兒子Khafre 金字塔,邊長214.5公尺,高143.5公尺,斜度5320分,為三個金字塔中保存最好的一座,頂部仍有一個引人注目的白色「帽子」,這是三座金字塔僅存的一點石灰石外殼(據說其他的石灰質外殼,都被剝去修理因地震毀壞的清真寺)。這座金字塔著名處在於他有一個舉世聞名的獅身人面像(Sphinx)相伴;卡拉夫王繼古夫王金字塔後在基沙興建的第二座金字塔,規模足可與古夫王金字榙相媲美,內部構造則較為簡單,其簡樸的情形,當鄰近貴族平頂石墓的富麗堂皇和守護的獅身人面像形成強烈對比。


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/khafrecross.html


卡夫拉金字塔有兩個位於北面的入口,一個開在基礎石前30英呎的地面上,另一個則開在上方50英呎處。由上面的入口進入,會經過一條25度斜角的下坡道。而由下面的入口進入,則經過一段25度下坡道,繼續前往便是條水平路。前面是一間地底房間,再行就會遇到上面入口的連接通道,之後又是一條水平的直路。向前行便到達金字塔中間的墓室了。墓室長約46.5英呎,南北寬約16.5英呎,高度有22.5英呎。頂部兩邊石板分呈587分的斜角互相支撐,斜度與金字塔外觀的斜度相同。墓室內有一個石棺,石棺的長度有6英呎,不過並無法老王的遺體,而且以石棺的深度是放不下遺體。牆壁和地板的石材都未經過磨光,表面非常粗糙。

  
http://lexicorient.com/egypt/giza07.htm

Left: Burial Chamber - 46.5 ft. long and 16.5 ft. wide - pointed ceiling.
Right: There is a unique black granite sarcophagus in this room in that it was built to be sunken into the floor. The original lid, though no longer attached, lies propped up next to the coffer near the west wall. It is possible that the open niche against the east side of the coffer held the king\'s canopic chest, the box containing the mummified organs of the king, within ceremonial vases.
The inner structure of Khafre\'s pyramid is quite simple. There are two main entrances. The lower descends slightly before ascending somewhat. At this point it meets the passage from the upper entrance. A long corridor (upper photo) leads straight to the burial chamber (lower photo).
In the burial chamber there is little to see except a sarcophagus made from black granite.
Along the lower passage there is a subsidiary chamber. Nobody knows which purpose this served. It could have been the queen\'s chamber.
Although it appears as if the corridor and burial chamber are perfectly placed according to the pyramid\'s exterior, this is not the case. The corridor lies as much as 12 metres to the east compared to the north-south axis.
Khafre\'s pyramid was since old times considered without any opening. But it was a rather fascinating figure of Egyptian research, Belzoni, who blasted open the portal in 1818. Belzoni had a background as a strongman in a circus.



http://science.howstuffworks.com/pyramid.htm/printable
discovery 影片



http://www.artchive.com/artchive/E/egyptian/egyptian_4_khafre.jpg.html

Egyptian Art
King Khafre seated
Fourth Dynasty, reign of Khafre
Graywacke
Height: 120 cm (47 1/4 in)
Egyptian Museum, Cairo


http://www.spiritualexploration.com/index2.html 

Kephren and Horus
Khafre\'s mummy has been lost, but his mortuary temple at Giza yielded one of the finest extant Old Kingdom statues ´ an almost undamaged life-size seated diorite figure of the king enjoying the protection of the god Horus. A statue of Khafre under the protective shadow of a falcon is in the Cairo Museum
發展成 Horus 『加持』,實在是為護住脖子,別在年久之後『斷頸』的必要發明~
 


 

 斯芬克斯獅身人面像 (The Sphinx)  

 

 

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:028MAD_Sphinx.jpg

In the Greek legend of Thebes, the Sphinx was a monster, half-lion and half-woman, who destroyed those who could not answer the riddle: \"What is it that walks on four legs in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening?\" Oedipus answered that it was Man, who first crawls on all fours, then walks upright, and in old age needs a stick as a third leg.

希臘神話中的獅身人面像

希臘神話中也有獅身人面像的故事,但與埃及的有所不同。希臘神話中的獅身人面獸是一帶翼獅身女怪,之前在 Pan and Syrinx 提及 Typhon 的怪物子息之一。她住在德貝附近,對路過於此的旅人詢問一謎語,若答不出來便把他吃掉。有一天,埃帕迪斯經過此地,獅身人面獸照例用這個謎語考他:
「有一種動物,早上用四隻腳走路,中午用兩隻腳走路,晚上用三隻腳走路,這是什麼動物?」
「妳所說的動物就是人。」埃迪帕斯如此回答。「因為人在嬰兒時用四足爬行,長大後用兩足行走,等到老年時就得藉助於柺杖了。」
「你答對了!」獅身人面獸說完話便生氣的自殺了。 心裡素質需再多加強!)

Oedipus and the Sphinx, 1864

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symb/ho_21.134.1.htm

Gustave Moreau (French, 1826–1898)

Moreau\'s interpretation of the Greek myth draws heavily on Ingres\' Oedipus and the Sphinx of 1808 (Musée du Louvre, Paris), which was exhibited in Paris in 1846 and 1855. Both painters chose to represent the moment when Oepidus confronted the winged monster in a rocky pass outside the city of Thebes. Unlike her other victims, he could answer her riddle and thus saved himself and the besieged Thebans. The painting was a success at the Salon of 1864; it won a medal and established Moreau\'s reputation. Moreau made more than thirty studies for this work and many repetitions after it.

 


 


http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sphinx3.htm


古埃及人認為獅子是力量的化身,因此古埃及的法老把獅身人面像放在他們的墓穴外面作為守護神,永遠面向東方太陽昇起之處。 Giza的獅身人面像是尼羅河河谷中發現最大的一座。整座雕像長 73公尺、高 22 公尺的獅身人面像,無疑是按其形狀用岩石鑿刻而成,建造年期和用途至今仍眾說紛紜,頭部可能據 Khafre 王的臉塑造而成,但目前也有證據顯示此 sphinx 存在早在 Khrafe出生前。

 

獅身人面像曾長期埋在黃沙之下,相傳當第十八王朝的 Tuthmosis IV (1401 - 1391BC) 還是王子時,有一天他在沙漠上狩獵得累了,便在被黃沙掩埋的獅身人面像頭上睡覺,夢見太陽神 Ra 對他說如果將獅身人面像自黃沙中拯救出來,他便可當上法老。他醒來後立刻著手,當然,後來他即成為法老王,這件事更被記載在獅身人面像巨大前掌間的石碑上。

 


如今,獅身雖然還傲然屹立,威風凜凜,但經過5000年的風吹日曬,它的前爪已殘損,面目也已斑斑不堪。不僅額上的聖蛇和下頜的長須已不復存在,甚至連她臉上那2長的鼻子也不知去向了。關於獅身人面像的破損,古代有很多傳說:
 
據中世紀阿拉伯著名的歷史學家馬格裏齊(1364-1436年)記載,那時石像的身軀被沙土所復蓋,有一名叫沙依姆臺赫爾的伊斯蘭蘇菲派教徒,反對偶像崇拜,不滿有人常來此朝拜,於是爬上沙丘,猛砍暴露在外的鼻子,以毀壞其面容,阻止信徒們的朝拜。被打掉的鼻子和鬍鬚現存於倫敦的大英博物館。

一說中世紀的埃及的一個軍事統治者馬末婁克,攻打埃及時,士兵以斯芬克斯獅身人面像的鼻子和鬍鬚做為練習大炮射擊的靶子,致使面部被打壞。

另一傳說是,18世紀末,拿破侖率軍攻佔開羅後,趾高氣揚,不可一世,埃及都拜倒在他的腳下,唯有斯芬克斯面向東方,昂首雄踞,表現出毫不屈服的氣概。拿破侖被此情景搞得惱羞成怒,命令士兵用大炮轟擊這個巨獸,獅身人面像遂被毀容........但,入侵埃及但重視文物的拿破侖在這一點上應是無罪的。
 


http://usermaatre.blogspot.com/2007/10/remembering-egypt.html


拿破崙時代整個石像的身軀被沙土覆蓋埋到頸部,經過多位學者接力式的努力,終於將整個 sphinx 挖掘出來,再度呈現在世人的面前,是幸還是不幸,挖掘後的sphinx反而得再度面對風化,頸部受長年侵蝕,獅身人面像的人頭幾乎掉下來,經各方努力現在才算是勉強地把它保存下來。


http://www.crystalinks.com:80/pyrkhafre.html

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sphinx3.htm

http://www.guardians.net/egypt/pyramids/Khafre/KhafrePyramid.htm


獅身人面像之前有一神廟,廟之建築為圍繞一個以雪花石地面的中庭,內有二十四根柱子代表太陽二十四小時之行跡。
 

http://world.std.com/~pdm/images/imagegallery/khafre.inti.jpg
Giza Pyramid of Khafre and tomb of Senedjemib Inti (G 2370).
 
再其旁為山谷神廟,入內後有一長的前室,然後有一T形之廳,內有二十三尊卡夫拉王之雕像,代表其體內之各種器官。從這個山谷神廟,法老之遺體可以經由通道而達靈殿。靈殿也有一個T形入口,然後則為一中庭,西面有五個狹小關口,各有一座卡夫拉像,到這裡就只有祭司可以入內舉行儀式。

http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/giza/pyramids/valtemp.html

Left: Cairo: Sphinx Temple of Giza.  
Right: Curved lintel joint in Khafre\'s Valley Temple.
這中庭的石柱可比較於階梯金字塔,沒有裝飾,但可一獨立支撐起壁面。但是可以看到高超石造建築的轉角及嵌接技巧。
Interior view of the \"Valley Temple\" of King Khafre, built far in front of his pyramid at Giza. The huge red granite blocks and pillars were mined in the quarry at Aswan, at the border of Nubia, and were shipped by river to the pyramid construction site.


http://www.crystalinks.com/pyrkhafre.html


 


http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower000.htm

WOMEN IN POWER
BCE 4500-1000
2570- ca. 2530/10 Politically Influential Queen Meresankh III of Egypt
Daughter of Kawab and Hetepheres II, and married to Khafre as second wife, although continuing to assert her claims by her title \"King\'s Daughter\" and \"Beholder of the Horus and Seth\", even though her father was never pharao. It seems that she was not content to remain in the background. Both she and her mother became prominent at court, on sculptures and inscriptions. Her eldest son eventually became superior lector priest and vizier. She was probably around 55 when she died.


 

 

 


三、孟考爾(Menkaure)金字塔


興建年代最晚,也是最小一個為第四王朝孟考爾(Menkaure)之金字塔,底部邊長只有108公尺,高度也只有67公尺,實際體積僅及古夫王金字塔十分之一,而且所用的石塊較重,雕鑿較粗糙,可能在倉促下建成的,鋪著紅色花崗石底層,還有保存得極為完好的地下墓穴。
 


http://www.hat.net/album/middle_east/004_egypt/day_46_pyramid/047_the_queens_pyramid_and_menkaure.jpg

The Queens Pyramid And Menkaure pyramid


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore


 
孟考爾(Menkaure)金字塔的入口於北面離地面較高的位置,從入口進去是一條呈26度的下行斜坡,這路直往地底。此通路部份呈長方形,而且很矮,人們要彎腰才可進入。再走不久,就有一條水平路,再走前一些,就有一間小房間。房間的周圍貼了石雕板,牆壁上有被溝槽的痕跡。走完小房間後是一條又要彎腰才可進入的通道。走了40英呎後,便是主墓室。
 
 

http://www.tracyanddale.50megs.com/crossmenkaure.gif
Cut-away of the pyramid, shwoing its internal structure.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 134.

 


墓室共有三間,第一間呈正方形,約長30英呎,寬15英呎,高15英呎,房間內部構造複雜。西面牆有不規則的小洞,可進入另外一個像隧道般的地方。房間中央的地板上有一個開口,接通往地下深處的西向下坡道。再行不久是一條水平的通道,右面有一道小門,此門可以往第二間房間。房間中的牆壁上有六個不明的小洞,四個在東面,其餘二個則在北面。在剛才的水平通道繼續前進,是第三間房間,第三間房間像一間羅馬式大教堂的地下室,房間長約12英呎,寬8英呎,由深咖啡色的花崗岩建成,屋頂由18塊花崗石組成,兩列並排成山形牆的形狀。金字塔內發現的一座巨大石棺,在19世紀運\往英國時不幸在西班牙海岸沉沒了



http://www.guardians.net/images/mendesc1.jpg
http://www.guardians.net/egypt/menkaure/images/menk98f.jpg
Left: Decending Tunnel To Kings Room.
Right: Inside of Menkaure pyramid. Celler Room Possible Buriel Niches
 


http://www.guardians.net/egypt/menkaure/images/menk98c.jpg
Down the passageway from the previous chamber leads to the main burial chamber. Notice the finely finished interior of the vaulted ceiling that we saw from above in an earlier chamber. The niche in the floor housed the original sarcophagus. This sarcophagus was removed from the pyramid and shipped on a boat to England. The boat sank on the way, and the sarcophagus of Menkaure has not been seen since.

Map showing the location of the pyramid of Mykerinos in relation to the other parts of his funerary complex.


http://www.ancient-egypt.co.uk/boston/menkaura/pages/boston_03_2006%20051.htm


 

 
http://witcombe.sbc.edu/menkaure/menkaurediscovery.html

Statue of Menkaure and His Queen unearthed on January 18, 1910
Image Source: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 


http://www.crystalinks.com/menkaure&queen.jpg
Menkaure\'s main queen was Khamerernebty II, who is portrayed with him in a group statue found in the Valley Temple. It is believed that she is buried in Giza.


 


http://www.hethert.org/gallery.htm

\"Triad of Menkaure\" with Het-Hert, Menkaure, and the local deity of Thebes, originally from the Menkaure Valley Temple, now in the Cairo Museum.  Photo from Russmann: Egyptian Sculpture: Cairo and Luxor.


http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html

http://www.guardians.net/egypt/pyramids/Menkaure/MenkaurePyramid.htm

http://www.crystalinks.com/pyrmenkaure.html

http://plato.alien.de/artikel-pyramiden.htm

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