人，此说为意，因凡人所作，意图和计划在先。人趣，亦作人道，因为此类众生在因之时能行五戒。五戒是：一、不杀生，二、不偷盗，三、不邪淫，四、不妄语，五、不饮酒。人的生活是苦乐相间。作中品十善者，感此道生。下文略辨中品十善。

Human, here says intent because whatever a human does, intention or plan goes first. Human interest, also known as humanity, because they could perform five precepts when they were on their causes. The five precepts are: 1. Do not kill, 2. Do not steal, 3. Do not engage in heretical sexual conduct, 4. Do not lie, and 5. Do not drink alcohol. Human life is a mixture of bitter and laugh. The ten benevolences of the middle grade led to rebirth of sentients in this path. The following is a brief identification of Ten Benevolences of the middle grade.

一、约境说，唯于顺境和不顺不逆的环境中能守护身口意三业。

二、约心说，善念淳熟，但未猛利。

三、约事说，或数为小善，或偶为胜善。

以要言之，有施有戒，是人道因。

1. Aggregating heart’s environments to say, human can protect bodily karma, oral karma, and intentional karma in enjoyable environment and in neither enjoyable nor adverse circumstances.

2. Aggregating heart to say, human being is with pure and matured good wills, but not bravely to do.

3. Aggregating affair to say, humans do small goods again and again, occasionally do great good.

Generally, having donations and precepts, are reasons for the human path.

13.1.5-2 四洲 Four Continents

人有四大洲、八中洲等分别。什么是这里说的洲？即大量的身土，即大量的尘刹土，即大量的色尘、声尘、香尘、味尘、触尘、和法尘， 即许多感知或觉， 如插图13.1.5所说的三千大千世界是由十亿尘刹土构成的。八中洲，如插图13.1.5-18，亦作八忍地，八大金刚，八大人，忍渡，参见《佛遗教经》中的八大人。插图1至22是墨西哥（如图23和24，亦作特拉洛克，约活越在公元1325年）所画的生命之树的树干。图18是 “人的肖像” ；笔者我认为那是墨西哥基于自己的肠子所画出的 “忍渡标志” 。

There are four great continents, eight medium continents, and other distinctions among human beings. What are the continents spoken of here? That is, a great deal of body-soils, that is, a great deal of dust-instant-soils, that is, a great deal of color-dust, sound-dust, scent-dust, taste-dust, touch-dust, and juristic-dust, that is, a great deal of perceptions or sensations, as in Illustration 13.1.5, which says that the Great Grand Worlds are made up of a billion dust-instant-soils. The Eight Medium Continents, as in Illustration 13.1.5-18, are also known as the Eight Countenance Lands, the Eight Great Philosopher Stones, the Eight Great Humans, and the Ark of Countenance, cf. the Eight Great Humans in the Sutra of Buddha’s Will. Illustrations 1 through 22 are the trunk of the Life Tree as painted by Mexico (e.g., Figs. 23 and 24, also known as Tlaloc, lived ca. 1325 CE). Fig. 18 is the "Portrait of a Man"; the author I believe that is the "Icon of Countenance Ark" painted by Mexico based on his own intestines.

一、东胜身洲，胜身是说此法于一切法中最为胜者。胜身洲在须弥颅山东，其土东狭西广，形如半月🌛，纵广六千由旬。由旬是梵语Yojana，是脖子上挂着金刚铃的牛的一天的行程。其土中央有一大树名梭罗，高及覆盖二十七由旬。人面亦如半月之形，身长三肘半，衣（注1）广中七肘，上下三肘半。寿二百五十岁，多有夭亡。注13.1.5-1，衣，如领带，围巾等，但是意义很特别，具体解释参见14.2节。

1. East Victorious Body Continent, Victorious Body is saying that their bodily form is the most victorious among all laws. Victorious Body Continent is located on the eastern side of Mount Sumer-head. Its landform east narrow west wide, like a crescent, length and breadth are 6,000 yojanas. Yojana is a Sanskrit distance unit, is one day walking distance by a cow with a Philosopher-Stone bell under neck. There is a great tree, name Sal Fasullo, in its center; its height and covers up 27 yojanas. The human face is also in the shape of a half moon 🌜, body height is 3.5 cubits, clothes’ (annotation 1) length and breadth are 7 cubits to their center, 3.5 cubits above and 3.5 cubits below. The life expectancy of a human being is 250 years, with many premature deaths. Annotation 1, clothes, such as tie, veil, etc.; but with special significance, refer to section 14.2.

二、北俱颅洲，亦作胜处、高上。胜处是说，此洲人果报甚胜，胜其它三洲。高上是说此洲人寿定满千岁，死后必然升于三十三天（见插图13.1.5-14），化乐天等处。俱颅洲在须弥颅山北，其土正方，犹如池沼，纵广八千由旬。洲中有一大树，名阿摩罗，其树根入地下九由旬，树冠高达十八由旬，枝叶覆盖二十五由旬。有一树林名男人；有一树林名女人。北洲人面像其地形。身长七肘，衣广中十四肘，上下七肘。人寿一千岁；命无中夭。

2. North Skull Occupant Continent, alias Victorious Place, Going Up, Victorious Place means that people in the continent receive victorious recompense fruits, which are more victorious than other three continents. Going Up is saying that people in this continent can live 1,000 years, and they rise to Thirty-Three skies (see fig 13.1.5-14), Conversion-Laugh skies, etc. after death. Skull Occupant Continent is in the north of Mount Sumer-head, and form is a square, like a swamp, 8,000 yojanas in length and breadth. Middle of the continent, there is a big tree named Immaculateness. Its roots penetrate the ground for nine yojanas, its crown reaches 9 yojanas, and its branches and leaves cover 25 yojanas. There is a forest named man, and a forest named woman. The human face of north continent resembles its topography, their body height is 7 cubits, clothes’ length and breadth are 14 cubits to their center, 7 cubits above and 7 cubits below. The life expectancy of a human being is 1,000 years without premature death.

三、西牛惑洲，因洲中央有一一由旬高的大石牛而得名。牛惑洲在须弥颅山西，其土形如满月，纵广七千由旬。此洲多牛羊，亦多珠玉。人面亦如满月🌝，身长三肘半，衣（注1）广中七肘，上下三肘半。寿五百岁，多有夭亡。

3. West Cow-Muddle Continent, named after a yojana-high stone cow in the center of the continent. Cow-Muddles Continent is in the west of Mount Sumer-head. Its soil shapes like a full moon, and its length and breadth are 7,000 yojanas. There are many cattle and sheep on this continent, as well as pearls and jade. The human face is also like the full moon 🌝, and body height is 3.5 cubits, clothes’ length and breadth are 7 cubits to its center, 3.5 cubits above and 3.5 cubits below. Human life expectancy is 500 years, with many premature deaths.

四、南瞻部洲，此洲多树，从洲中央的一棵严父树而得名。其树根入地下九由旬，树冠高十八由旬，枝叶覆盖二十五由旬。树下多金，人称严父金。瞻部洲在须弥山南，其土梯形，北广南狭，纵广六千由旬。人面亦像其地形；身长三肘半，衣广中七肘，上下三肘半。寿量不定，增劫时寿可达二百五十岁，减劫时寿不满十岁，寿最长可至无量。南洲人根性猛力，易升易堕。

4. South Admiring-Subordinates Continent, the continent has many trees, named after a Strict-Father tree in center of the continent. Its roots penetrate the ground for nine yojanas, its crown is 18 yojanas high, and its branches and leaves cover 25 yojanas. There is a lot of gold under the tree, known as Strict-Father gold. Admiring-Subordinates Continent is in the south of Mount Sumer-head. Its soil is trapezoidal, wide in the north and narrow in the south, and 6,000 yojanas in length and breadth. The human face also resembles its topography; body height is 3.5 cubits. Clothes’ length and breadth are 7 cubits to its center, 3.5 cubits above and 3.5 cubits below. The amount of lifespan is uncertain. In increasing catastrophe, their life span can reach 250 years; but in decreasing catastrophe, their life span is less than 10 years. The longest life span can be infinite. People’s root nature in Admiring-Subordinates Continent are brave and sharp, easy to rise and fall.

13.1.5-3 性生活 Sexual Life

至于婚姻嫁娶和性爱之事，地狱众生都很忙，少有做爱的兴致，婚嫁亦少。恶鬼，畜生，阿修罗，东胜身洲，西牛惑洲和南瞻部洲的众生，婚姻和性爱都如人世。

As for marriages and sex matters, hell beings are very busy and have little interest in sex and marriages. Hungry Ghosts, Livestock, Asuras, people in east Victorious Body Continent, in west Cow-Muddle Continent, and in south Admiring-Subordinates Continent, all the sentient beings’ marriage and sex are just like the human world.

北俱颅洲人无我及我所，没有守护者（注，即自我防卫心）；男女若此情彼愿，便相随至合欢树下。若彼男女非父女，母子，兄妹等，合欢树便生出床铺，垂下枝叶。彼之男女欢娱受乐，随意所作，事后分离，各奔前程。其女若孕，七日即便产生；安置婴儿于四衢道中，捨之而去。彼处四方路人，为欲养育彼婴儿故，各将手指置于彼婴儿口中。彼等指头既出甘乳。如是七日，彼婴儿长成彼一种身量。若是男子，即随男伴；若女便与女伴相逐而去。由是因缘，俱颅洲人没有婚嫁。

People in North Skull Occupant Continent have no ego and belongings, no guardian (annotation, that is, self-defence); if men and women love each other, they will follow each other under the Combine-Happiness tree. If the man and woman are not father and daughter, mother and son, brother, and sister, etc., the Combine-Happiness tree will produce beds and hang down its branches and leaves. The men and women have fun, do whatever they want, and then separate and go their separate ways. If the woman is pregnant, she gives birth within seven days, place the baby in the road crossing, and leave it. Passers-by in all directions put their fingers in the mouth of the baby to raise the baby. Their fingers have produced honeydew. After seven days, that baby grows into that stature. If it is a man, it will follow the male companion; if it is a woman, it will chase away with the female companion. Because of the reason and aggregative factors, people in Skull-Occupant Continent have no marriage.

六欲天中，婚丧嫁娶亦如人世，但彼处众生注重意乐，多有拥抱，执手，瞬目等性行为，性器官的接触较人世少。色界（如插图5至8所示）和无色界的众生，没有味触，香触和身触的情感，所以他们没有男女性方面的差别，当然就没有性行为和婚嫁之事。

In the Six Desire-Skies, weddings and funerals are just like the human world, but those sentients stress intentional laughs, there are more sexual behaviors such as hugging, holding hands, admiringly looking at each other, etc., and the contact with sexual organs is less than that in the human world. Sentient beings in Color Boundary (see fig 5 to 8), and Colorless Boundary have no feelings of smell taste and bodily touch, so they don’t differ male and female, certainly they don’t have sextual conducts and marriage.

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