佛教称凡夫个体为异生，义即变异而生。变异即是成熟的过程，因为异化可以持业。业是身体习惯行为、口语习惯行为、和意识习惯行为的统称。异生的一切烦恼可分为两类，思烦恼和见烦恼，亦作思惑和见惑。思烦恼主要有，贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取。见烦恼如身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。见烦恼和思烦恼的头数相同，成对儿存在。

Buddhism calls mortals as Variational Sentients, meaning they are born from mutations. Mutation is the process of maturation because mutations sustain karma. Karma is a collective term for bodily orally and intentionally behavioral habits. All the annoyances that arise in the Variational Sentients can be divided into two categories, Mean Annoyances and View Annoyances, which are also known as Mean Muddles and View Muddles. The Mean Muddles mainly include greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion, Seth view, edge view, heresy, view fetch, and precept fetch. View muddles mainly include Seth view, edge view, heresy, view fetch, and precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion. The Mean Annoyances and View Annoyances have the same names and number of heads and exist in pairs.

思惑附着在见惑上而有义，见惑因对应的思惑而有感，因此两者的名数相等，相互依存。见烦恼即是异生的所知，因为它似智而非智，能障碍有情了知真相， 所以是智障，亦作所知障。见惑不引起不安，障觉悟，不障涅槃。涅槃是寂静义。思惑是异生的思烦恼，能障碍涅槃，所以亦作烦恼障。此两类烦恼不但可以驱使异生劳作，还可以障碍异生脱离其自性，所以也被称作异生性障。

The mean muddle attaches to the view muddle to have its meaning and significance, the view muddle due to the corresponding mean muddle to have its feeling; therefore, the two have the same name and head number, and are mutually dependent, relying on each other to exist. View Muddle is the know of variational sentient, is like intelligence but not intelligence, can hinder sentients to understand the factual phenomena, therefore is hindrance of intelligence, aka. Know Hindrance. View Muddle does not cause uneasiness, hinder enlightenment, does not hinder Nirvana. Nirvana is the meaning of silence. Mean Muddle is sentient beings’ mean annoyance, can hinder nirvana, so is called Annoyance Hindrance. These two types of muddles can not only drive Variational Sentients to work, but also prevent them from escaping from their own nature, therefore Mean Muddle and View Muddle are also called of Variational-Sentient-Nature Hindrance.

14.3.1 八万四千尘劳 84,000 Dust Labors

总列大千世界三界九地（如插图14.3）的一切烦恼有八万四千之数，名作八万四千尘劳，瘟疫，魔军。尘劳为烦恼之异名，以烦恼污人之真性，使人无益操劳。瘟疫是说这八万四千病具有强烈的传染性，在众生之众交叉感染，流传不断。魔者夺财害命之谓，魔军为此八万四千尘劳能夺人清净法身之财，伤人慧命。这84000之数的计算方法有如下六步骤：

In general, there are 84,000 annoyances in the nine lands of the Great Grand World (see fig. 14.3), aka. 84,000 dust labors, plagues, and demon army. Dust labor is an alias for annoyances since annoyances can contaminate sentients’ true natures and labor them in vain. Plague means that these 84,000 diseases are highly contagious, cross-infected among all living beings, and spread continuously. Demon is the saying of stealing assets and harming lives, because the 84,000 dust labors can rob people’s juristic assets of immaculate juristic body, and can harm people’s gnostic lives (i.e., intelligence lives), so calling them as Demon Army. The calculation method of this number of 84,000 has the following six steps:

一）10位使者：贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取。这十位烦恼法能发起和变异繁衍其它烦恼，故称它们为使者。前5位被称为五钝使，因为这5位性愚钝，没智慧。后5位是见惑，伤人凶狠残暴，故称五利使。

1) The 10 envoys are 1st greed, 2nd irritation, 3rd ignorance, 4th arrogance, 5th suspicion, 6th Seth view, 7th edge views, 8th heresies, 9th fetched views, 10th precept fetch. These ten troublesome laws are capable of initiating and reproducing other troubles in a mutated manner, so they are called envoys. The first five are known as the Five Blunt Ambassadors because they are dull in nature and have no wisdom. The last 5 are the View Muddles, which are vicious and brutal, so they are called the Five Sharp Ambassadors.

二）10使互具成100。比如，取贪为头，再用贪为其助理，则成贪贪；取嗔为助理，则成贪嗔；取痴为助理，则成贪痴，如此，贪和十个助理使者，便形成了10个新的烦恼。再取瞋为头，配十使为助理，又形成了10个新的烦恼：嗔贪、嗔嗔、嗔痴、嗔慢，等。如此互具，10位使者变成了100位。

2) The 10 envoys aggregate with each other, become 100.  For example, if you take greed as the head and use greed as its assistant, then get a new law greed-greed; using irritation as greed’s assistant, then get a new law greed-irritation; in this way, greed aggregates the 10 assistant envoys, forms 10 new laws. Then taking irritation as the head to aggregate the 10 assistant envoys, then 10 new laws are formed like these: irritation-greed, irritation-irritation, irritation-ignorance, irritation arrogance, and so on. With this interplay, the 10 envoys become 100.

三）历10法界成1000。十法界是根据有情的兴趣儿不同而把人分成了十类：地狱趣、饿鬼趣、畜生趣、修罗趣、人趣、欲天趣、缘觉趣、罗汉趣、菩萨趣（即真人趣）、神佛趣（参见13.4.3 节《十趣因果》）。

3) Going through 10 juristic boundaries, then the number becomes 1000. The 10 juristic boundaries are the 10 categories into which all human beings are divided according to their interests: hell interest, hungry ghost interest, livestock interest, asura interest, human interest, desire-sky interest, aggregate-arousal perception, Ararat interest, bodhisattva interest (i.e., real person interest), and God Buddha interest (see Section 13.4.3 Ten Interests).

四）历身口7枝为7000。身3枝为杀、盗、淫；口4枝为妄言、绮语、恶口、两舌。

4) Going through the 7 branches of the body and mouth, the number becomes 7,000. The three bodily branches are killing, stealing, and heretical sex; the four oral branches are delusive speech, flowery speech, ferocious speech, and two-tongue (see section 13.1 the ten precepts).

五）历过去、现在、未来，三世成21000。这里是在谈思想意识，所以过去、现在和未来同时存在于现在的世界。又，无意识和前意识没有次第性和时间性，所以日历和时间只适用于尘世，图14.3-12之下。

5) Going through the past, present, and future, the number becomes 21,000. Here we are talking about the heart (i.e., mind), so the past, present, and future exist simultaneously in the present world. And the unconscious and the preconscious have no sequential and temporal nature, so the calendar and time apply only to the mortal world, under Figure 14.3-12.

六）四大种各具21000位，共成84000尘劳。四大种是地、水、火、风，参见11.2节。

6) Each of the Four Big Seeds aggregates the 21,000 positions of annoyances, so the sum is the 84,000 dust labors. Four Big Seeds are earth, water, fire, and wind; refer to section 11.2 Four Big Seeds.

14.3.2 见惑 View Muddles

凡夫的见烦恼遍布三界九地，但其根本就是这112位根本见惑，计算如下：

Mortals' view annoyances are spread throughout the three boundaries nine lands, but their fundamental view annoyances are the 112, which are calculated as follows：

见惑在欲界有40位：

一）苦谛下有10：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

二）集谛下有10：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

三）灭谛下有10：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

四）道谛下有10：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

View muddles have 40 positions in desire boundary:

1) 10 positions under Bitter Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

2) 10 positions under Aggregate Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

3) 10 positions under Salvation Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

4) 10 positions under Path Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

见惑在色界和无色界的数目相同，各有36位：

一）苦谛下有9：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

二）集谛下有9：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

三）道谛下有9：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

四）灭谛下有9：身见、边见、邪见、见取、戒取、贪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

如是，一个异生总有根本见惑112位；解释参见11.4.4.1.4节《 根本烦恼》。

View Muddles in color boundary and colorless boundary, each has 36 positions.

1) 9 positions under Bitter Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

2) 9 positions under Aggregate Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

3) 9 positions under Path Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

4) 9 positions under Salvation Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

As such, a mundane being has in total 112 positions of Fundamental View Muddles; for explanations, see Section 11.4.4.1.4, Fundamental Annoyances.

14.3.3 思惑 Mean Muddles

尘世之人理解了四圣谛之后，前文的112位根本见惑就已经被消灭了。八万四千魔军由于失了所依，就崩解了，但仍有思烦恼，贪嗔痴的习气残余。这些思惑要依靠道谛的修行，逐步消除。思惑在三界中主要是贪、嗔、痴、慢、身见、边见，共有16位，列表如下：

After a mundane being understands the Four Cruxes, the 112 fundamental View Muddles of the previous text have been destroyed. The 84,000 demonic armies disintegrate because they have lost their attachments, but there are still remnants of the Mean Muddles, the habits of greed, irritation, and ignorance. These Mean Muddles must be gradually eliminated by relying on the practice of the Path Crux. Mean Muddles leftover in the Three Boundaries are mainly greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, and edge view, and 16 of them in total, as listed below:

一）欲界有6使：贪、嗔、痴、慢、身见、边见；

二）色界有5使：贪、痴、慢、身见、边见；

三）无色界有5使：贪、痴、慢、身见、边见。

1) Desire Boundary has 6 messengers: greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, edge views.

2) Color Boundary has 5 messengers: greed, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, edge views.

3) Colorless Boundary has 5 messengers: greed, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, edge views.

佛教又把九地（参见14.3-23至31）的每一地阶级成了九品：下下品、下中品、下上品，中下品、中中品、中上品，上下品、上中品、上上品。这样九地共成81品。于是，欲界总有54位思惑；色界和无色界各有180位思惑。

Buddhism has further classified each of the nine lands (see fig. 14.3-23 through 31) into nine grades: lower-lower grade, lower-middle grade, lower-upper grade, middle-lower grade, middle-middle grade, middle-upper grade, upper-lower grade, upper-middle grade, and upper-upper grade. In this way the nine lands become 81 grades in all. Thus, there are 54 Mean Muddles in Desire Boundary, and 180 Mean Muddles in each of the Color and Colorless Boundaries.

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