2021-10-7
美國人事後認為,長津湖之戰,美軍贏得實屬僥倖,此話不差。 首先,在1982年出版的《朝鮮戰爭不為人知的故事》這本書中透露,美軍在戰爭開始階段,並不知道志願軍司令部和九軍團的高層指揮官分別是彭德懷和宋時輪,而以為是林彪。所謂知己知彼,百戰百勝,不知彼而知己,一負一勝。美軍贏的希望,只剩下一半不到。 During the First Phrase Chinese Offensive marine reconnaissance saw many Chinese trucks were on the northern fringes of the Chosin Reservoir. But these trucks were so precious and afforded such superb rocket targets for roaming Corsair fighter craft that the Chinese used them sparingly. Thus, in planning his tactics, the Chinese Commander General Lin Piao was bound by a rigid stricture: His line divisions could fight three to five days before exhausting their food and ammunition. They then had to be replaced with fresh divisions. Had U.S. intelligence paid more attention to the tactics of the Chinese Revolution, a more accurate explanation could have been deduced for the sudden enemy evaporation. 好在美軍五星上將麥克阿瑟的這個誤判,在長津湖作戰的時候被發現,並被取而代之的後起之秀李奇微將軍及時糾正了,才扭轉了整個朝鮮戰爭的戰局。 第二,是美軍一開始並沒有意識到,住在長津湖周圍成千上萬的北朝鮮老百姓,會扶老攜幼,拼死拼活哭天抹淚地追隨着美國大兵們一起撤離。這個在亞洲國家特有的劇本,在美軍後來撤離西貢的時候,以及最近撤離喀布爾的時候,一而再再而叄地上演。這給美軍的成建制撤退,造成了很大的負擔。也給長期一貫以軍民魚水情自詡的志願軍戰士們,造成了極大的困惑。 A pathetic flotsam of war trailed the marines - civilian refugees, thousands of them, women and children and old men, carrying whatever belongings they still owned. They had lived five years under Kim Il Sung. They apparently did not think the Chinese Communists would improve their lives。 事情的轉機,在於美軍陸戰一師的戰地指揮官,史密斯將軍,敢於抗命,固執己見,如劉玄德過江一般,不棄不離,才轉危為安。
Their survival, in the end, was due to General Oliver P. Smith's refusal to be cowed by Generals MacArthur and Almonds - a stubbornness that (also) saved the lives of 10,000 marines. 
第叄,也就是最為致命的,是美軍在整個朝鮮戰爭期間,竟然使用了錯誤的地圖。在下面這份地圖上,因為語言上的原因,美國人把韓國人(Changjin)和日本人(Chosen)關於長津湖的名字,給繞暈了,結果是把同一個地名(Changjin Reservior或者Chosen Reservior),當成了兩個不同的地名,標在了相距約100公里的兩個不同地點的水庫上。這第二個水庫的名稱,應該是赴戰湖(Fusen Revervior或者Pujon-Ho,但不是Chosen Reservior)。這在誤炸南聯盟中國大使館的時候,發生過一次,但以美國大兵的操性,那不是第一次,也肯定不會是最後一次。好在長津湖血戰的時候,美軍是從長津湖撤離,而不是進攻長津湖。所以用錯了地圖,對戰局才沒有決定性的影響。 
有了以上這叄個致命的弱點,美軍還能夠全身而退,並能在虎嘴裡拔牙,不能不說是老天的眷顧。
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