2022-11-23
大英博物館裡有幾把黃釉或綠釉的執壺或軍持,做工比較粗糙,個別只施半釉,橫跨唐元宋明幾代。在博物館的文字介紹中,說這些執壺的產地,是中國福建,出口東南亞各國。
1、元代的執壺叄把

Stoneware kendi with caramel-colored iron glaze. Diameter: Diameter: 5 cm; Height: Height: 17.50 cm

Stoneware ewer with green glaze. Diameter: 5 cm; Height: Height: 7.80 cm

Stoneware ewer with underglaze iron-brown painting and green glaze. Diameter: 5 cm; Height: Height: 19.30 cm
在泉州海外交通史博物館裡,收藏有類似的一枚:(A similar example is in the Quanzhou Maritime Museum, Quanzhou, Fujian province).說的可能就是下面這一枚磁灶窯綠釉雙龍搶珠紋軍持了:

2、明代的執壺一把。原因如下:
This type of ewer was probably used in a domestic Chinese context for pouring wine and was also sold to customers in South-east Asia where animal-shaped ewers had been popular for some time. Ming ceramics were preserved in Indonesia over the centuries and as late as the end of the Second World War, in 1945, almost identical crayfish ewers were used as ritual objects among the Kelabits and Muruts people of the far uplands in the interior of northern Sarawak, and Kalimantan in Borneo, Indonesia. Such ewers were used there for borak (rice wine) in ceremonies associated with crop fertility and head-hunting. Some of these ewers were later purchased for the Sarawak Museum. Another similar example is in the Hainhofer Cabinet at Upsala, Sweden, which formed part of a collection completed in ad 1628.

There is another ewer in the Dresden Collection which 'can be traced in Saxon hands as far back as the sixteenth century. The presence of similar examples in such early inventoried European collections provides us with a terminus post quem. Since R. L. Hobson's time further research has established that ewers in the form of phoenix or carp were inventoried for the Elector of Saxony in 1590, recorded as a gift in 1579-80 from the Medici Grand Duke of Florence.
An identical example is in the Baur Collection, Geneva, and a further example is in the Lee Kong Chian Art Museum, National University of Singapore. Variations on this type of ewer, with carp in place of the crayfish, are also known, while complete examples of both carp and crayfish ewers are in a private collection in Morotai, Halmahera, Indonesia.
3、唐或遼代(618-1125)的一把:

Ewer. Made of green glazed and applied earthenware.
查網上資料,知道位於福建泉州的磁灶窯,始於南朝,窯火延續了一千五百多年,出產執壺和軍持,在宋元時期達到鼎盛,其中磁灶窯系的低溫綠釉器最具鮮明的地方特色,是福建諸多窯口中唯一生產綠釉器的窯口,以綠釉器獨步天下。雖然這些窯口的發現,都是經歷了牆外開花在先,再經南海一號等沉船的發現,再到窯址的挖掘。



在菲律賓發現的綠釉軍持(載於《磁灶窯址:福建晉江磁灶窯址考古調查發掘報告》)

宋綠釉印花軍持(菲律賓發現)

南海一號沉船上發現的福建磁灶窯綠釉印花卉紋折沿菱口碟
需要特別說明的是,就化學元素組成而言,我國歷代低溫色釉都屬於氧化鉛-氧化硅二元系統釉色,是以氧化鉛作為助熔劑,在1000度以下燒成的顏色釉陶瓷,亦稱鉛釉系列。也就是說,低溫綠釉以氧化銅為着色劑,鉛化合物作為助熔劑。此類釉料中含有很高的氧化鉛成分,占比約為40%或更高。作為一種助熔劑,氧化鉛能夠大大降低釉料的熔融溫度,故而被稱作低溫釉。唐叄彩、遼叄彩上的綠彩就是這種低溫釉的產物。由於低溫銅綠鉛釉中含有大量的鉛元素,從而使釉料帶有了很強的毒性,因此古代陶瓷工匠們很少以此類釉料製作實用的食器或炊器,而多是以它去製作陪葬的冥器、祭器以及建築材料等。福建的磁灶窯,屬於低溫陶器,沒有例外。
這種低溫鉛釉,最早產生於西漢中期的陶俑,發展到唐叄彩、遼叄彩和素叄彩,陶器低溫彩釉達到了至尊至善的高度。叄彩釉是由坩土、石英、草木灰和鉛的氧化物配成的一種透明釉。這種鉛料,不加呈色劑就是白釉,羼入適量的氧化銅就燒成綠色,羼入氧化鐵就出現褐色、黃色,如果羼入氧化鈷就呈現藍色,這是叄彩釉的基本色調。在此基礎上發揮工匠高度的智慧和技巧就配出了白色、淺黃、赭黃、褐紅、翠綠、深綠、天藍、藏藍、茄紫等色彩。一彩、二彩,或彩色繽紛的多彩,幾乎做到了隨心所欲不逾矩的地步。鉛釉陶器作為冥器,在長期的土壤與屍骨的還原環境中會產生白鉛礦、碳酸鉛和磷酸鉛鈣的析出(見《我國古代不同時期鉛釉陶表面腐蝕物的分析研究》),其中氧化鉛的含量刻高達80%,就是所謂的銀釉,也是鑑定此類古陶器的一種方法。

明代尤其是入清之後,景德鎮發展出來的釉上彩瓷器中的綠色,其化學組成包括二氧化硅、氧化鉛、氧化銅、氧化鐵、鹼金屬。大概的化學成分和比例,如下表所示。

釉上彩自然老化後,容易產生薄膜干涉形成蛤蜊光,也是釉上彩瓷器的鑑定依據。而且同紅彩和白釉相比,清代景德鎮釉上彩中的綠彩,其氧化鉛的含量也超高(《清代紅綠彩瓷器無損分析研究》,光譜學與光譜分析, 2022, 42(3): 732, 網絡出版: 2022-04-19)。

表 2. 白釉、紅彩和綠彩的化學成分(質量分數, %)Table 2. Chemical compositions of white glaze and colored pigments (mass fraction, %)
| Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | S | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | MnO | Fe | Cu | PbO |
|---|
| A(白釉) | 12.43 | 73.73 | - | - | 5.96 | 6.26 | - | 0.11 | 0.63 | - | - | | B(紅彩) | 9.70 | 60.71 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 9.30 | 10.29 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 1.63 | - | 6.29 | | C(綠彩) | 0.33 | 45.61 | 0.04 | - | 5.78 | 3.92 | - | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 41.49 |
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所以在上一篇博文中我就說,青花瓷紀年銘文在入清之後,就被康熙皇帝給帶歪了,尤其是被雍正和乾隆這爺兒倆給玩殘了,不是沒有憑據的。因為在各種低溫顏色釉中,都或多或少,含有氧化鉛,不僅僅是綠色(見故宮學院《古代建築琉璃構件價值揭示與科技保護研究》一文)。

與鉛為伍,無鉛不歡,當年的羅馬帝國,就是這麽着玩鉛自毀的。
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