2023-5-4
在威爾士國家博物館的50萬件藏品中,最值得看的一件是乾隆晚期(1775-1790)的廣彩人物外銷瓷碗:




ITEM NUMBER: | NMW A 32128 | CREATION | Unknown | PRODUCTION: | Role: Production Date:1775-1790 ca
| ACQUISITION: | Bequest, 1929, Given by W.S de Winton | MEASUREMENTS: | Height: 6.3cm, Depth: 12.3cm |
儘管威爾士國家博物館對這件藏品的來龍去脈文檔都做的很好,但是對瓷器知識的介紹寥寥,如雲山霧罩。
Bowl in hard-paste porcelain with raised footring, the body a rounded ogee shape, the upper body flaring and with an upturned rim; the exterior is painted in polychrome enamels with two 'Mandarin' style genre scenes, one of tea being served in an interior, the other showing a scholar standing at a table outside a pagoda with an attendant, these are framed by a simple black line border, between these are two areas of a diaper pattern in black enamel, with three reserves, at the center is a large reserve framed with a red enamel border with scrolling 'T' pattern in gilt, in which is a landscape composition in orange enamel, above and below this are two small cartouches with scroll borders in black enamel, framing stylized branches and foliage in orange enamel, at the interior rim is a simple stylized flower border in black and red enamel with a band of gilt beneath, at the interior base is a single flower painted freely in puce.
類似的廣彩人物外銷瓷,在威斯康星大學博物館裡,也看到一隻盤子,構圖繁縟、色彩濃艷,雍容華貴,富有立體感、用暖色調,使人有過目不忘,似曾相識的心跳感覺:

威斯康星大學博物館對這件藏品的斷代是十八世紀的清叄代早期廣彩:
廣彩瓷器的斷代和粉彩瓷器不同,粉彩瓷器的高峰是雍正,廣彩瓷器的高峰是乾隆和嘉慶,所謂式多奇巧,歲無定樣,個性化強,是早期廣彩瓷器典型特徵。

乾隆廣彩瓷器
廣彩前後叄百年,在乾隆晚期及稍後的嘉慶二十多年時間內,才出現一批紋飾繪畫非常精細,令人眼前一亮的珍貴外銷廣彩瓷器,把廣彩瓷藝術推向了一個高峰,用的是琺瑯顏料,其採用大面積金彩和洋彩繪製多重邊飾而成,外圍邊飾以金彩織洋蓮錦地,間以麻色及紅色中式山水開光;中心主題圖桉多為琺瑯彩繪中式庭院故事人物紋、山水紋、花卉紋,內邊飾多以茄紫色織鯊魚皮錦地,間以小型花鳥開光,整體圖桉金碧輝煌,富有立體感,面向世界市場,迎合了國際上流行的享樂主義、東方神秘和熾烈的洛可可風格,受歐美富豪們追捧,在當時被稱做王室瓷,被大量定製華人珍藏,最近才被稱為是洛克菲勒紋飾風格的廣彩。


乾隆晚期和嘉慶早期風靡一時的洛克菲勒紋飾廣彩外銷瓷盤
In 1964, dealer and collector J.A. Lloyd Hyde published one of the first scholarly books on Chinese export porcelain, which he illustrated with pieces of palace ware from Junior Rockefeller’s collection. The collecting community took note of the porcelain and its association with the famous American family, and the pattern — with lavish gilt and sepia borders enclosing unique Chinese figure scenes in colored enamels — began to be called Rockefeller.
嘉道之後,廣彩瓷的色調趨於冷酷,圖桉也趨于格式化,十字開幅、斗方,加上花果、蝴蝶織金做底成為固定風格;色彩較多地使用了綠色,採用豆青胎上加彩甚為普遍;之前暖色調的風貌被大紅大綠的風貌代替,之前工、意結合的彩繪技法被勾勒填塗的中國傳統彩繪技法代替,顏料完全由廣彩藝人自行配製,嶺南折枝花果、鳥蟲、暗八仙等被大量用作地飾。其間雖有創新,但因為不注重國際市場需要,都沒有持久的藝術生命力。

廣東省河源市博物館藏嘉慶廣彩人物花卉紋碟

廣東省河源市博物館藏同治廣彩人物花卉紋碟
廣彩的日子,也就每況愈下,為歐洲瓷器讓路了。
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