发表评论-汪翔-万维博客-万维读者网（电脑版）

美国第一大消费品生产商P&G，一年花在直接广告开支上的费用高达50亿美元，占到当年公司营业额的6%。该公司为了让消费者熟悉一个品牌，砸下的广告开支就高达几个亿美元，而且是好几年来持之以恒。所以，所谓品牌，除了实实在在的质量和配套服务之外，雇人搞大吆喝，而且还是造价高昂的吆喝，确实是必不可少的。不想花钱，或者说，舍不得花大钱，就期望打造一个响当当的品牌，看来，是很难做到的了。

即使是在有了不错的品牌之后，你还是得继续砸大钱来保持足够攻势的广告营销，否则，消费者就会慢慢的遗忘你所拥有品牌的存在。很多曾经不可一世的大公司，都是在经营环境变得对自己不利之后，开始削减自己的广告开支，在无形之中开始了恶性循环。柯达、摩托罗拉就是其中的例子之一，类似的例子实在是太多。

在目前，做广告的手段已经越来越多。除了传统的电视广告和杂志等纸质媒体的广告之外，目前比较流行的，既有像谷歌得以存在的点击广告，也有直接将折扣券送到家的“直销”广告。国内一段时间比较流行，现在好像还在继续流行的，通过半新闻，半广告的形式搞所谓的软性广告的做法，虽然很多时候忽悠的效果很好，但是，这并不是中国人比美国人聪明，而是因为，美国的监管更为严格，不允许公司随随便便的用这种形式来忽悠顾客。也就是说，中国的公司可以肆无忌惮，不是因为他们更聪明，而是因为，中国的消费者更无人保护，更可怜，更容易被企业随便的鱼肉自己。

通过各种有形和无形的办法，来让你的顾客了解自己，相信自己，喜欢上自己，能够做好的公司，可谓是八仙过海各显神通，各有各的道和诀窍。

通过大手笔的广告开支和营销来让自己的生意更上一层楼，是一个非常需要智慧和胆识的，很有点技巧性的活计。玩的好，你能够快速到位，玩的不好，你很可能就是玩火自焚。在美国的商战历史上，这样的例子不少见。很多在我们看来实在是不敢恭维的产品，就是有人能够想办法做到，通过不同的媒体，来一而再再而三的敲打你的视觉和听觉，直到你最终不得不接受为止。有不少在历史上曾经昙花一现的产品和服务，就是这种敢试者的杰作。美国式创新精神的发扬光大和深入人心，除了美国长期以来对私有财产的保护，对智慧产权的在乎之外，就是这种敢试传统发扬光大的结果。

至于广告的内容，你是不是应该相信，它是不是值得你去相信，那就是你自己的判断问题了。即使是再好的司法保护，企业也还是有办法来和你玩灰色游戏的。

America’s Biggest Advertisers

July 13, 2012 by Mike Sauter

The 10 largest advertisers in the United States spent $26.2 billion in 2011, according to Advertising Age, an advertising trade publication. While the number is huge, it looks even larger when total spending among the top 100 advertisers is considered. The top ten accounted for more than a quarter of the $102.6 billion spent by the top 100 advertisers. Ad Age ranked the top 100 companies in terms of advertising spending in the United States. Based on the report, 24/7 Wall St. identified the 10 largest advertisers.

The 10 biggest advertisers represent a diverse group of industries. Two are wireless companies, and two car companies, but otherwise, no two industries are the same. On the other hand, a relatively small number of industries dominate the top 100 list. Out of a total of 16 industries, four of them — cars, food and drink, the pharmaceutical industry, and retailers — represent exactly half of the top 100. There are 10 Automakers, 12 pharmaceutical companies, 12 retailers, and 16 food and drink companies.

Many of the largest industries in the country are only partially represented among the top 100. While McDonald’s (NYSE: MCD) and Yum! Brands (NYSE: YUM) are among the top 100 advertisers, Burger King (NYSE: BKW) and Wendy’s (NYSE: WEN) are not.

On the other hand, in several industries, every major company is among the largest advertising spenders. All four of the major wireless carriers in the U.S. are among the top 100 advertisers and three are in the top 25. With the exception of Roche, every major global pharmaceutical company is on the list.

Some industries spend much more than others. Industries like retail, food and banking are generally customer facing and consumer oriented. For these industries, advertising is essential to market to consumers.

Some of the biggest industries are not represented on this list at all. Oil and energy companies, which rely far less on traditional advertising, are not on the list. Exxon Mobil Corporation (NYSE: XOM), the biggest company in the world in terms of revenue, is not in the top 100. Other massive companies that are missing because their industries are not customer-facing include construction and mining equipment maker Caterpillar (NYSE: CAT) and aerospace and defense company Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT).

Generally, spending on television and Internet increased from 2010. For all 100 advertisers, television spending increased 1.6% in 2011 to $36.2 billion, which is 35.3% of all measured paid advertising. Meanwhile, Internet spending, which is the third largest media expense at 4.5%, was up nearly 16.8% to $4.6 billion. Meanwhile, advertisers continue to moving away from traditional media. Spending in magazines was down 4.8% to $8.9 billion, while spending on newspapers advertising was down 17.3% to $4.1 billion. Combined, print now only represents 13% of total spending.

Similarly, despite growing advertising budgets at many of the companies many have chosen to reduce measured advertising spending — advertising across media platforms — and increase unmeasured advertising — such as direct marketing, social media, coupons and promotions. At 44%, unmeasured advertising represents the largest single advertising category.

Ad Age calculated each advertiser’s spending across a variety of media platforms: magazines, newspapers, outdoor, television, radio, and Internet display ads. The sum of a company’s spending across these platforms is its measured spending. However, unmeasured spending ate up a sizable portion of advertising budgets as well. Unmeasured spending is defined by Ad Age to include “direct marketing, promotion, co-ops, coupons, catalogs, product placement, events, and unmeasured forms of digital media (such as paid search and video).”

These are America’s biggest advertisers.

10. Disney
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.1 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $40.9 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Disney movies
> Industry: Media

Disney had a 9% increase in advertising spending in 2011. Viacom, another media giant, increased its budget by 9% as well to just over $1 billion. Advertising for Disney movies was the largest portion of this budget at 17%. Disney also spent a large amount of its advertising expenditure on ABC, spending $162 million on the network. In contrast, Comcast spent $152 million on NBC. The media juggernaut, however, decreased ESPN’s advertising spending by 36%. That’s despite the sports channel contributing much to Disney’s first quarter 2012 profit growth.

9. L’Oreal
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.1 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $28.3 billion
> Brand with biggest ad spending: L’Oreal Paris
> Industry: Cosmetics

L’Oreal, the only foreign company on this list, spent a whopping 7% of revenue on advertising. It also bucked the trend of moving away from old media to new media. The cosmetics and beauty company increased its magazine spending by more than 22% to $702 million, now comprising about a third of total advertising spending. And while Internet spending rose by 185% compared to 2010’s spending, it totaled only $25 million, or about 3.5% of its magazine advertising expenses. The company spent $503 million in 2011 on L’Oreal Paris, the company’s most advertised brand. This is up 14.4% from 2010.

8. American Express
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.1 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $30 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: American Express
> Industry: Financial Services

The advertising budget of American Express is more than double the combined budgets of rivals Discover and Visa. The credit card company spends more than 25% of its measured spending on television advertising. The New York-based corporation ranks 10th in the country for spending on the Internet. More recently, the company started a social mobile ad campaign that encourages users to create personalized accounts that details their interests in shopping, traveling, and dining. By linking this account with their card and a Facebook, Twitter or Foursquare account, users then have access to special rewards.

7. Ford
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.1 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $136.3 million
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Ford
> Industry: Cars

Just as AT&T has a different advertising strategy compared to Verizon, Ford uses a different strategy compared to GM. Magazine spending is only down 0.5% at Ford to $136.2 billion, while it plunged 45% to $215 million at GM. Meanwhile, Ford decreased its Internet advertising by 31% to $90 million, which is compared to an increase of 7% to $242 million at its rival. That spending on measurable marketing is down 7% from last year, mostly because Ford cut ad spending on its luxury brand, Lincoln, by 23% to $175 million. Meanwhile, another rival, Toyota, increased its spending on marketing its luxury brand, Lexus by 12% to $233 million.

6. JPMorgan Chase & Co.
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.4 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $97.2 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Chase
> Industry: Financial Services

J.P. Morgan’s advertising spending increased by 22% from 2010 to 2011. During this time, the banking company doubled its spending on online advertisements to $73 million and almost doubled its spending on network TV ads to $130 million. Not surprisingly, Chase, the retail side of the bank, received a marketing budget of almost six times that of the investment bank arm, JPMorgan. The next bank on the list, Bank of America, comes in at 17th on the list with a total budget of $1.7 billion.

5. AT&T
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.4 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $126.7 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: AT&T
> Industry: Telecommunications

While AT&T and Verizon spend nearly the same on measurable marketing ($1.85 billion vs. $1.7 billion in 2011), AT&T spends its money very differently from its rival. While Verizon’s magazine spending plummeted 63% to $29 million, AT&T actually increased its advertising in magazines by more than 4% to $49 million. Furthermore, AT&T cut its spending for network television by 15% to $688 million, while Verizon increased its by 8.5% to $565 million. And while AT&T, like Verizon, cut its newspaper spending and upped its ad presence online, it did so far more modestly than its rival. AT&T cut its newspaper spending by 15% to $155 million. It also spent $155 million online, up 15% from 2010.

4. Comcast
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.5 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $55.8 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Comcast Universal
> Industry: Telecommunications/Media

Comcast comes in fourth for its advertising spending in 2011. A large share (24%) of this budget was devoted to advertising Universal movies. Comcast purchased the studio from GE as part of a deal for NBCUniversal in the beginning of 2011. Comcast increased its advertising on Telemundo, its Spanish television network, by 85%. Another big share of the Comcast budget is directed to Xfinity, the Company’s triple-play service of Internet, phone and television. This is a highly competitive area of the broadband business. Comcast increased its advertising for Xfinity by 53% to $348 million in 2011. Comcast also spends the most of any company in the country on radio advertising at 234 million.

3. Verizon
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $2.5 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $110.9 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Verizon
> Industry: Telecommunications

Internet ad spending by Verizon shot up by more than 50% in 2011 compared to 2010 to $242 million. The telecommunication company is now second only to GM in that medium. Meanwhile, much like many companies on the list, Verizon cut down on ad spending in old media. Magazine spending went down 63% to $29 million; newspaper spending declined by 47% to $147 million; and radio advertising dropped by 35% to $100 million. Verizon and AT&T, the top two wireless providers in the U.S., spent $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion respectively on advertising in 2011. The third largest carrier, Sprint, spent much less at $1.4 billion.

2. General Motors
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $3.1 billion
> 2011 Revenue: $148.9 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Chevrolet
> Industry: Auto

General Motor has recently decided to stop Facebook advertising after four years of using the social networking site. Still, the Detroit automaker is the leading online advertiser in the nation at $242 million. While GM is spending just slightly more than the number two online advertiser, Verizon, it is spending almost 270% more than Ford in this medium. The overall GM advertising budget is up 11% compared to 2010, same as Ford. Despite spending so much online, television advertisements comprised the largest share of GM’s ad budget at over 36%. Among advertisers in the United States, it was the third largest amount for TV. GM spent the most advertising its Chevrolet brand. The company dropped its spending significantly on its GMC, the SUV and light truck division brands, cutting their advertising spending by over half to $160.3 million.

1. Procter & Gamble
> 2011 Total Ad Spending: $5 billion
> 2011 Total Revenue: $82.6 billion
> Brand With Biggest Ad Spending: Olay
> Industry: Consumer Goods

No company spent more than Procter & Gamble on television and magazine advertising . The maker of Tide detergent and Pantene shampoo spent approximately $1.7 billion on TV commercials and $1.1 billion on magazine ads. P&G advertised in other media as well, ranking third for newspaper spending and fifth for online spending. Ad spending for Olay, its most advertised brand, rose about 8% to $357 million, while spending for the second and third most advertised brands, Covergirl and Crest, increased by about 26% and 33% to $305 million and $229 million, respectively. P&G also increased spending on its luxury goods. Compared to 2010, marketing for Dolce & Gabbana was up by more than 21% in 2011 to $46 million, while ad spending for Gucci Fragrances was up by nearly 57% to $28 million.

-Douglas A. McIntyre, Ashley C. Allen, Michael A. Sauter, Samuel Weigley and Lisa Uible