窮則思變，變得了嗎？

今天看了一則關於美國最富有和最貧窮的十個州的名單，讓我有點小吃驚：有些州竟然是意想不到的富有，像阿拉斯加、明尼蘇達。而那些貧窮的州，已經貧困了很久，在我們的意識中則變的自然而然了，倒是沒有什麼新鮮感。不過，讓人難以理解的是：窮則思變的人類本性，好像對於在這裡生活的很多人，不起作用。不然，為什麼多數貧窮的族裔，世世代代的滿足於停留在一個個貧窮的地區生活和繁衍？特別是在美國這樣一個流動性很強也很容易流動的國度？

阿拉斯加、夏威夷富有，得益於其所擁有的自然資源，東北部州的富有，則得益於那裡的科技、文化和厚實的教育資本，也是因為資源的豐富。

讓來自貧困州的普通貧窮人家的年輕人，向夏威夷這樣的地方去尋找機會，“似乎”有點難，或許是因為啟動的生活成本較高。但是，為什麼就少有人，特別是那些世世代代生活在一個地方一直貧窮的普通人，樂意向氣候條件差些，但卻有更好的機會改變命運的阿拉斯加移動呢？

恐怕，問題還是得從我們的社會保障系統和其它的政治因素來找：我們的系統更多的是在鼓勵人們懶惰和滿足於自我“墮落”，世世代代。

生活中接觸了不少的普通年輕人，她們/他們的生活理念，確實和我們這些來自第三世界國度的人們很不同。我們工作，不僅僅是為了當前的生活開支應付，更多的還有很長遠的打算：早點買房、置業，積累些財富，後讓後代過的好些。很多普通的美國人好像不是這麼想的，至少我接觸的大量的普通美國年輕人不是這麼想的。她們/他們工作，只是不得已，多滿足於當前的收支平衡！夠了就是夠了！哪怕這個標準就是很小的數字！值得慶幸的是，這裡有一個一定年齡之後就得自立的社會“風氣”和習慣。

如果這裡的窮人，有一天能夠有當年中國古人闖關東的膽量和膽識，如果那一天，你能夠看到成批的普通人去阿拉斯加尋找機會，就像當年到加州淘金的成群結隊和絡繹不絕，美國的未來，恐怕就絕對不是現在這樣的樣子。如果有一天，有些族群不是滿足於通過政治途徑，在再分配領域獲得更多的優待，而是立足於一個個的自我奮鬥，他們的子子孫孫，也不會一直生活在貧困線附近掙扎。到了那個時候，也可能不會有人，再樂意用這樣使用了百年的藉口，來解釋一個族群的子子孫孫貧困的主因：因為我們當初是以奴隸身份被你們白人強行拉入美國的！

最近幾年，幾乎經常看到和聽到貧困區發生的犯罪案件。生活在那裡的年輕人，似乎不知道，在這個世界上還有另外一種活法，一種不是很難，就可以通過奮鬥和付出改變未來的途徑。什麼時候，美國生活的普通人，也能有我們當初闖美國的無畏勇氣。

貧窮，很多的時候是自己造成的！

悲哉！美麗的美利堅！如果生活在美利堅的普通窮人，多數的，有中國年輕人敢於跨省“流浪”到富士康打工的氣派，美國繼續稱霸世界，會將是。。。           

America’s Richest (and Poorest) States

September 18, 2014 by 247alex

TheUnited Statesadded more than 2.3 million jobs in 2013, the most in any year since 2005. Despite this, income levels and poverty rates did not improve in most of theUnited Stateslast year, according to recently released figures from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey.

While many American households continue to struggle to make ends meet, those in the richest states continued to earn far more than households in the poorest states.Marylandwas the wealthiest state in theU.S.again last year, with a median income of $72,483.Mississippi, in turn, was yet againAmerica’s poorest state, with a median income of just $37,963.

States with relatively low median incomes typically had poverty rates that were much higher than the national rate. In fact, all but one of the nation’s 10 poorest states also had among the 10 highest poverty rates.Mississippi, the nation’s poorest state, had a poverty rate of 24% last year, the highest in the nation. By comparison, when surveyed, 15.8% of Americans said they lived below the poverty line at some point in the last 12 months.

One of the most important determinants of income is employment because most Americans rely on their jobs as their largest source of income. Several states with high incomes also had low unemployment rates. These includeHawaii,Minnesota, andNew Hampshire, all of which had unemployment rates that were at least two percentage points below the national unemployment rate of 7.4% in 2013. But this was not the case in all high income states.California, for instance, had an unemployment rate of 8.9% last year, among the highest in the country.

A strong labor force matters, David Cooper, economic analyst at the Economic Policy Institute, told24/7 Wall St. When the labor market improves, “that tends to disproportionately help low income folks,” Cooper said. “When there’s less unemployment, when employers are maybe having to raise wages in order to attract new workers.”

Still, unemployment rates do not tell the full story. In fact, by some measures, the job market remains distressed. The total number of jobs only surpassed pre-recession levels this year. Also, the percentage of Americans in the workforce — either working or looking for work — has fallen considerably since the recession.

The types of jobs available in a state also play a major role in determining income levels. For example, low-paying manufacturing jobs as well as jobs in the retail sector were generally more common in states with low median incomes. In the nation’s richest states, by contrast, high-paying jobs in the financial, information, and professional services sectors were more common.

Cooper added that “there are good jobs and bad jobs,” and that clearly some industries pay better than others. “Obviously, things like the sciences, and information technology, health care. Those tend to be sectors that pay better,” he noted. One major reason for this, Cooper said, is the educational background need for such jobs. Residents in the nation’s richest states

Although wealthy states tend to have lower poverty rates, they don’t necessarily have the most equitable distribution of income. In fact, the distribution of incomes was especially imbalanced in a number of the wealthiest states.California,Connecticut, andMassachusetts, all among the states with the highest incomes, were each among the states with the most top-heavy income distributions.

The states with the lowest incomes, however, also did not perform especially well in income equality. Notably,Louisiana, which had a median household income more than $6,000 below theU.S.median, was also the third-worst state for income inequality.

To identify the richest and poorest states with the highest and lowest median household income,24/7 Wall St.reviewed state data on income from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2013 American Community Survey (ACS). Median household income for all years is adjusted for inflation. Data on health insurance coverage, employment by industry, food stamp recipiency, poverty, and income inequality also came from the 2013 ACS. Income inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, which is scaled from 0 to 1, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality. We also reviewed annual average unemployment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for 2012 and 2013.

These areAmerica’s richest and poorest states.

The Richest States inAmerica

10.California
> Median household income: $60,190
> Population: 38,332,521 (the largest)
> Unemployment rate: 8.9% (4th highest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 16.8% (16th highest)

A typicalCaliforniahousehold earned more than $60,000 last year, higher than the national median of $52,250. WhileCaliforniaincomes have yet to return to 2009 levels, they have — just as nationwide income levels have — risen from 2012 levels. Although the state has some of the wealthiest residents nationwide, nearly 17% lived in poverty last year, the only rich state with a poverty rate above the national rate of 15.8%. The disparity is likely due to severe income inequality among the state’s more than 38 million residents.California’s Gini coefficient was higher than that of all but three other states last year. The state’s unemployment rate of 8.9% last year, despite declining from the year before, remained among the highest nationwide.

9.Minnesota
> Median household income: $60,702
> Population: 5,420,380 (21st largest)
> Unemployment rate: 5.1% (9th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 11.2% (7th lowest)

WhileMinnesotais the ninth-richest state in theU.S., just 4.9% of households earned more than $200,000 annually, roughly in line with the percentage nationally.Minnesota’s income distristribution was less skewed towards the wealthy than that of most states. Its Gini coefficient was lower than that of 39 other states last year. The percentage of residents without health care was 8.2% last year and also among the lowest. However, the state’s insurance exchange, set up under the Affordable Care Act, has been rife with problems, including software glitches during the exchange’s rollout and the recent withdrawal of its most popular, and lowest-cost, insurers.

8.Virginia
> Median household income: $62,666
> Population: 8,260,405 (12th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 5.5% (13 lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 11.7% (9th lowest)

Nearly 8% ofVirginiahouseholds earned more than $200,000 last year, more than in all but a handful of states. Like many wealthy states,Virginiaresidents’ incomes remained effectively unchanged last year compared to 2012. Like a number of wealthy states,Virginia’s unemployment rate of just 5.5% last year was much lower than the national rate of 7.4%.Vermontwas also home to a large number of particularly wealthy households. Last year, 7.8% of all households in the state earned $200,000 or more, the fifth-highest rate in the nation.

7.New Hampshire
> Median household income: $64,230
> Population: 1,323,459 (9th smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 5.3% (10th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 8.7% (the lowest)

New Hampshire’s household median income in 2013 remained unchanged from 2012, reflecting little improvement in the residents’ standard of living. In other areas, however,New Hampshire’s economy showed improvement. Only 8.7% of the state’s roughly 1.3 million people lived below the poverty line in 2013, the lowest proportion in the country and down from 10% in 2012. High median incomes and a low poverty rate demonstrate howNew Hampshirehas one of the most equitable income distributions in the country. High median incomes likely also drove up home values. The median home value of $233,300 last year was among the higher levels nationwide. Just 10.7% of residents did not have health insurance in 2013, one of the lower rates in the country.

6.Massachusetts
> Median household income: $66,768
> Population: 6,692,824 (14th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 7.1% (21st highest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 11.9% (11th lowest)

Massachusettsis one of the wealthiest states in theU.S.and also among the nation’s most unequal. While 8.3% of state households had an income of $200,000 or more in 2013, the fourth highest percentage in the nation, 6.5% of households earned less than $10,000 last year, higher than in most of the other wealthiest states. Additionally, 12.9% of households relied on food stamp benefits last year, also higher than in most of the richest states. This figure is up considerably from 2009, when 9.4% of households relied on food stamps. On the other hand, perhaps no state, no state has a stronger track record of providing health coverage to residents thanMassachusetts. Just 3.7% of the population was uninsured last year, the lowest rate nationwide.

5.Connecticut
> Median household income: $67,098
> Population: 3,596,080 (22nd smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 7.8% (38)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 10.7% (4th lowest)

Connecticutis both one of the richest and most unequal states. The state is often depicted in the media as the poster child forAmerica’s growing inequality.Connecticut’s Gini coefficient of 0.499 was the second most highest in the nation. A typical household earned roughly $67,000 last year and nearly one in 10 earned more than $200,000 in 2013, second only toNew Jersey. Yet, unlike many of the richest states, the unemployment rate inConnecticutwas above theU.S.rate and only changed slightly from the year prior.Connecticutis also home to a disproportionate amount of financiers. Roughly 9% of employed workers were categorized as working in finance, insurance or real estate by the Census Bureau, the second highest among all states.

4.Hawaii
> Median household income: $68,020
> Population: 1,404,054 (11th smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 4.8% (8th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 10.8% (5th lowest)

In addition to paradisal scenery and tropical weather,Hawaiiresidents are also among the nation’s wealthiest. A typical household earned more than $68,000 last year, considerably higher than the national household median income of $52,250. High incomes, as well asHawaii’s own requirements for employers to provide workers with health coverage, have made health insurance more accessible in the state. Only 6.7% of residents did not have health insurance in 2013, less than half the national proportion of 14.5%. The cost of living inHawaii, however, was higher than in every other state last year, most because many goods need to be shipped from the mainland.

3.New Jersey
> Median household income: $70,165
> Population: 8,899,339 (11th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 8.2% (10th highest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 11.4% (8th lowest)

Offering easy commuting access toNew Yorkfrom the northern part of the state and toPhiladelphiafrom the south,New Jerseyhouseholds had the third highest median income in the country last year at $70,165. Additionally, nearly 10% of households had incomes of $200,000 or more , the highest rate in the country. In the midst of high incomes, however, there is also poverty. More than 11% ofNew Jerseyresidents lived in poverty in 2013, an increase from the year before. The portion of residents without health insurance also rose 0.5 percentage points between 2012 and 2013, one of the larger increases in the nation.

2.Alaska
> Median household income: $72,237
> Population: 735,132 (4th smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 6.5% (18th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 9.3% (2nd lowest)

While Alaskans were among the nation’s wealthiest as of last year, 18.5% of state residents didn’t have health insurance last year, one of the highest rates in the nation. Every other wealthy state, by contrast, had exceptionally low proportions of residents without health insurance. It remains to be seen whether the Affordable Care Act will improve health coverage in the state. Otherwise, Alaskans seem to be very well off. Fewer than one in 10 residents lived below the poverty line last year, lower than in every state except forNew Hampshire. Income is also distributed relatively evenly across the state’s 735,132 residents. The state’s Gini coefficient was the lowest in the country last year.

1.Maryland
> Median household income: $72,483
> Population: 5,928,814 (19th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 6.6% (22nd lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 10.1% (3rd lowest)

Marylandis the wealthiest state in the nation. The median household income was $72,483 in 2013, more than $20,000 higher than the national median income of $52,250. Additionally, few states had a higher proportion of high income households thanMaryland, where 8.9% earned $200,000 or more in 2013. The state also had among the lowest poverty rates in the nation last year at just over 10% of the population. But despite their relative affluence,Marylandhouseholds have not been immune to the struggles most Americans have faced in recent years. From 2009 to 2013, the state’s poverty rate and the percentage of households on foodstamps rose, while the inflation-adjusted median household income fell.

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The Poorest States inAmerica

10.Oklahoma
> Median household income: $45,690
> Population: 3,850,568 (23rd lowest)
> Unemployment rate: 5.4% (11th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 16.8% (16th highest)

Oklahomais one of the poorest states in the nation, with a median household income of $45,690 last year. However, this figure was notably higher than in 2012, when the median income, adjusted for inflation, was $44,903. The percentage of residents with health insurance coverage also improved. In 2012, 18.4% of residents did not have health insurance, the fifth highest percentage in the nation. Last year, that number fell to 17.7%, better than six other states. This figure could decline even further in the future. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as private entities such as Gallup andRANDcorporation, indicate a substantial decrease in the percentage of Americans without health insurance so far in 2014.

9.Tennessee
> Median household income: $44,297
> Population: 6,495,978 (17th highest)
> Unemployment rate: 8.2% (10th highest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 17.8% (12th highest)

Tennesseehad one of the nation’s lowest household median incomes as well as one of the nation’s higher poverty rates last year. Also, 17.2% of residents relied on food stamps last year, more than in all but a handful of states. Like in many other poor states,Tennesseeresidents were more likely than most Americans to work in the retail industry, a traditionally low-paying sector. Income was more unevenly distributed inTennesseethan in all but a handful of other states last year. However, more residents were covered by health insurance in 2013 than in a number of much wealthier states.

8.Louisiana
> Median household income: $44,164
> Population: 4,625,470 (25th highest)
> Unemployment rate: 6.2% (15th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 19.8% (3rd highest)

Nearly one in five Louisiana residents lived in poverty last year, more than in all but two other states, and considerably higher than the national poverty rate of 15.8%. While the poverty threshold for a one-person household was an annual income of as little as as $11,490 in 2013, many multi-member households inLouisianaearned considerably less than that. More than one in 10 households earned less than $10,000 last year, more than in every state except forMississippi. Also, only two other states had worse income distribution in 2013.

7.South Carolina
> Median household income: $44,163
> Population: 4,774,839 (24th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 7.6% (16th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 18.6% (8th highest)

South Carolinahad one of the nation’s largest declines in unemployment rate in 2013, as the percentage of workers without a job fell from 9.0% in 2012 to 7.6% last year. Like many other states with low median household incomes, a high percentage ofSouth Carolinaresidents lived in poverty last year.South Carolina’s poverty rate was 18.6% in 2013, up considerably from 2009, when 17.1% of the state’s population lived below the poverty line. The percentage of households utilizing food stamp benefits also rose from 12.4% to 15.5% in that time.

6.New Mexico
> Median household income: $43,872
> Population: 2,085,287 (15th smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 6.9% (24th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 21.9% (2nd highest)

Nearly 22% ofNew Mexicoresidents lived in poverty last year, the second highest percentage in the country and an increase from 2012. The state was among the worst for income inequality, which may help explain its high poverty rate, as well as its wide variation in home values.early one in seven New Mexican homes were valued below $50,00. And while the unemployment rate was 6.9% in 2013, below the 2013 national rate, nearly 17% ofNew Mexico’s labor force was employed in the trade, transportation, and utilities sectors, which are historically low paying. In 2013, those sectors had an average hourly wage of $20.98.

5.Kentucky
> Median household income: $43,399
> Population: 4,395,295 (25th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 8.3% (7th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 18.8% (6th highest)

The typicalKentuckyhousehold earned just $43,399 last year, roughly $10,000 below the national median. Additionally, 18.8% ofKentuckyresidents lived in poverty last year, a rate that has remained unchanged since 2009. Like many of the poorest states, home values in the state were quite low. The median value of a home inKentuckywas $120,900 as of 2013, the sixth lowest value in the country.Kentucky’s unemployment rate was 8.3% in 2013, well above the national rate of 7.4%. This was also unchanged from 2012, makingKentuckyone of a small minority of states where the unemployment rate did not improve.

4.Alabama
> Median household income: $42,849
> Population: 4,833,722 (23rd largest)
> Unemployment rate: 6.5% (18th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 18.7% (7th highest)

Alabamawas one of just a few states where more than 10% of the population reported a household income of less than $10,000 last year. Additionally, the state’s median income — already low — dropped significantly between 2009 and 2013, from $44,000 to $42,840. However, relative to residents in other poor states,Alabamahad a relatively low percentage of residents without health coverage at just 13.6%. By comparison, 14.5% of Americans nationwide lacked health insurance last year. However,Alabamais one of the 24 states that elected not to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act due largely to concerns about costs being shifted from the federal government to the states in the long-run.

3.West Virginia
> Median household income: $41,253
> Population: 1,854,304 (38th largest)
> Unemployment rate: 6.5% (18th lowest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 18.5% (10th highest)

Unlike some states with low median incomes, relatively fewWest Virginiaresidents worked in manufacturing. Instead, these residents mostly found employment in agriculture or mining, as nearly 5.4% of workers were employed in those industries as of 2013, well above the national average. While the state’s unemployment rate decreased 0.7 percentage points between 2012 and 2013 to 6.5% — notably better than theU.S.rate last year — median household income remained low and unchanged. Low incomes also likely affect the housing market of the state. The median home value was only $103,200 in 2013, lower than all but one other state

2.Arkansas
> Median household income: $40,511
> Population: 2,959,373 (19th smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 7.5% (18th highest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 19.7% (4th highest)

The typicalArkansashousehold earned $40,511 last year, well below the national median of $52,250. Like in many of the poorest states, the state’s poverty was also a major problem.Arkansashad the fourth highest poverty rate in the country last year, at 19.7%. The state’s unemployment rate remained unchanged between 2012 and 2013, a major indication of a weak job market. Low incomes and a weak job market may contribute to low real estate values as well. Statewide, homes were valued relatively low, at just under $110,000, or more than $60,000 below the national benchmark. Additionally, nearly one in five homes were valued at less than $50,000, the third highest rate in the country.

1.Mississippi
> Median household income: $37,963
> Population: 2,991,207 (20th smallest)
> Unemployment rate: 8.6% (6th highest)
> Pct. Below poverty line: 24.0% (the highest)

Mississippi, the poorest state in the nation, had a median household income of just $37,963 last year. In fact, no other state had a median income of less than $40,000 in 2013, andMississippi’s median income was barely half that of top-ranked statesMarylandandAlaska. Further, no state had a higher poverty rate thanMississippi, where more than 24% of people lived below the poverty line. The next-closest state,New Mexico, had a poverty rate more than two percentage points lower thanMississippi. Other problems the state faced were a high jobless rate and a high proportion of households on food stamps. Last year, 8.6% of workers were unemployed, the sixth highest rate nationally, while 19.4% of households relied on food stamps, the second highest rate.