相信很多萬維的讀者和筆者一樣，很早就讀過馬克吐溫的《競選州長》的故事吧。因為這篇小說曾經被選為國內的中學語文教材。當時我們怎麼也想不到，二十一世紀的今天，有幸親眼目睹一出真的《競選州長》。在這齣戲碼中，雖然沒有誰像小說中的馬克吐溫一樣被污為偽證犯、小偷、拐屍犯、酒瘋子、賄賂犯，但其中的無所不用其極，我們也算是見識過了。包括挖對手的牆角，當面說好話，腳下使絆子，互相揭短處，互相罵婊子，種種手段都用上了。比起馬克吐溫小說寫的來，真是有過之而無不及。剛好這競選的對手雙方，又都還和工會關係深厚。正與我們討論的工會和資本的政治博弈關係密切。所以我們可以拿他們來說一說事情。
2010年的加州州長選舉，是民主黨候選人吉瑞布朗（Jerry Brown）對共和黨候選人麥格魏特曼。吉瑞布朗出生於加州一民主黨政客世家，其父親埃德蒙傑拉爾德“帕特“布朗曾經出任舊金山市長，地方檢察官，州檢察官，和兩屆加州州長。吉瑞布朗以洛杉磯社區學院校董起家(1969–1971)，在政壇上一路爬升，歷任加州州務卿(1971–1975），兩任加州州長(1975–1983)， 加州民主黨主席 (1989–1991)，奧克蘭市市長 (1999–2007)，和（現任）加州總檢察長。這位職業政客曾經多次參加競選美國總統和參議院的職位。作為資深民主黨人，他與工會更具有深厚的淵源。我們在上一篇文章中提到過的公共事業工會之一，在全美政治獻金大戶（heavy hitter）排名第十一的服務業員工國際聯合會（Service Employees International Union (SEIU)），加州教師工會，加州護士工會（state’s nursing union.），加州勞工聯盟（the California Labor Federation）等，都是是布朗的支持者和大金主。據報道，工會僅僅是在花在支持傑瑞布朗的所謂“獨立開支（Independent Expenditures）”上的“軟錢（Soft Money）”，就高達兩千五百萬。而在整個競選過程中，傑瑞布朗陣營的競選經費的總支出高達兩億五千萬之巨。
與傑瑞布朗完全不同，他的競選對手麥格魏特曼，出身於美國著名的精英大學，普林斯頓和哈佛商學院，獲工商管理碩士學位。她的職業生涯全是在商界打拼，一路上升至迪斯尼的副總（1981）。之後她接連在幾家跨國公司擔任CEO。1998年，魏特曼成為當時僅僅30名雇員，歲入僅$400萬的一家小公司eBay的CEO。在她掌控eBay的十年間，到2008年，公司發展成有15，000雇員，歲入八十億美元的巨無霸公司。魏特曼2007年從eBay退休，先後擔任eBay和其他公司的董事會成員。其中包括著名投資公司的高盛。2009年二月，魏特曼宣布參加加州州長的競選。這位出身商界的成功企業家，代表大資本和共和黨，與代表民主黨和工會的傑瑞布朗進行了一場從金錢參與政治角度看史無前例的驚人角逐，而最終鎩羽而歸。這場戰爭，在美國政治歷史上，創下了用於政治競選花費金錢最高的歷史記錄。同時創下了候選人自掏腰包資助自我競選金額最高的歷史記錄。在這場選戰中，傑瑞布朗一方，包括工會為之付出的兩千五百萬“獨立開支（Independent Expenditures）”，總共花掉二億五千萬美金（$250 million），而魏特曼自掏腰包高達一億六千二百萬（$162 million）美金。此前的最高紀錄是1992年羅斯佩羅（Ross Perot ）為自己競選總統，自掏腰包六千三百五十四萬三千美金（$63,543,721）。魏特曼花掉的差不多是羅斯佩羅的三倍。而這次加州州長的選舉，總共花掉四億一千萬美金。想一想，算一算，美國的民主，真正是昂貴的民主！
在整個競選過程中，競選經費的問題，成為一個雙方相互攻訐的焦點。下面我把傑瑞布朗 vs 麥格魏特曼9月28號的第一次電視辯論視頻貼在這裡（點擊下圖播放）。視頻較長（60分鐘），但是很值得一看。有關競選經費（Campaign Finance），關於工會和資本對競選的影響的問題的辯論，我會將我的英文記錄和中文翻譯附於文末。供有心的讀者參考。而在接下來的幾段裡面，則對此做一些簡略介紹與分析。
在這個為時一個小時的辯論中，有一個專門針對競選經費的問題。但是整個過程中，關於工會和資本對兩位侯選人的影響的辯論，成了不是中心的中心，幾乎占去一半的時間。可以想見這個問題的重要性。而雖然辯論雙方唇槍舌劍，極力攻擊對方，但是大家都不否認，公共事業工會對傑瑞布朗有強大影響。工會是他的主要金主，他代表了工會的利益。而麥格魏特曼作為大企業家資本家，代表的是有錢人的利益。可見，說這次競選是工會和資方的大對決，是一點也不過分的。這是第一點。
其次，由於金錢參與選舉政治運作，所以出資的一方，勝選之後必然要收取政治紅利。所以像鄙視五毛這樣的認為政治獻金像慈善捐款一樣是行善，愛國的看法是非常幼稚的。辯論一開始不久，魏特曼就以工會與政治獻金的事攻擊布朗：“布朗先生談論讓人民走到一起來。就我看來，他一旦當選州長，就會讓所有那些特殊利益集團和工會的人走到一起。他們會走到一起來向他們資助了競選經費的州長收取紅利 ("I-Owe-Yous") 。布朗先生的整個競選基本上完全由公共事業工會資助。所以他們必然會到他那裡去收這些紅利。”政治家心中明白，收受了別人的政治獻金，就對金主有所虧欠。所以在施政中必須有所報答。當然，魏特曼豪花自己的金錢來競選公職的做法，也受到對手的強烈攻擊。說她是用金錢來買州長職位。而她自己的自辯則是，用自己的錢可以避免欠下金主的人情，從而保持當選後施政的獨立性。這個事實表明，第一，工會和資本確實千真萬確是美國這家大公司的兩個最大的股東。
第二，資本與工會的任何一方，花錢之後必然要期待回報。所以政治家與金主之間的關係必然是一種利益關係。辯論的雙方都提到，在面對金主時需要有一副鋼鐵的脊梁。但是他們可能有這樣一幅脊梁嗎？當然，
美國政治家與金主之間的這種利益關係，是一種合法的利益關係，一種制度化的安排。如今，傑瑞布朗已經戰勝麥格魏特曼，順利當選。而且正如魏特曼所預言的那樣，當選後剛滿一個月（12月6號）,在本次競選中為布朗花費$1，800，000的加州監獄看守工會，已經和當選州長布朗走到一起，相聚拉斯維加斯，開始秘密討論收取“我欠你（I-owe-you）”的紅利的問題了（詳情可參見
這裡）。
第三，很有意思的是，在這次州長選舉中，出現了一件不同尋常的事情。就是歷來捐錢支持民主黨的工會組織里，這次出現了一個異數。就是有7，000會員的加州執法人員協會（California Statewide Law Enforcement Association）自2008年合同滿期以來，就沒有與現任州長施瓦辛格簽訂新約。指望着與下任州長簽訂一個較好的協議。這次的競選過程中，民主共和黨雙方都希望爭取該工會的支持。而工會領袖唐納威（Don Novey）將賭注押在了麥格魏特曼身上。魏特曼也私下裡與該工會做了交易，答應在當選後，對該工會作出例外的合同安排。而且，他們還捲入了一場所謂“罵娼婦“官司。在一次傑瑞布朗與該工會的通話中，布朗無意中的一段話被該工會錄下來，其中布朗說到他不會給予該工會想要的東西，而魏特曼會。同時罵魏特曼是“娼婦（whore）”（"they know that Witman will give 'em, will cut them a deal, but I won't,...what about saying she's a whore...."）（見
這裡） 為此魏特曼提出強烈抗議，說這是對所有加州婦女的侮辱。最後傑瑞布朗不得不為此道歉了事。這件事雖然只是一個馬克吐溫式的小插曲，卻說明了一個事實，就是工會上層在進行政治操作時，也不絕對投靠民主黨。而共和黨同樣願意為了當選和政治獻金與工會做交易。所以布朗說魏特曼是“烏鴉笑豬黑，自己不覺得（a little like a kettle calling the Pot black）”，並不是完全沒有道理。
今天。傑瑞布朗已經順利當選。但是他的當選未必就是加州之福。我們知道，傑瑞布朗是在公共事業工會的全力保駕下當選的。他再次入主州長辦公室，必然在一定程度上兌現他對工會的“I-Owe-Yous”。而魏特曼的失利，原因很多。首先，畢竟加州歷來是民主黨的地盤。而現任共和黨的州長幹得很不好。魏特曼又沒有從政的經驗。尤其是在選戰之中大有失策之處。比方說在處理負面廣告的問題上失了民心。她過去許多年不參加選舉的記錄，和家中長期雇用非法移民被對方抓住把柄，嚴重影響了她的信譽。等等。而傑瑞布朗的勝選，恐怕很重要的因素，與他的長期的從政經歷有關。尤其是民眾寄希望於他的年齡很大，不大可能競選連任，所以也許會有一點相對的獨立性（有評論將他比喻成尼克松促成中美建交那樣的角色）。其實各方對工會造成大政府，巨額赤字的問題還是有共識的。都希望下任州長在控制工會福利，壓縮政府開支上做出大的改革。至於他會怎樣干好他的這個新一任，也可能是他的最後一任州長，並在任上踐行他的相關承諾，我們都還得拭目以待。
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【傑瑞布朗 vs 麥格魏特曼電視辯論（9月28號）相關工會和競選經費的內容記錄和中譯（白凡根據視頻整理）】：
魏特曼：“布朗先生談論讓人民走到一起來。就我看來，一旦當選州長，他就會讓所有那些特殊利益集團和工會的人走到一起。他們會走到一起來向他們資助了競選經費的州長收取債務 ("I-Owe-Yous") 。布朗先生的整個競選基本上完全由公共事業工會資助。所以他們必然會到他那裡去收這些債。而我不認為那會是合乎加州人民的最大利益。我們必須要做的，是對所有加州人民有益的事。我們必須就公共事業雇員的退休金進行重新談判。我們需要進行社會福利改革。這是我將會首先關注的兩大事情。”（布朗用魏特曼的減稅計劃的89%以上會使年入五百萬以上的富人受益來回應魏特曼的攻擊。等於默認了工會與自己的競選經費的關係。）
Mr. Brown talks about bringing people together and my view is that he will bring people together after he is elected governor and there will be a meeting with all the special interests and the Unions, who are there to collect their IOUs ("I-Owe-Yous") from the campaign that they have funded. Virtually Mr. Browns entire campaign has been funded by the public employ unions. And they will be there to collect their IOUs. And I don't think that is in the best interest of the people of California. We have to do what is right to all the California people. We have to re-negotiate the public employee pension benefits; we are going to reform welfare. And that are the two things I will focus at first.
當被問到自已一生的經歷，都是在私營企業，所以沒有與工會談判的經驗，怎麼可以保證通過與工會的談判，成功降低公共事業雇員的養老金的問題時，魏特曼說：“首先，您不能有虧欠於公共事業雇員。如果您的競選是由那些公共事業雇員工會資助，那麼談判起來就會極其困難。這裡我們必須挺身而出，負起責任。今天，公共事業雇員的養老金計劃短缺600至1000億美金。意味着我們欠下了我們不可能還清的債務。而且您知道誰該為此買單？當然是納稅人。所以，這裡是我們所應當做的：我們需要延長退休年齡。我不知道您們有多少人知道，今天在冊的各級公務員可以在55歲時退休，仍然享受絕大部分工資和健康保險和福利，直到死亡。我希望把退休年齡從55歲提高到65歲。我希望延長兌現期（vesting periods），我要確定，公共雇員比今天投資更多的錢到雇主的養老金計劃，同時新僱傭的人員必須按新的合同辦事，就是像其他私營企業所有員工的401K計劃一樣。這會很不容易。我相信下一任加利福尼亞州長需要有一副鋼鐵的脊梁。她必須確切地知道她相信什麼，並堅持信念。因為工會將進行巨大的抵抗。因為他們不希望變革，而我們必須變革。因為今天我們只有850億總基金，卻要花35億來支撐這些公共雇員的養老金。這根本就是不可持續的。
First of all, you cannot be holden by the public employees, if your campaign has been funded by those public employees unions; it’s going to be extraordinarily difficult to negotiate. And we have to be stand up and be counted here. Today, the public employee pension system is under funded by 60 to 100 billion dollars, what that means is that we owe more money than we can possibly pay. And you know who is on the hook of it? The tax payers. So, here is what we need to do. We need to take the retirement ages up. I don't know how many of you know that today ranking and filed civil servant can retire at 55 years of age and take most of their salary and health care benefit until they die. I want to take that age from 55 to 65, I want to increase vesting periods, I want to make sure that employees to contribute to their employer retirement funds in a greater ways than they do today and new people have to come in under a new different deal and they are going to have to come in under a different program like a 401K stock program, much like that everyone in the private sector does as today, this will not be easy. The next governor of California, I believe have to have a spins steel. The next governor has to know exactly what she believes and she needs to stick with it because there would be tremendous push back by the unions because they do not want to change but we have to change. Because today we spent almost over 3.9 billion dollars and have a general fund of 85 billion dollars fund supporting these public pension benefit and it is simply not sustainable.
當被問到她具體會怎樣與工會溝通時（how specifically will you work with the unions?），她說：“州長可以有三種方式處理工會的問題。首先，我傾向於採用談判的方式。而且有的工會已經願意就此進行談判。比方說，加州公路巡警，就帶來了很有建設性的建議，橙縣也與他們的縣警達成協議，將退休年齡從50歲提高到55歲。所以首先是談判。其次，我們有可能不得不訴諸公投，把它交給加州人民。讓人民拿回自己政府的控制權。由於大量的，從來沒有過的這麼多的人員膨脹的官僚體系，我們在失去對我們政府的控制。他們本沒必要。所以我們必須使用一切我們擁有的權力，把這個問題解決。這是絕對必要的。”
Well the governor has three flavor dealing with this and that my preferred approach is negotiation. And some unions have come to the table. for example, the California highway patrol has come to the table, with very constructive ideas, and Orange county they negotiated with their sheriff to take the retirement age from 50 to 55. so first is negotiation. But second we may have to go to the ballot with initiatives to go in front of the people of California to take back of control of their government. We are losing control of our government by a bloat of bureaucracy with more people than we never had to work for and so we have use all that things that we have in our disposal to get this done and it's absolutely essential.
布朗反擊說：“魏特曼的攻擊有點像‘烏鴉笑豬黑，自己不覺得’（a little like a kettle calling the Pot black）。說到工會與政治獻金，她籌集了兩千五百萬美金，其中很多是兩萬五千美金，有的高達五萬。有的是夫婦捐獻，高達100萬。我敢打賭，其中的大多數會從她的主要經濟方案，就是取消加州投資收益稅的方案中得到立刻的回報。而正如我已經說過的，那裡的50億美金，直接來自於總基金。而其中的一半應該給學校。所以是來自學校，來自兒童，而我以為他們應當受到保護，不因那些最有權勢的麥格魏特曼的大金主而受到削減。順便說一句，提到工會，我是唯一一位曾經否決給所有公共雇員漲工資的州長。我做過一次，做過兩次，如果有必要，我還會再這樣做。”
This is a little like a kettle calling the Pot black，about union contribution, she has raised 25 million dollars, amorous number of $25,000 dollars, some of them $50,000, some of them husband and wife $100,000. And I would bet you that the majority will get immediate tax break from her key economic plan which is to eliminate totally California capital gains tax, and as I said, that 5 billion comes right out of the general fund, and half of the general fund goes to school, so it's from school, from kids that i think should be protected from cuts to the most powerful and big campaign contributors of Meg Whitman. by the way, as far a unions, I am the only governor that have vetoed the pay raises for all public employees. I did it once, I did it twice. I will do it again if I have to.
魏特曼說：“... 您知道，我在競選中投入了大量我自己的錢，也籌集許多錢。那是因為許多人相信我的關於一個新的加利福尼亞的理念。但那給予我的是我走向薩克拉門托的獨立性。而不是對特殊利益集團的虧欠。我向您承諾，如果您選我為下任加州州長，我會為加州人民而戰，因為將不會有人向我收取虧欠費（IOUs)”
What I can do it to tell voters what I believe to turn this state around. This state is in enormous mass and I am a big believer, you know as Einstein said, the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, and hoping for different results. We have to challenge the status quo in Sacramento. I do want to answer the charge that the governor has just said. You know, I have put my own money in this campaign and I raised a lot of money, that's because many people believe my vision for new California. but what that gives me is to give me the independence to go to Sacramento, not be holden to special interests. And I promise you that if you elect me as the next governor of California, I will not owe anyone to anything to anyone. I will do what is right to the people of California, because there wouldn’t be any one to collect IOUs from me.
在回答有關競選經費的問題時，魏特曼說：“在這次的競選中，我確實投資了大量我自己的錢。其原因是我反對一些非常重要的勢力。過去五年來，公共事業雇員工會以及其他加州工會用在加州政治獻金上的金錢高達3億美金。所以我反對這些大的利益集團。您知道，加州人民很聰明，我不相信您可以買到勝選。您所能做的，就是傳達您的信息，告訴人們您怎樣前進的觀點，那就是我所在做的。我想要加州的就業再成長起來，我有三個非常重要的優先事項：就業，政府效率，和使我們的學校回到正軌。不可以讓我們的學校評級處於下游。我投入我自己的錢，所以我有獨立性。正如我早先說的，您知道，這種獨立性使我到薩克拉門托能打破玻璃，改變那裡行事的方式，。。。那就是我為什麼投入自己的金錢，我以為這可以給我獨立性。”
Well, I have invested a lot of my own money in this campaign. The reason is that I am up and against some of the very significant forces. In the last five years, the public employ unions and unions throughout California have spent over $300 million on politics in California. So I am up and against a set of big set of entrenched interests. You know what, I think Californians are really smart, I don't think you can buy an election, I think Californians are too smart. What you can do is to get your message out and tell Californians what your view is of the way forward. And that is what I have tried to do. I want to get jobs going again in California. I’ve got three very important priorities: Jobs being one, government efficiency being number 2, and getting our schools back in order. It is not OK that our school is rated near the bottom of the barrel. So that's what I 'v done, invested my own money so that I have the Independence. As I said earlier, you know what, that independence allows me to go to Sacramento, break glass, change how things are done there. You know if you want someone just want things go along, I mean not really fundamentally change what is wrong with Sacramento, that I am not your candidate. We have got to fundamentally change how the things are done, we have to redo how the budget is done, we have to think how to spend money differently, and we have got to have business friendly state. So that's why I have invested my own money and I think it gives me independence.
在回答有關競選經費與自己與勞工工會的長期關係，許多那些工會花費巨資支持布朗的競選，布朗應該怎樣在與勞工談判薪酬和退休金的問題時維持獨立性的問題（you have long standing ties with the labor organizations of the state, and many of whom have spent millions supporting your campaign, so, giving that, how will you be able to maintain independent on questions about state worker pays and benefits?）時，布朗說：“說到薪酬，有教授，管理者，和工會會員。我真為沒有誰比我更加認真。我必須重複我是唯一的否決全州雇員過分的薪酬增長的州長，不是一次，而是兩次。我相信我是呼籲實行兩種退休金制度的第一任州長。是的，工會有他們的問題，但是商業又怎麼樣呢？我是說商業，那些遊說華盛頓取消所有的規定的人們，他們剝脫了檢察長的權力，以保護那些濫用和欺騙的借款人。因為華爾街，和全國的貸款銀行的濫權，這個國家失去了11萬億美金。加州超過一萬億。作為總檢察長，我一直在起訴他們。所以無論是勞工還是商業，我們都需提高警惕。但是我必須為我們的教師，為醫院裡那些清潔工，我們的警察，消防隊員，說幾句話。 他們沒有抱怨。他們雖然被稱為公共服務人員，我們確實應當用高標準來要求他們，但是同時我也珍惜和感激他們的服務。而當他們提出過分的要求是，我要阻止他們。。。。另外，商會有一筆秘密行賄基金。他們用來幫助麥格魏特曼攻擊我。。。我希望她告訴商會，請他們公開所有那些為這些電視廣告捐款的人，看看他們是商人還是工會。我希望看到一個提前24小時的公示，說明他們是嚴格正式的競選委員會，還是那些有問題的所謂“非牟利”機構。不僅是在加利福尼亞，而且在全國範圍內，他們都是成百上千萬地花錢。”
Well, when it comes to pays, there are professors, administrators, union members; I don't think there is anybody who has taken more no nonsense approach. 。。。 Yes I want to repeat again that I am the only governor that vetoed the excessive pay raises of all the state employees, not once, but twice, and I was the first governor I believe to call for the two tier pension system. Now, look, unions, yah, they have their problems. But what about business over here? I mean businesses, or the folks who were lobbying Washington, got all the regulations cut back, they deprive the attorney general of their power to protect the borrowers from fraud and abuse and we lost this country 11 trillions, about over a trillion in California, because of the abuse of the practices of the Wall street, of the mortgage bankers Countrywide? As attorney general, I have been suing those people. So we got to be vigilant, whether it's labor or business, but I have to say something about our teachers, and people who clean bed in hospitals, our policemen, fire fighters, I mean, they are the people who really haven't barked. Upon public service as it is calling, and yes, they should be asked as public servants and hold them to that high standard. But I do cherish and appreciate works they do. And when there is excess, I will stop it. .... The chamber of commerce has a secret slush fund, that they use for Meg Whitman to attack me... I’d like her to tell the chamber, please disclose all the donors to those ads you are running on television, and whether it's labor or business, I would like to see 24 hours disclosure whether it's a strictly formal campaign committee, or one of the questionable non-profits. They are spending millions, not only in California, but throughout the country.
魏特曼的回應：傑瑞布朗撇清自己與工會的關係令我感到很好笑。因為傑瑞布朗加入並領導工會長達40年之久。以我看來，讓傑瑞布朗負責關於退休金，和關於州政府需要多少雇員的問題與勞工工會談判，有如讓吸血鬼負責管理血庫。（笑聲）。事實上，任何（改革的）事情也不會發生。而我們必須要進行認真的改革。大家知道，在過去五年裡。州政府一級的雇員就增長了3萬3千人。沒有家庭像這樣膨脹，商業一直在縮減。我們必須更有效地運行我們的政府，我們必須要有一個我們能夠負擔的政府。我們需要使用新技術，明白怎樣用更少的錢辦更多的事情。我們需要使用新技術，找出那些埋藏在我們系統內的欺騙。我們知道，據估計，在我們的醫療保險和加州醫療系統內，隱藏着約50億美金的欺騙行為。而由於我們沒有堅強的意志和勇氣去面對它們，我希望組建一個專門的大陪審團，從而如果有人要對加州巧取豪奪，就必須去坐牢。。。。
The fact that jerry brown tries to distance himself from the labor unions are amazing to me. Because the labor union that jerry brown has been joined and headed for 40 years. In my view that putting Jerry Brown in charge of negotiating with the labor unions around pension, around how many people we have in the state government is like putting ConDracula in charge of blood bank. The fact is nothing will get done. We’ve got to make very serious change here. You know just over the last five years, the number of employees at the state level has ballooned by 33,000 people. No family has been expanding like that, businesses have been cutting back。 We have got to run this government more efficiently, and we have got to have a government we can afford. we need to use technology to figure out how we do more with less。 We need use technology to find frauds that have be embedded in the system. you know estimate is that there are more than 5 billion dollars fraud embedded in the Medicare and Medical system. And because we haven’t have the strength of characters to go after that, I want to impanel a grand jury so if people are ripping off the state of California, they are going to go to jail...
布朗回應說：。。。另外，麥格魏特曼說她要改革退休金制度。然而，當面對權勢強大的警察和消防隊員時，她卻讓步了，為他們安排例外。所以，她要規定的那個退休金制度，實際上與她所批評的那樣的一個一樣的糟糕。所以，這一點很明顯地表明，在強大的勢力面前，她就會退縮妥協。而我在廚房裡呆過，我知道那裡的熱度，我可以抗得住。我知道怎樣抗。我有堅強的脊梁，和聰明才智。加上在我這樣的年齡，更有我的獨立性。我會做正確的事情。
by the way, Meg Whitman says she wants to change the pension system, but when they came the police and firefighter who are pretty powerful, by the way, represent 25% of the pension system, she carved down an exception. And she wants to define benefit plan which she says is so bad. I think that's a real reflection when powerful force come she will cave. I’ve been in the kitchen and I know the heat. I can take it, I got the knowhow, and yes I got the spine and intelligence and wisdom, and at my age, the independence to do what's right.
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【相關英文資料】
關於負面廣告：
關於傑瑞布朗與工會的特殊關係：
關於麥格魏特曼的競選經費及其與工會的關係：
