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美国超级杯经济的秘密 2013-02-03 15:46:52

美国超级杯经济的秘密

 

很多人注意到了奥运会给举办地带来的经济效益,很多人也知道,怎么样通过举办全运会来给自己所主政的地方带来光环。在美国,超级杯对于举办地的经济影响力,恐怕比我们以为的还要大的多。不仅如此,很多时候,举办超级杯和为了争取有举办超级杯机会的努力,还得让我们这些普通的纳税人掏不少的腰包呢。这是你我的钱,所以,你我也有知情权。下面,就给你一个机会,来了解一下,美国的运动会是怎么样折腾的,为了这些折腾,人们通常做了什么事情,对应的,我们又付出了怎么样的代价。

 

Cities Paying the Most for Sports Teams

January 30, 2013 by Alexander E.M. Hess and Samuel Weigley

 

On February 3, New Orleans will host Super Bowl XLVII in one of the biggest television and tourism events of the year. Cities across the nation hope to host the game, which brings potentially hundreds of millions of dollars to the local economy. According to a July study by Rockport Analytics, last year’s game contributed $277.9 million to the gross domestic product of the Indianapolis metro area, last year’s host.

In order to attract a professional sports team, a city must have the right venue. But because there are a limited number of major league teams, cities must compete for them. To encourage teams to relocate or stay, cities often subsidize the costs of building stadiums. Based on a new book on the history of how sports stadiums are built and paid for, 24/7 Wall St. analyzed the cities where the public has spent the most to attract or keep major league teams.

Most major league stadiums and arenas are built using a combination of private and public money. In some cases, it is the team that pays the vast majority, or sometimes all of the building costs. Only 17% of the $558 million used to build Gillette Stadium in Foxboro, within the Boston metro area, came from taxpayers. In contrast, 90% of the cost of building Paul Brown Stadium, $547 million of the $609 million spent, was covered by Cincinnati area taxpayers.

Regardless of the size of the market, most major sports stadiums are going to cost several hundred million dollars. As a result, a number of the cities that spend the most per capita on sports stadiums are relatively small markets for major league sports franchises. A majority of the cities spending the most per capita have relatively small populations, including Indianapolis, Milwaukee and New Orleans.

Green Bay had a population of just over 300,000 in 2011, and was the 152nd most populous metro region in the country. Because the area has so few residents, Green Bay’s per capita spending on its football stadium, Lambeau Field, was $1,114 — nearly double any other sports city.

Over the years, the price tag of major sports stadiums has skyrocketed. The cities on our list are examples of this, with most having built or renovated a major stadium in the past 10 years. Completed in 2008, Lucas Oil Stadium cost nearly $750 million to build. In comparison, San Diego’s Qualcomm Stadium, built in 1967, cost just $229 million when adjusted for inflation.

Cities that pay more to win major league franchises often argue that keeping teams is good for the economy by attracting jobs and creating tax revenue. But the author of the book, Dr. Judith Grant Long told 24/7 Wall St. that “the general consensus amongst economists, is that [stadiums are] not a good investment, simply because they don’t create enough net economic benefits in the way of job creation or tax revenues to warrant the scale of the investment.”

The cities that spend a high proportion of public money on stadiums are often low-income areas. In the New Orleans metro area, the median household income was $44,004 in 2011 versus $50,502 for the U.S. as a whole. Similarly, in the Cleveland metro area, the median household income was $45,936. Cities with low household income tend to pay more because, according to Long, they are less desirable locations for franchises. She explained “when the market fundamentals are good, the public sector pays slightly less.”

While many city planners and team owners might argue that sports teams also provide cities emotional and social benefits, Long still doesn’t think they’re worth it. “Even if we acknowledge those benefits exist — and I believe personally they do — I don’t think they are generally speaking anywhere in the ballpark of the average contribution to a sports facility from the public, which is in the neighborhood of $200 to $300 million,” she said.

To identify the 10 cities that spend the most money per capita on sports stadiums, 24/7 Wall St. relied on “Public/Private Partnerships for Major League Sports Facilities,” a book on municipal stadium spending by Judith Grant Long. To calculate the total per capita expense that each city bore, Long included financing costs for all sports stadiums that were in operation as of 2010. In addition to data on stadiums, 24/7 Wall St. used the U.S. Census Bureau for metropolitan statistical area population and median income, as well as gross metropolitan product from the U.S. Conference of Mayors. Ticket sales data is from ESPN.com, and team records were obtained from Sports Reference, an online sports statistics database .

These are 10 cities paying the most for their sports teams.

10. Kansas City
> Public per capita stadium cost: $361
> Population: 2,049,773 (29th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 3
> Number of stadiums: 3

By 2010, Kansas City spent more than $700 million in public funds on renovating Arrowhead and Kauffman Stadiums, respective homes of the Kansas City Chiefs and Royals. Despite the update, the $255 million renovation of Kauffman Stadium in 2009 has not helped the Royals to boost attendance. The team has filled less than 60% of its seats for three years in a row–among the worst in Major League Baseball. But this was not even the most excessive use of taxpayer money for sports stadiums in the region. In 2007, the Sprint Center opened with the hope of attracting an NBA or NHL team. More than five years later, the stadium still does not have a team and both professional leagues have indicated to The Kansas City Star that expanding or moving teams to the area is unlikely.

9. Nashville
> Public per capita stadium cost: $381
> Population: 1,620,403 (37th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 2
> Number of stadiums: 2

Nashville area taxpayers spent over $500 million on the construction of Bridgestone Coliseum and LP Field. The two stadiums were completed in the 1990s as the city went from having no professional sports teams to having two: the NHL’s Nashville Predators and the NFL’s Tennessee Titans. The Titans have beensuccessful in Nashville. The team made the Super Bowl in 1999, and in every year from 2006 onward the team has been at full capacity for seating at LP Field. But the city has struggled to keep its NHL team, the Predators. In 2007, Jim Balsillie, former co-CEO of Research In Motion attempted to buy the team and potentially move it to Hamilton, Ontario.

8. New Orleans
> Public per capita stadium cost: $390
> Population: 1,191,089 (46th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 2
> Number of stadiums: 2

In 2005, New Orleans almost lost the Saints. The team’s stadium, the Mercedes-Benz Superdome, was damaged by Hurricane Katrina and owner Tom Benson considered moving the team to San Antonio, Texas. Although the team ended up staying in New Orleans, renovating the Superdome cost the public $248 million in capital and ongoing costs through 2010. However, while the deal has been costly, the team has played well in recent years. In 2010, the Saints won the Super Bowl, and last season capacity was at nearly 100%. In February, the city will host the Super Bowl for the first time since Katrina, and the 10th time overall.

7. Pittsburgh
> Public per capita stadium cost: $445
> Population: 2,359,746 (22nd largest)
> Number of major league teams: 3
> Number of stadiums: 3

In 2001, two stadiums were completed in the Pittsburgh area, largely using taxpayer money. Through 2010, these stadiums — Heinz Field, home of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and PNC Park, home of the Pittsburgh Pirates — cost taxpayers more than $700 million in capital and ongoing costs. While the Steelers have been successful since moving into their new stadium, winning Super Bowls in 2005 and 2008, the Pirates have failed to produce. The team has not made the postseason since 1992 and as recently as 2010 was barely able to fill half of its seats. In 2010, a third facility financed almost entirely by the public, the Consol Energy Center, was built for the NHL’s Pittsburgh Penguins. However, the Penguins have been able to fill the arena to capacity since it opened.

6. Denver/ Commerce City
> Public per capita stadium cost: $446
> Population: 2,600,594 (21st largest)
> Number of major league teams: 5
> Number of stadiums: 4

The Denver area has four major professional sports facilities, the same as much larger cities such as Houston and Phoenix. One of these arenas has not needed much public funding. The Pepsi Center was completed in 1999 at a cost of $250 million with only $6 million, or 3%, of that in the form of public funding. However, other stadiums have cost taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars. From its construction in 1995 through 2010, Coors Field, where the Colorado Rockies play, cost taxpayers $323 million overall. Sports Authority Field at Mile High, the Denver Broncos’ home stadium, cost taxpayers $545 million through 2010, making it one of the most expensive stadiums for taxpayers in the U.S.

5. Milwaukee
> Public per capita stadium cost: $468
> Population: 1,562,216 (39th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 2
> Number of stadiums: 2

Milwaukee has two major professional sports stadiums. The BMO Harris Bradley Center, where the NBA’s Milwaukee Bucks play, was built in 1988 with largely private funding. The city’s MLB stadium, Miller Park, was completed in 2001 mostly with taxpayer money. Through 2010, the stadium had cost taxpayers $681 million — more than any other stadium in baseball. In 2004, former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson accused former owner and now baseball commissioner Bud Selig of misrepresenting the team’s finances in order to receive public funds for the stadium. Currently, Milwaukee is again debating building a new publicly financed sports facility, this time for the Bucks.

4. Cleveland
> Public per capita stadium cost: $517
> Population: 2,068,283 (28th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 3
> Number of stadiums: 3

As of 2010 the public costs of all three major sports facilities in Cleveland was just under $1.1 billion, with 75% of the funds needed to build the stadiums coming from the public. The most expensive to build was Cleveland Browns Stadium, which cost $441 million. The other two facilities, Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena, were built in 1994. The cost of those facilities was $399 million and $328 million, respectively. Cleveland’s professional sports teams, however, have struggled to compete. The last major professional sports team in the city to win a title was the Browns, who won the NFL Championship in 1964.

3. Cincinnati
> Public per capita stadium cost: $543
> Population: 2,137,735 (27th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 2
> Number of stadiums: 2

The total cost to the public for building and maintaining Cincinnati’s two stadiums was close to $1.2 billion through 2010, behind only the much larger cities of Houston, Phoenix and Dallas. Great American Ballpark, built in 2003 and home to the Cincinnati Reds, cost the city $489 million through 2010. But an even worse deal for taxpayers was Paul Brown Stadium, which hosts the NFL’s Cincinnati Bengals, on which the public spent $706 million as of 2010. This was the most spent on any NFL stadium except for Indianapolis’ Lucas Oil Stadium. According to a 2011 report by The Wall Street Journal, Hamilton County is responsible for almost all operating costs and structural improvements. The county also agreed to “foot the bill for high-tech bells and whistles that have yet to be invented, like a ‘holographic replay machine.”

2. Indianapolis
> Public per capita stadium cost: $598
> Population: 1,777,684 (35th largest)
> Number of major league teams: 2
> Number of stadiums:2

Lucas Oil Stadium, home of the Indianapolis Colts, opened in August of 2008 to replace the RCA Dome. The stadium cost  $749 million to build, with 89% of that price tag funded by the public. Including ongoing costs, taxpayers have spent more than $764 million on the stadium–more than any other single facility in the U.S. The facility has a retractable roof and seats approximately 67,000 fans. Lucas Oil bought the naming rights to the stadium for 20 years for $122 million. Since the stadium opened, the Colts have made the playoffs in all seasons except for 2011, when the team won just two games. This most recent season, the team went a respectable 11-5. Lucas Oil also hosted the Super Bowl in 2012, where the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots.

1. Green Bay
> Public per capita stadium cost: $1,114
> Population: 309,469 (152nd largest)
> Number of major league teams: 1
> Number of stadiums:1

Green Bay only has one professional sports team, the Green Bay Packers. The Packers play in Lambeau Field, which was originally built in 1957. The 2003 renovation of the stadium cost of $411 million, of which $241 million, or 59%, was paid by taxpayers. With ongoing costs included, the price tag for taxpayers on the renovation rose to $334 million through 2010. To pay for these renovations, Brown County taxpayers approved a half-cent sales tax, while ticket holders were charged a one time seat user fee by the city, the team and the NFL. In 2011, the team issued stock shares that have allowed it  to pay for further improvements to Lambeau Field.

 

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· 华裔政界之星——刘云平(1)
· 心安则身安,归不归的迷思
· 华裔的战歌(5):谁造就了"
· 华裔的战歌(4):关注社会与被
· 华裔的战歌(3):“全A”情结与失
· 华裔的战歌(2):犹太裔比我们
· 华裔的战歌(1) 华裔在美生存现状
【国美大战】
· 企业版的茉莉花革命与公司政治
· 国美之战,不得不吸取的十条教训
· 谁来拯救国美品牌
· 国美股权之争:两个男人的战争
· 现在是投资国美的最佳时机吗?
· “刺客”邹晓春起底
· 邹晓春:已经做好最坏的打算
· 愚昧的陈晓与窃笑的贝恩
· 贝恩资本的真面目(附图片)
· 陈晓为什么“勾结”贝恩资本
【《乔布斯的故事》】
· 苹果消息跟踪:如果苹果进入电视
· 乔布斯故事之十四:嬉皮士
· 乔布斯的故事之十三 犹太商人
· 乔布斯的故事之十二:禅心
· 乔布斯的故事之十一:精神导师
· 乔布斯故事之十:大学选择
· 乔布斯的故事之九:个性的形成
· 乔布斯的故事之八:吸食大麻
· 乔布斯的故事之七:胆大妄为
· 乔布斯的故事之六:贪玩的孩子
【中国美容业】
· 国内日化品牌屡被收购 浙江本土
· 外资日化品牌再下一城 丁家宜外
· 强生收购大宝 并购价刷新中国日
· 从两千元到一百亿的寻梦之路
【加盟店经营】
· 转载:太平洋百货撤出北京市场
· Franchise Laws Protect Investo
· Groupon拒绝谷歌收购内幕
· GNC 到底值多少钱?
· 杨国安对话苏宁孙为民:看不见的
· 张近东:苏宁帝国征战史
· 连锁加盟店成功经营的四大要素
· 加盟店经营管理的五大核心问题
· 高盛抢占新地盘 10月将入股中国
【《解读日本》】
· 东京人不是冷静 是麻木冷漠!
· 日本灾难给投资者带来怎样的机会
· 日本地震灾难对世界经济格局的影
· 美国对日本到底信任几何?
· 大地震带来日元大升值的秘密
· 日本原来如此不堪一击
· 灾难面前的日本人民(3)
· 灾难面前的日本人民(2)
· 灾难面前的日本人民(1)
【《乔布斯的商战》】
· 苹果给你上的一堂价值投资课
· 纪念硅谷之父诺伊斯八十四岁诞辰
· 乔布斯的商战(6): 小富靠勤、中
· 乔布斯的商战(5): 搏击命运,机
· 乔布斯的商战(4):从巨富到赤
· 乔布斯的商战(1):偶然与必然
· 让成功追随梦想:悼念乔布斯
【《鹞鹰》(谍战小说,原创)】
· 《鹞鹰》(谍战小说,原创)
【盛世危言】
· 美国长期信用等级下调之后?
· 建一流大学到底缺什么?
· 同样是命,为什么这些孩子的就那
· 中国式“贫民富翁”为何难产
· 做人,你敢这厶牛吗?
· 言论自由与第一夫人变猴子
· “奈斯比特现象”(下)
· “奈斯比特现象”(上)
· 理性从政和智慧当官
· 中国对美五大优势
【第一部 《逃离》】
· 朋友,后会有期
· 师兄,人品低劣
· 开心,老友相见
· 拯救,有心无力
· 别了,无法回头
· 对呀,我得捞钱
· 哭吧,烧尽激情
· 爱情,渐行渐远
· 再逢,尴尬面对
· 不错,真的成熟
【《毒丸》(谍战)】
· 毒丸(13)
· 毒丸(12)
· 毒丸(11)
· 毒丸(10)
· 毒丸(9)
· 毒丸(8)
· 毒丸(7)
· 毒丸(6)
· 毒丸(5)
· 毒丸(4)
【《美国小镇故事》】
· 拜金女(五):免费精子
· 拜金女(四):小女孩的忧伤
· 拜金女(三):丑小鸭变白天鹅
· 拜金女(二):艰难移民路
· 拜金女(一):恶名在外
· 拯救罗伯特(四之四)
· 奇葩的穆斯林(下)
· 奇葩的穆斯林(上)
· 拯救罗伯特(四之三)
· 拯救罗伯特(四之二)
【《追风》(战争小说)】
· 追风:第二十五章
· 追风:第二十四章
· 追风:第二十三章
· 追风:第二十二章
· 追风:第二十一章
· 追风:第二十章
· 追风:第十九章
· 追风:第十八章
· 追风:第十七章
· 追风:第十六章
【菜园子】
· 春天到了,你的大蒜开长了吗?(
· 春天到了,该种韭菜了
· 室内种花,注意防癌
· 我的美国菜园子(3)
· 我的美国菜园子(2)
· 我的美国菜园子(1)
【《爱国是个啥?》】
· 爱国(1): 爱国心是熏陶出来的
【美国投资移民】
· 美国投资移民议题(2)
· 美国投资移民议题(1)
【理性人生】
· 关于汽车保险,你不能不知的
· 感恩之感
· 失败男人背后站着怎样的女人(2
· 什么是男人的成功?
· 失败男人背后站着怎样的女人(1
· 转载:巴菲特的财富观
· 痛悼79年湖北高考理科状元蒋国兵
【《格林伯格传》】
· 114亿人民币的损失该怪谁
· 基于避孕套的哲理
· 成功投资八大要领
· 企业制度的失败是危机的根源
· 斯皮策买春,错在哪?
【《奥巴马大传》】
· 一日省
· 追逐我的企盼
· 保持积极乐观的生活态度
· 陌生的微笑
· 奥巴马营销角度谈心理
· 神奇小子奥巴马
· 相信奇迹、拥抱奇迹、创造奇迹
· 什么样的人最可爱:献给我心中的
· 希拉里和奥巴马将帅谈
· 是你教会了别人怎样对待你
【参考文章】
· 美国最省油的八种汽车
· 美国房市最糟糕的十大州
· 美国历史上最富有的十位总统
· 世界十大债务大国
· 新鲜事:巴菲特投资IBM
· 星巴克的五美元帮助产生就业机会
· 转载: 苹果前CEO:驱逐乔布斯非
· 华尔街日报:软件将吃掉整个世界
· 林靖东: 惠普与乔布斯的“后PC时
· 德国是如何成为欧洲的中国的
【开博的领悟】
· 打造强国需要不同声音
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