根據André Blais, Louis Massicotte, and Agnieszka Dobrzynska的研究(1997)指出,目前在全世界170個由直選產生國會的國家中,有過半數的91個國家(53.5%)的元首亦是由人民直接選舉產生。而在這些直選國家元首的國家中,採用相對多數決制(Plurality Systems)的國家,共有19國(20.88%);而採取各種絕對多數決制(Majority Systems)的國家,則有63國(69.23%),其中使用人们較熟悉的兩輪決選制(Runoff Election)的國家,共有51國(56.04%)。因此就統計數據而言,目前全世界總統直選的國家中,使用絕對多數決制的國家,的確遠多過於使用相對多數決制的國家。尤其是在第三波民主化的浪潮下(Huntington,1994)(包括於後冷戰時期走向民主化的前共產主義國家),絕對多數決制更是成為有舉行總統直選的新興民主國家的多數選擇。
By the way, why closing for comments in such a haste? Afraid of public response after the weekend? I can understand, as you can't expect any substantial support from your poorly-educated, English-illiterate "left wing" friends. For a loser like you, fighting alone makes things even worse! Why don't you call for some backup from your communist mommy back in China?
A couple days back, while posting a comment on a blog article about the death of ancient Greek philosopher Socrates published at creaders.net, I asked: “Is democracy as simple as ‘the majority has the final say’? Sounds ridiculous to me.” Several guys responded: “Of course. What else could it be?” One of them even said categorically: “The principle of democracy is the obedience of the minority to the majority, period!”
Well, if that makes sense, then Socrates really deserved to die, as he definitely belonged to the minority group in his time. However, doesn’t it send a chill down your spine to think that just because you have voiced a minority opinion or are disliked by most people, you could be deprived of your life (maybe “kindly asked” to commit a “decent” suicide, like in Socrates’ case)? Is it still democracy or a “tyranny of the majority”?
Then another question arises: why the tragedy of Socrates doesn’t repeat itself in modern Western democracies like the United States? How could American people criticize and even humiliate their president and government – obviously elected by and legally representing the majority of the population – without putting their own lives in danger?
Thanks to my old friend “Fish Porridge”, a stubborn guy sadly brainwashed to the handicap level from decades of slavery in the Chinese mainland and now harboring a deeply-rooted hatred and resentment toward all freedom-loving, independently-thinking human beings, an explanation popped out – though probably against his original intent.
As quoted by Fish Porridge, Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, expressed this following concept of democracy in 1801 in his first inaugural address: “All . . . will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect and to violate would be oppression.”
So at least more than 200 years ago and for the Americans, a solution was already found to prevent democracy from becoming a “mob’s rule”. And the most effective way to implement this fundamental principle of modern democracy is the enactment of a Constitution and the establishment of a rule of law.
In the face of the rule of law, there is no longer a simple “rule by majority”. Though majority votes will decide the outcome of an election or a referendum, the rules and procedures of such elections and referendums – sometimes even the decision to hold them – also must be agreed to by all citizens. All citizens can participate equally in the proposal, development and establishment of the laws by which their society is run, whether they belong to the majority or minority camps. Instead of consolidating the authority of the majority will and demanding full obedience from the minority, a rule of law actually limits majority power and encourages free expression and disobedience by individuals or minority groups.
The ancient Athenians, though with their hands tainted by the innocent blood of Socrates, should not be blamed for their mistake, as they lived in the primitive stage of democracy and human civilization. But for people like Fish Porridge, who has ample access to knowledge and can easily find out the true essence of modern democracy by a simple click of the mouse and a fast search on the web, I could only say that they are either too ignorant and arrogant to learn, or deliberately smearing the concept of democracy to serve some ulterior motives. If the people are misguided to believe that democracy has the essence of “obedience and conformity” and could easily turn into a “tyranny of the majority”, they might think “why bother to pursue democracy” and “let’s continue to embrace dictatorship, which probably is even better than a ‘bad democracy’”. That, I guess, is exactly what people like Fish Porridge want and have worked tirelessly – paid or unpaid – for.
While stressing the “rule by majority” thing, Fish Porridge and his like also tend to downgrade democracy to simply “voting”, as if everything in real life is decided through casting ballots and the “voting results” decided by the majority must be accepted unconditionally by the minority in any democracy. Interestingly, when I asked one of them this: “If all neighbors in your community, out of their strong dislike to you, launch a voting process and decide by ballots that you must be expelled immediately or your house demolished for the good of the majority, will you let it happen and readily accept its outcome?”, the guy immediately turned silent and eventually disappeared.
Here’s my two cents about the doctrines of the majority-rule democracy:
The Western democracy is firmly footed (What do you want to sayhere? rooted or based?) in the profound beliefs (why plural here? I only see one single belief) that bridled majority conscience should prevail under all political circumstances, supposedly by vote or to run a current quip, by ruse. It is the spirit which seeded (be seeded, got it?) in the minds of ancient Greek guru (here it should be plural -- gurus -- stupid, unless you think one person has multiple minds), germinated in the middle-aged (who is middle-aged? You? I thought you are young and stupid, hehe, seems that I was terribly wrong. My bad. Now don’t tell me you actually wanna say medieval or the European Middle Ages) reminiscence (what to reminisce? Or were you actually trying to say Renaissance? Oops, that’s a huge mistake, my self-proclaimed philosopher and historian), blossomed in the Magna Carta and fruited in the US Parliamentary Law.
The voting mechanism is the ultimate guarantee of democracy and the most fearful garrison (do you mean defender or safeguard? And why put freedom in quotation marks? Because you never believe in freedom, right? You pathetic slave) of“freedom.” This mechanism produces, theoretically, binary results, the prevailed (prevailing, kiddo, but understandable, a common chinglish mistake) majority will and the protected minority rights, or in rare cases, vice versa. Whoever possess (possesses, too exhausted to correct your numerous stupid mistakes, man) the majority of votes would have the legitimacy to render decisions for the whole society, politically, economically and (should be “or”, because there are not just three areas to make decisions in) militarily, good or bad. Anybody who doesn’t believe it is an amiable slob. newjoy is such a slob.
The whole idea behind the so-called voting democracy is “collective wisdom,” a generally accepted notion that human beings are not self-destructive herds and hitherto the majority will would be the best tutelage of the (this “the” is totally redundant) majority interest in the long run, as H.L. Mencken puts (put, he no longer lives, does he?) it: “democracy is a pathetic belief in the collective wisdom of individual ignorance.”
In Newjoy’s diabetically blurring vision and his follicularly challenged head, all these are wrong. In his convoluted mind, democracy is an equal participation before and after voting for every single human being in the process, He’s mouth-foamingly excited about the power of his vote regardless (nevertheless) . His regurgitating with fanfare of the democratic doctrines sounds like an abandoned wife who finds new love, well, make it accurate, “newjoy” without realizing the love may be more sensual than spiritual, more unilateral than mutual and more exploitable than equal. What a boob!