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jingchen
注册日期: 2015-11-09
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最新发布
· Soldner’s 1801 paper on light
· Why nations fail
· The purpose of thermodynamics
· Social structure and efficienc
· Urban sprawl without populatio
· Ginger and metabolism
· The end of last ice age and pa
友好链接
分类目录
【Reading (7)】
· Why nations fail
· Worldly Philosophers: Quotes a
· J D Vance
· Blessing?
· Einstein diary
【Economics (9)】
· Social structure and efficienc
· Watchful waiting: Role of busi
· Economics: Too hard or too eas
· The purpose of a theory
· 先进和落后
· The divergence of economic per
· On Inflation
· Monopoly and common sense
· On Granger causality
· A note on scarcity
【Relativity】
· Soldner’s 1801 paper on light
· Astronauts then and now, Scien
· Is Einstein God
· Electromagnetism, relativity a
· Is relativity absolute truth?
· The history of aether
· On Twin Paradox
· Relativity and absolutism
【Economics(8)】
· Urban sprawl without populatio
· Wealth and income distribution
· A historical and spatial compa
· Stimulating demand is no more
· The function of the economic t
· Questions about GDP, Disposabl
· On the rapid change of Keynes
· pension depresses disposal inc
· On the concept of exogeneity a
· The ending of Keynes’ General
【Language (19)】
· 朝夕和 twilight
· 地名和人名
· 复活节话东升西降
· 唯唯诺诺
· 二,选,对
· 泰语和汉语
· 万众一心和别有用心
· From War Department to Defense
【Poems (15)】
· An Old Tree
· 理想主义和唯心主义
· June
· Injustice
· Decorating words
· Cover
· Heaven and Hell
· 失意的诗意
· 收获
【Science (16)】
· The purpose of thermodynamics
· Ginger and metabolism
· The end of last ice age and pa
· Are there less earthquakes now
· Empiricism and evolutionary th
· America’s mathematics in 1940
· Measuring pulses
· What is QI?
· A fun fact about red blood cel
· What determines the emissivity
【Carbon and climate (2)】
· CO2 and desertification
· Why carbon tax
· Bankrupting people: The goal o
· On the patterns of global flui
· Stefan-Boltzmann law and the e
· How atmosphere gases affect Ea
· The meanings of different epoc
· The political economy of carbo
· Geological carbon cycles and c
· On global warming
【Science (15)】
· Why is the air pressure on Ven
· Moon and mood
· 中国的历法
· Stories and science behind cal
· birth control pills increase t
· Some questions about AI
· The mechanism of eye bags
· 请教一个物理问题
· Statistics: What they attract?
【Language(18)】
· What does anti mean?
· A post from my daughter
· 右和左
· 牢
· 茶几和自己
· w = b
· 亥
· 家
· 主,住,驻,往
· 崭新的世界欣欣向荣
【Economics(7)】
· The Purpose of Equity, Diversi
· 价值理论
· Withering Ecological Economics
· On the rapid change of Keynes
· Why are dominant social theori
· Pension system and fertility
· The profit potential of a soci
· Potential energy and different
· Karl Marx and the Labor Theory
· A note on labor theory of valu
【Finance(3)】
· How hard is it to establish a
· How inflation enriches politic
· Finance: A New Theoretical Fou
【Virus and vaccine (2)】
· Natural vaccines and artificia
· Why was the Spanish Flu so dea
· COVID UPDATE: What is the trut
· The impacts of vaccines on hum
· Vaccine effectiveness in Canad
· 李跃华医生是怎么想到用苯酚治疗
· On statistics related to vacci
【Science (14)】
· How many people died from COVI
· On the measurement of expected
· How long is a day on Venus?
· Why is the air pressure on Ven
· Insightful writing on hydrogen
· Some questions about blood bra
· Mortality rates by month
【Language (17)】
· 柳的故事
· 兔年话兔
· 兔年为什么是卯年?
· Feud and Feudal
· 機遇和覬覦
· air, hair, stair
· Fantasy and fantastic
· 熊在不同语言中的发音
· 英语词 elephant 分析
· Memory
【Quantum theory (2)】
· “Parting the Red Sea" Effect
· opposite of hidden variable: N
· Empirical verification of quan
· A playlist on quantum spin
· Great Physicists and Overhyped
· A good video touching on measu
· On Bell's Inequality
· Fine Structure Constant
· How does Lagrangian turn into
· Phase velocity and group veloc
【Economics (6)】
· On Inequality (Revised)
· Inside Job and Predator Nation
· Insights from GDI
· Economy and Society by Max Web
· On Paul Samuelson
· What is the energy return from
· The power structure of a socie
· How Economics Became a Mathema
· On the current state of econom
【Reading (6)】
· public’s distrust to authorit
· Old Testament
· Reading Karl Marx
· US bombed the Nord Stream Pipe
· The Thin Red Line by James Jon
· The Call of the Wild by Jack L
· Speakable and unspeakable in q
· When Life Nearly Died
· The Rise and Fall of American
· Cells, gels and the engines of
【Song】
· A song from my son
· 儿子写给我的歌
· Video and writing by my daught
· A song from my kids as a gift
· Ace of Spades
· Mother's Day: A song to m
【Science (13)】
· A reflection on QR code
· Why water is not acidic?
· The timing of the great extinc
· The Carrying Capacity of the P
· A unified understanding of bod
· Carbon dioxide and global temp
· Seven
· Warburg effect and cancer trea
· amino acids and their genetic
【Language (16)】
· 词汇的来源:从具体到抽象
· 狐狸
· Orient rising and occident dec
· 目的和墓地
· war: ‘获‘, ’和 ‘, ’祸
· 朝夕和潮汐
· 每,梅,霉,海
· 平庸之恶,还是恶之平常?
· Easter on East
· 柳宗元
【Poems(14)】
· 势力和势利
· If
· A Tourist from Heaven
· Morning after mourning
· Blank Paper
· 努力的奴隶
· Excursion and incursion
· Who want the pandemic to end?
· Left wing and right wing
· Lion king and lion
【science (12)】
· AT and CG: What are their perc
· What generates the earth’s ma
· Gilbert Ling: A Great Pioneer
· What do physical constants mea
【Demographics】
· 民族要振兴,人口要控制?
· 十个孩子的家
· Demography, Economy, and Socie
· Demographics and government po
· Long reign of the boomers
【Language (15)】
· East is Eden
· What does Austria mean?
· Fencing and boxing
· Polis, politics and police
· Shepherd is sheepherd
· What does Harbin (哈尔滨)mea
· Leg and legal
· Chariot (車)
· 时辰和生肖
· Statistics, languages and huma
【Conservation Law】
· Zero sum game is conservation
· The long reach of the conserva
· George Gammon
· There is no liberty without sl
· The conservation law of energy
· 守恒律
· The long arm of conservation l
【Poems (13)】
· Pyramid
· Chariot and Charity
· You have to be right to have r
· Crime and Criminal
· Omnipotent and impotent
· Fort and comfort
· Secret and secretary
· Rest
· When a sunrise cause turns int
· New World Order
【Language (14)】
· River and rival
· 强有疆, 弱为肉
· 伶俐和凌厉
· Conspire
· Xiwangmu (西王母): Folklore a
· 净和静
· 什么是安宁?
· 未和末
· Animal and animosity
· Savage, salvage, save
【Science (11)】
· Why are the primary colors red
· Humans and germs: A systematic
· Why Demonize Carbon?
· Evidence in Scientific Researc
· The wisdom of the body: Immune
· Action or inaction
· Small molecules as catalysts
· A question about ivermectin (a
· Weakness in left arm and heart
【Reading (5)】
· 卡夫卡
· The fourth phase of water by G
· Critique of Hegel's Philo
· On the Jewish Question by Karl
· The Great Leveler: Violence an
· The Case Against Education by
· Some information on Korean War
· Monopoly Capital By Baran and
· Iron Law of Oligarchy
· Richard Cantillon: An Essay on
【Language (13)】
· 新和创新
· Kill and skill, laughter and s
· 平庸之恶?
· Vici, vicious and vicinity
· 敖和傲
· Double consonants
· 妇好 和 Frau
· 要,腰,west, waist
· 左右
· 山口 Yamaguchi
【science (10)】
· How to reduce noise from refri
· How do mRNA vaccines work?
· On Norbert Wiener
· What is the goal of scientific
· Oxy is acid
· New developments on the origin
· Shall we immunize for every di
· Prime Numbers and the Riemann
· 爆发力和耐力
· Measured and actual expected l
【Language (12)】
· 几个关于疆土的词
· 汉字传播时一个有趣的现象
· 禾
· 双和对
· 豪杰和浩劫
· Bear, ours and ursus
· 隋朝的杨家
· East, Easter, yeast
· Why Indo-European languages sp
· Poplar, popular, populus, popu
【History】
· The wonder of the promised lan
· Alexander the Great
· Easter on East
· Authority and Authoritarian Ru
· Seima-Turbino and ancient Chin
· 麦与来:小麦的传播
· 远古简史
· Why is the pincer formation so
· 春秋时代的几个人名
· 神话:神秘的史话
【Reading (4)】
· Dark Matter, a movie
· Politician or scientist: Who l
· The Bit Player: A Documentary
· One flew over the cuckoo'
· The Trial by Franz Kafka
· Ulysses by James Joyce
· The Economic Consequence of th
· The Philosophy of Nietzsche by
· The Philosophy of Schopenhauer
· The Philosophy of David Hume b
【Finance2】
· Hedge: The best hedging
· On the Theoretical Foundation
· John Williams and The Theory o
· What is finance?
· MM Theory:A Societal Perspecti
· Organisations as organisms
· To invest is to vest in
· On the Broad Impacts of Pensio
· Diversification and concentrat
· On equity owners and debt owne
【Health (4)】
· Acupuncture points and meridia
· On depression
· Notes on physiology and health
· Omicron spreading in nations w
· Humans and germs: An ecosystem
· What is Qi
· Salt
【Poems (12)】
· 努力的奴隶
· Public and publican
· Like and dislike
· Strive and strife
· Story and history
· The rulers and the ruled
· Swamp and wetland
· Old and cold
· Impotent and Important
· Pretend and pretender
【Reading (3)】
· The Problem of China by Bertra
· This side of paradise
· The Unbearable Lightness of Be
· One Hundred Years of Solitude
· Wolyn: The best movie about Wo
· The Unbearable Lightness of Be
· On the origin of species by Ch
· Descent of Man, by Charles Dar
· We and Zamyatin
· Comments on Apocalypse Never
【Non-equilibrium】
· Entropy: In intuitive Introduc
· A reflection on the theories o
· 新能源的社会成本
· 守恒定律在社会科学中的应用
· 有趣的化学
· 当代没有科学大师吗?
【Quantum theory】
· 关于量子理论
· A generalization of quantum th
· Quantum mechanics and Riemann
· What is quantum mechanics
· Where does hope come from
· How solar cells work?
· Why LED lights are more effici
· An Introduction to Quantum Mec
· Fourier transform and uncertai
· 一些物理和数学中基本概念的直观
【Carbon and climate】
· Carbon Dioxide and Carrying Ca
· Noah’s ark and global warming
· Carbon: The Foundation of Life
· George Orwell: The Road to Wig
· Carbon dioxide and vegetation
· Cap and trade
· Ivar Giaever:
· Carbon: The backbone of life
【The Crown (a fiction)】
· The Crown (edited and combined
· The crown (End)
· The Crown (4)
· The Crown (3)
· The Crown (2)
· The Crown (1)
【杂谈 (四)】
· 阿房宫赋和地产业
· Competition
· Young Marx (青年马克思)
· The philosophy of Wittgenstein
· Panama Canal and Darien Gap
· From No Human Is Illegal to No
· Why all belief systems (except
· A message from my daughter
· On the philosophy of Kant
· Is this true
【Virus and vaccine】
· Is it healthy to sterilize our
· Natural vaccines
· Consensus is not equal to trut
· New York City and coronaviruse
· Human beings as part of the ec
· A re-examination of models of
· Demographics and Pandemics
· The economy of RNA life
· Broad spectrum medicines
· 苯酚用于预防和治疗新冠肺炎
【语言(十一)】
· 词语和方言
· Who is a radical
· Lee and leeway
· Wisdom of the language
· Maked or made: When to break r
· How to take a rest?
· 汉语和英语:读音的相似,可能的原
· 到来和稻麦
· 关于李丹的语言学研究
【科学(九)】
· 天才是什么?
· Power is money
· 薛定谔的猫
· Red and yellow flowers: Which
· The economy of RNA and DNA
· My World View
· How kidneys get rid of acids f
· 李跃华医生注射液中苯酚的含量
· How our bodies maintain PH bal
· Why atomic groups usually are
【诗词(十一)】
· Only the powerful can proclaim
· Looting and ruling
· embryo and embroil
· scold, cold, old
· Gain and lose
· Rest
· Your pleasure is my pressure
· Are we getting more honest ove
· Understand and overlook
· A homage to our home
【故事】
· Crying wolf
· Trees and grasses
【诗词(十)】
· When the sun rises
· Observe and serve
· Sorrow
· Drift
· 对错和是非
· Illusion and disillusion
· V is for Valley
· Dead stove
· Word and sword
· Yes is for yesterday
【旅行(二)】
· Koreshan State Park
· How Arizona can sustain such a
· Redwood, Eureka and Klamath (A
· A Short Trip to US
· Two different worlds
· Granville Island
【政治(二)】
· Why is Marxism so popular?
· How much money is in politics?
· The biological impact of the p
· The purpose of government mand
· Why are criminals pampered by
· Why democracy is so fragile?
· 疫情时代的人口
· Difference between US and Cana
· On being conservative
· On Churchill
【科学(八)】
· Why acid can break down molecu
· Blood types, immune systems an
· 实验室制造的新型病毒: 对人类的
· 从侏罗纪公园说起
· How to make revolutionary idea
· On clean energy industries
· Measurement of fertility rate
【诗词(九)】
· Winter sun
· Old tree
· Victor or victim
· Lie, belie, believe
· 心
· Fall
· fine
· Going
· Love
· The most healthy food
【读书(二)】
· Fall of civilizations podcast
· 1984
· 读《夏商新考》
· East wind: Perspectives from t
· Elizabeth Barrett Browning: He
· Congo by Michael Crichton
· Kipling as a parent
· Some books about economics and
· How good were Charles Pearson
· Brave New World
【语言(十)】
· 驾驭
· 慕容和 moron
· Religion
· Pastor: The lord of pasture
· 打 call 的英语是什么?
· What is knowledge? What is fat
· Now and yesterday
· 桑干河和 sungei
· Heyday
· Farsi, Parsi and Persian
【旅行】
· A fancy meal
· Kayaking in Ucluelet
· Where is the exit?
· Your fear is smarter than you
· Be a tourist in our own city
· How many red rivers are there?
· Dams
· Differential impacts of slow a
· Getting bored?
· On the road
【读书】
· The story of civilization (Com
· Hillbilly Elegy
· Bernhard Riemann: Turning poin
· Galbraith on new ideas
· Psychology of finance (Some q
· Timeline by Michael Crichton
· Reading Money: Whence it came,
· Capitalism, socialism and demo
· Music: a mathematical offering
· A book about Riemann hypothesi
【经济(五)】
· To maximize utility is to maxi
· Pareto optimal: Whose optimal?
· comment on Nobel Prize in Econ
· 关于阿罗-德布理论
· Is gold standard viable in tod
· Beyond Growth: Toward a New Ec
· On creating wealth
· Renaissance and Reformation
· 贸易不平衡的起因和解决方法
· On universal basic income
【诗词(八)】
· Ex and in
· Apprehend and apprehensive
· Poems about old age
· Host
· Insulate
· The default choice is to defau
· Traps and trappings
· No comfort without fort
· Sword and word
· Quest
【语言(九)】
· Nostalgia
· 徐江伟的历史理论
· 楚和梦
· Advice and vice
· Principle, principal and inter
· 狼
· Tribute
· Illusion and disillusion
· The gorges are gorgeous
· When June met August
【金融】
· Passive investment strategy an
· The size of your generation an
· Why it is optimal to be optimi
· Debt is an added risk
· Should arithmetic or geometric
· What constitute risk free asse
· A brief introduction to the se
· How to measure return
· The Big Short
【科学(七)】
· What is the meaning of life ex
· 一个不会摄影的人的感悟
· What we need, big data or big
· 进化理论的数学模型
· On inequality
· Grass from the old world and t
· 人类的平均寿命能到一百岁吗?
【人口(三)】
· 中国目前的人口状况
· 一个社会人口中位年龄的趋势
· 鼓励生育的政策能提高生育率吗?
· 政府,家庭,和人口结构
· 从无籽西瓜说起
· 从炒股谈起
· The meaning of life
【诗词(七)】
· Edge
· Remember
· The power
· Truth in science and religion
· Happy in the backyard
· 野心
· Gene
· Intend
· RIP
· Nagging from an old man
【语言(八)】
· H, 日和 Helio
· Duo and double means two
· Good, gooder; bad, better
· 相似的形状,相似的读音,相关的
· 家
· 新年话创新
· Language, languish, anguish
· 钟表
· How to learn English effective
· 不通则痛,通则不痛
【科学(六)】
· 请教一个统计学的问题
· 数学及其应用
· On amateur and academic resear
【经济(四)】
· How much we need to save for r
· How pension system destroys ou
· Shall we buy insurance?
· An Entropy Theory of Value
· Total value of gold and some
【音乐】
· Suo Gan
· Mainstream rappers
· A Candle in the Wind
· 缺憾之美
· Swing low
· Going home
· River of no return
· Raw and refined: Two versions
【经济(三)】
· Own something small wholly or
· Money as a performance enhance
· How much we pay for retirement
· How to reduce anxiety over fi
· How to trim a tree or an econo
· A critique of economic theory
· The most depressing (exciting)
· On the concepts of earning, in
· 数学:应用和乐趣 (修订版)
【诗词(六)】
· Spring up and fall down
· Press
· Within and Without
· Verse
· Front
· Heroine and Heroin
· Sterilize
· Win
· Low
· Port
【诗词(五)】
· Pet and Pest
· Ease
· 忘,妄,望
· Seasons
· Envelope and develop
· Sorrow
· Home
· Haze
· Ex and Re
· Edge
【科学(五)】
· Why highly educated women and
· On the concept of perfectness
· Reflection from a riddle
· On averaging denominators
· Integrating mathematical finan
· 苦难是最好的学校
· Read The need for a new public
· The earth is a gigantic batter
【语言(七)】
· 想象和相象
· 汉语和英语读音的相似
· 双字词的来源
· 标致和婊子
· Credible and Incredible
· 英语和汉语类似的构词法
· Lect
· Excite and Incite
· Forget and For Get
· Lax and relax
【杂谈(三)】
· 经纬和泾渭
· Heretics are true believers
· Faith or good deeds
· 养儿还是育女?
· Should adult children stay wit
· 女儿制作的录像
· 儿子唱的rap
· 女儿带着女儿来看我们,写的一段
· Frills
【语言(六)】
· 腿脚和退却
· Copulate, copy, populate
· Emergence and emergency
· I am, I love
· Invent
· Prevent
· Repair
· Tart and top, start and stop
· S is about
· 同样的世界,不同的视角
【诗词(四)】
· On the wisdom of wisdom teeth
· Stalin Rap to Hitler and Mao
· 夕阳
· Sunshine
· Temp
· Longing
· Part
· Omen
· Winter night in the north
· An Old Car
【诗词(三)】
· Snow
· My Dear Sun
· When
· Cut Bank
· When you try
· Winter in the deep north
· 你家的月亮
· Good bye, my friends
· 当生命之火慢慢熄灭
· 公猫
【语言(五)】
· 兴趣,利益和利息
· Over 和 Overture
· Ruler
· Inspire and Expire
· 哥哥的歌
· Rest
· Decadence and decay
· 阀:大人物是干什么的?
· 奴隶的心
· 为什么我们喜欢压韵?
【语言 (四)】
· Screw and screwed
· 黄
· Kind
· Sun and moon
· Free
· Norm, normal and Normans
· Bella and bellum
· Two meanings of like
· What is a theory?
· What is man?
【经济 (二)】
· Reading James Galbraith’s The
· 为他人作嫁衣裳:贸易强国的共同
· 什么是内需不足?
· 关于持续的贸易不平衡
· A long tradition to connect th
· On persistent trade imbalance
· On green economy
· What are rights: Some reflecti
· On Risk Management
· 怎样计算股票的融资成本和预期回
【杂谈 (二)】
· There is more brainwashing in
· 看女儿
· 女儿初为人母
· Weather and climate
· 老三的一篇短文
· When defects become an advanta
· Service of necessities and ser
· 女儿的帖子
· 荷花和塘泥
【科学(四)】
· Predictions in social sciences
· 数学的现状和未来
· Social structures: A perspecti
· 温度和情绪 (temperature and t
· Learning, memory and decision
· The Least Action Principle: It
· When an electron falls to a pr
· 为什么鱼比肉更容易煮熟?
· 一篇关于The Unity of Science a
【诗词(二)】
· I’d rather
· 日暮
· 池塘里的污泥
· Over and under
· Bond and bondage
· 夕阳
· Dandelion
· 早点睡觉
· 在我慢慢褪色的世界里
· 狮的低吟,诗的回声
【语言(三)】
· 相似的单词,不同的意思
· 小米和 millet
· AM is love
· 什么是不够
· Easter: 词的来源
· 论所谓的正能量 (On being posit
· Terr 是土地
· Radical 的意思是什么?
· 努力的奴隶
· Tri 是三
【诗词】
· 风筝:孩子离家
· 篝火
· 落日:致老去的人们
· 杜达尔和玛丽亚
· Deep North
· Driving crazy
· 燃烧和发烧
· 满月的冬夜
· 献给空巢的父母
· Burning and burn out
【健康(三)】
· Mentally stimulating
· On obsessive compulsive disord
· 吃盐和生育
· Ginger and gingerly
· Principle Based Medicine
· Why we need pain?
· 关于自闭症
· 健康的定义
· 针灸的原理
· 情感的守恒定律
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· 数学及其在社会科学中的应用
· 为什么光线弱的地方会觉得浪漫?
· 美是平均,美是不变的性质
· 颜色和温度
· 简洁就是美
· 栖息之地:健康的树和濒死的树
· 落红不是无情物,化作春泥更护花
· 为什么肥沃的土地上很难找到先锋
· 不平等,效率和系统维护成本
· 生物学的统一理论
【语言(二)】
· 论精美
· 铁 (fer)
· 家
· 我,倭,和,we
· 鹪鹩,娇娆,wren, 人,文
· 牡丹,Botan, Botany
· 人多则移
· 英语中的几个象形词
· 他和它
· 趣味英语:一个不引人注意的前缀
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· 基因突变不是完全偶然的
· 生物学和生态学的结合
· Energy consumption and cost
· 人类的平均寿命能到一百岁吗?
· 蝴蝶效应并不存在 (兼论偏微分
· 科学与经济学的统一
· 意识: 一个经济学和物理学的理论
· 诺奖得主年龄的变迁
· 学科细分: 社会停滞和衰退的表征
【健康(二)】
· On cortisol and other drugs
· 为什么负氧离子有益健康
· 吃冰和减肥
· 实用生理学
· 为什么晒太阳有好处?
· 为什么练功经常用圆型姿式?
· 脉搏中包含多少信息?
· 外科手术不伤身体吗?
· 头痛医脚
· 怎样才能改善内脏的功能
【人口(二)】
· 政府的法律和自然的法律
· 出生率,平均寿命,生活水平和社
· Holmes stories: The number of
· 个体年龄和社会年龄
· 多子多福
· 人口塌陷: 真正的悲剧
· 华人的高智商和低生育率
· 走出非洲
· 生命就是竞争
· 什么是文化
【人口】
· 聪明的代价:亚当和夏娃的故事
· 为什么大道至简
· 论移民
· 人口问题文章的一个汇总
· 人口警报?
· 人口红利和人口投资
· 多生孩子: 靠政策,还是靠自己?
· 华而不实和春华秋实
· 劝君莫惜金缕衣,劝君惜取少年时
· 政府越大,出生率越低
【政治】
· 关于全民基本收入
· 六四还是六三?
· Iron and blood
· 华人参政不够踊跃吗?
· 谁得益于大政府?兼论美国大选
· 印一百元假钞是犯罪,印一万亿真
· 量化宽松和猪肉注水
· 百年大势和英国脱欧
【杂谈】
· 搭错车
· 龙图腾的含义
· 个体的肥胖和社会的肥胖
· 在什么年纪,做什么事情
· 早晨出行和下午出行
· 男学生在哪里?
· 贱和基本
· 少数的重要性
【经济】
· 效用函数是什么样子的?
· 经济学理论不应该建立在拓扑学基
· 谁是二十世纪最伟大的经济学家?
· 谁是十九世纪最伟大的经济学家?
· 非平衡态经济学理论简介
· 凯恩斯主义适用的环境
· 从日本的负利率谈起
· 关于利率
· 生产过程各要素之间的关系
· 平衡态和非平衡态经济学
【加拿大】
· 一个登山爱好者的历险 (附视频
· 回归
· 海达圭游记
· 天尽头
· 红河谷歌词的变迁
· 洄游的三文鱼
· 碧西(BC)的风景和阿省的风景
· 中加教育比较
【语言】
· 决定和 decide
· 仇的两种读法
· 小儿子教我读书
· 汉语单词的起源
· 舒服和束缚
· 姓张的人为什么这么多?
· 纽,妞,丑,new, 牛
· 姜太公的故事
· 语言的产生和演变
【科学】
· 科学研究:缺的是钱吗?
· 数学:应用和乐趣
· 汉字和科学研究
· 社会生物学与社会
· 有趣的化学
· 蒲公英和科学研究
· 当代没有科学大师吗?
· 数学,美和现实
· 现实世界:理解数学的金钥匙
【健康】
· 按摩脚底为什么这么重要?
· 中医的疗效(续)
· 从蛋白质的不同分解途径看痛风的
· 中医的疗效
· 从哮喘的治疗谈预防
· 实用生理学
· 什么是酸性食物?
· 肥胖和内脏功能
· 呼吸的方法
· 关于抑郁
【科学与经济】
· 阅读The Unity of Science and E
· 信息和熵的等价性
· 知觉的简单和数学的简单
· 一流的研究: 真那么难吗?
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信息和熵的等价性
   

信息和熵的等价性


我们处在一个信息时代, 大家都知道信息是什么,但同时, 很少人对熵这个概念感到自在。 实际上,信息和熵这两个概念基本上是等价的。从两者之间等价性的讨论, 可以更深刻地了解信息的内涵。


最早把信息和熵连在一起的, 是麦克斯韦.  他做了一个后来被叫做麦克斯韦妖的思维实验, 有很多介绍,就不重复了。他的基本想法是, 如果获得信息的成本少于信息所带来的收入 (这里成本和收入以熵为单位),那么就违背了热力学第二定律。从他的推理,信息就是熵的减少。从麦克斯韦的讨论, 我们可以看到, 熵是自然界一个通用的经济测度。


麦克斯韦的讨论发生在1871年。很多年后, 爆发了二次世界大战, 战争期间, 一项重要的工作是破获对方的密码。密码的制作者,总想把密码做地非常随机, 使对方看不出规律,而破译者则希望看出对方码文的规律。申农提出了一种破译密码的一般方法[1],我们简单介绍一下。


随便一句话, 比如, “I draw a picture." 好像没什么规律。但是 I 和 a 只有一个字母, 而 picture 有7个字母,这是偶然吗? 不是的。一个越常见的单词,应该越短,这样,句子的平均长度就会比较短,节约了人们互相交流的时间。也就是说,尽管我们觉得语言只是一些随机的符号,但实际上包含了经济的规律。申农就是利用这个内在的规律来破解敌方的密码。申农之前有人证明,如果一个信号出现的频率是 p,那么这个信号的码长应该大约是 -log p,这样的编码平均长度最短。总体而言,一个信号的加权平均长度,或信息量, 是  sum (pi*(-log pi),而这个函数, 恰好是物理熵的一个表达方式。申农从纯数学角度, 推出信息就是熵,而信息量, 则是输送信息的最低成本, 我们又一次看到, 信息和熵,是经济概念。

 

语言是思维的一种表现,我们重新来看一下词汇的使用频率和长度之间的关系。 有些事物, 开始的时候不常用, 代表它们的单词也较长, 变得常用之后, 单词也就相应缩短了。 比如说, 汽车最初叫 automobile,用的人多了, 大家就叫 car。Boy friend, girl friend 本是少男少女之间的关系, 但现在婚姻不稳定,到处是70岁,80岁的 boy friend, girl friend。最近出了一个很短的词 bae 代表男女朋友, 不知这个词会否流行开来。

 

上面的分析表明, 尽管我们没有特意地改变语言, 随着时代的变迁, 语言也不断变化, 尽可能降低信息交流的成本,而这个成本的测度就是熵函数。


有人会说,信息是文字,熵是物理量,怎么会等价呢?但文字不是传递信息的唯一途径。任何一个人都可以说,“我很有钱。”所以这句话本身信息量不大,但如果这个人是大公司的老板,或者住豪宅,开豪车,到处旅游,所传递的信息量就大多了。一百多年前, 美国经济学家范布伦 写过一本书, 叫《休闲阶级理论》,里面讲到有钱人, 特别是新近有钱的人, 必须让别人看到你的消费 (conspicuous consumption),否则,别人不知道你有钱。 所以,信息的价值,和所消耗的物质财富是等价的,而物质财富,又可以用熵理论来表达 [2,3]。 信息, 熵和经济价值是三个紧密相连的概念。


参考文献

1. Shannon, C. (1948). A mathematicaltheory of communication. The Bell SystemTechnical Journal,  27,  379-423, 623-656.

2.      Chen,J. (2015) The Unity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory, Springer

3.  数学:应用和乐趣,http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2912119-947721.html



 
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