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Monopoly Capital By Baran and Sweesy 2021-09-27 22:54:46

Monopoly Capital

 

By Baran and Sweesy

 

Today, political and financial power is more concentrated than 1966, when the book was published. The book is more relevant today than it was published more than half century ago. The following are some quotes from the book.

 

The situation in the social sciences in the United States today is paradoxical. The number of research workers and teachers is rapidly rising. Their training and command of their disciplines, including the ability to use precise mathematical reasoning and sophisticated statistical methods, are far above the levels attained by their predecessors of even one generation ago. Universities, foundations, and governments organize re[1]search projects and dispense grants on an unprecedented scale. Books, reports, and articles are turned out in a never-ending stream. And yet all this high-powered intellectual activity has yielded few important new or fresh insights into the way our society works and where it is headed. (P 1)

 

Comment: This is truer today.

 

One can even say that social scientists, assuring us for so long that all was for the best in what they took to be the best of all possible worlds, did what they could to keep us from looking reality in the face. How can we account for the paradox of more and better trained social scientists failing ever more glaringly to explain social reality? (P 2)

 

This environment is above all one of increasing complexity calling for more and more specialization of every kind and at every level. Following this road, social science has become more and more compartmentalized, with its practitioners turning into ever narrower specialists-superbly trained experts in their own "fields" but knowing, and indeed able to understand, less and less about the specialties of others. As for society as a whole, which in the past has been the chief preoccupation of the great social thinkers, since it transcends all the specialties, it simply disappears from the purview of social science. It is taken for granted and ignored. (P 2)

 

Today the typical economic unit in the capitalist world is not the small firm producing a negligible fraction of a homogeneous output for an anonymous market but a large-scale enterprise producing a significant share of the output of an industry, or even several industries, and able to control its prices, the volume of its production, and the types and amounts of its investments. The typical economic unit, in other words, has the attributes which were once thought to be possessed only by monopolies. It is therefore impermissible to ignore monopoly in construct[1]ing our model of the economy and to go on treating competi[1]tion as the general case. In an attempt to understand capital[1]ism in its monopoly stage, we cannot abstract from monopoly or introduce it as a mere modifying factor; we must put it at the very center of the analytical effort. (P 6)

 

It is only in recent years that the decisive importance of the dialectical interrelation of development and underdevelopment has begun to be fully appreciated. (P 7)

 

Comment: For example, China’s production and the rest of the world.

 

the class struggle in our time has been thoroughly internationalized. The revolutionary initiative against capitalism, which in Marx's day belonged to the proletariat in the advanced countries, has passed into the hands of the impoverished masses in the underdeveloped countries who are struggling to free themselves from imperialist domination and exploitation. (P 9)

 

As we look back on the history of the last hundred years, we can see that what Marx said to the less developed countries actually applied to only a few of them-those which never fell under, or had escaped from, the domination of more developed countries and therefore could emulate the latter rather than being exploited by them and hence having their development stunted and distorted to suit the needs of the dominant economy. 8 Certainly a similar limitation applies today: only a few countries-most of Western Europe (including Britain), Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, possibly South Africa-can conceivably follow in the footsteps of the United States. In the rest of the capitalist world scores of colonies, neo-colonies, and semi-colonies are doomed to remain in their degraded condition of underdevelopment and misery. (P 12)

 

The attitude of live-and-let-live which characterizes Big Business likewise derives from the magnitude of the corporation's investment and from the calculating rationality of its management. By and large, this attitude is reserved for other big corporations and does not extend to the smaller business[1]man. For example, the big three automobile companies behave toward one another in a way that Schumpeter appropriately called "corespective,"31 while their behavior to the scores of thousands of dealers who sell their products to the public is notoriously overbearing and dictatorial. The reason, of course, is that each of the big ones recognizes the strength and retaliatory power of the other big ones and as a matter of deliberately calculated policy avoids provoking them. But corespective behavior is by no means limited to competitors. If one big corporation is not a competitor of another, it is quite likely to be either a customer or a supplier; and in this realm of corporate relations the sovereign principle is reciprocity, which enjoins corespective behavior as surely as competition does. In addition, the Big Business community is numerically small, comprising perhaps 10,000 or so people for the entire country, and its members are tied together by a whole network of social as well as economic ties. Conscious of their power and standing in the larger national community, they naturally tend to develop a group ethic which calls for solidarity and mutual help among themselves and for presenting a common front to the outside world. It wasn't always so. In the early days when Big Business was emerging from the jungle of small-scale competition, corespective behavior was rare indeed. Even the railroads had to go through a series of exhausting rate wars before they finally got it into their corporate heads that roadbeds and tracks and locomotives and cars would go on being used to carry passengers and freight whatever might happen to security owners or rival managements. The original tycoons, faced with the consequences of cutthroat competition, sought a way out through a policy of ruthless monopolization. The victims of this drive, however, were numerous and not without influence. By entering into a temporary alliance with dissatisfied farmers and workers, they succeeded in getting the antitrust laws passed, which, though far from achieving their avowed aim of preserving (or restoring) free competition, nevertheless put very real roadblocks in the way of full monopolization. For this reason, as well as others of a technological and economic nature, there were few cases in which one corporation or even one financial interest group succeeded in establishing effective control over an entire market. It was under these circumstances that Big Businessmen began to learn the virtues of corespective behavior. The pro[1]cess of learning was hastened as the highly individualistic tycoon passed from the scene and the company man gradually took his place as the typical representative of corporate business. Today there are probably fewer genuine monopolies than there were at the turn of the century, but there is also infinitely less cutthroat competition. And this brings us straight to the problem of the interaction of the corporate giants. (P 51)

 

The reasons for this increasingly pronounced divorce be[1]tween micro and macro theories are to be sought in the apologetic character of bourgeois economics. As we shall see, the effects of a thoroughgoing reintegration of the two levels of analysis-the substitution of a monopolistic price system for the traditional competitive system, and the analysis of its implications for the whole economy-are nothing short of devastating to capitalism's claims to be considered a rational social order which serves to promote the welfare and happiness of its members. Since a major concern of bourgeois economics has long been to support these claims, economists have naturally shown no enthusiasm for following a course that ends by demonstrating their falsity. (P 56)

 

If one seller raises his price, this cannot possibly be interpreted as an aggressive move. The worst that can happen to him is that the others will stand pat and he will have to rescind (or accept a smaller share of the market). In the case of a price cut, on the other hand, there is always the possibility that aggression is intended, that the cutter is trying to increase his share of the market by violating the taboo on price competition. If rivals do interpret the initial move in this way, a price war with losses to all may result. Hence everyone concerned is likely to be more circumspect about lowering than raising prices. Under oligopoly, in other words, prices tend to be stickier on the downward side than on the upward side, and this fact introduces a significant upward bias into the general price level in a monopoly capitalist economy. (P 63)

 

Comments: This is so true. When oil price rises, retail price rises immediately. When oil price drop, retail gas price reacts sluggishly.

 


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· 不通则痛,通则不痛
【科学(六)】
· 请教一个统计学的问题
· 数学及其应用
· On amateur and academic resear
【经济(四)】
· How much we need to save for r
· How pension system destroys ou
· Shall we buy insurance?
· An Entropy Theory of Value
· Total value of gold and some
【音乐】
· Suo Gan
· Mainstream rappers
· A Candle in the Wind
· 缺憾之美
· Swing low
· Going home
· River of no return
· Raw and refined: Two versions
【经济(三)】
· Own something small wholly or
· Money as a performance enhance
· How much we pay for retirement
· How to reduce anxiety over fi
· How to trim a tree or an econo
· A critique of economic theory
· The most depressing (exciting)
· On the concepts of earning, in
· 数学:应用和乐趣 (修订版)
【诗词(六)】
· Spring up and fall down
· Press
· Within and Without
· Verse
· Front
· Heroine and Heroin
· Sterilize
· Win
· Low
· Port
【诗词(五)】
· Pet and Pest
· Ease
· 忘,妄,望
· Seasons
· Envelope and develop
· Sorrow
· Home
· Haze
· Ex and Re
· Edge
【科学(五)】
· Why highly educated women and
· On the concept of perfectness
· Reflection from a riddle
· On averaging denominators
· Integrating mathematical finan
· 苦难是最好的学校
· Read The need for a new public
· The earth is a gigantic batter
【语言(七)】
· 想象和相象
· 汉语和英语读音的相似
· 双字词的来源
· 标致和婊子
· Credible and Incredible
· 英语和汉语类似的构词法
· Lect
· Excite and Incite
· Forget and For Get
· Lax and relax
【杂谈(三)】
· 经纬和泾渭
· Heretics are true believers
· Faith or good deeds
· 养儿还是育女?
· Should adult children stay wit
· 女儿制作的录像
· 儿子唱的rap
· 女儿带着女儿来看我们,写的一段
· Frills
【语言(六)】
· 腿脚和退却
· Copulate, copy, populate
· Emergence and emergency
· I am, I love
· Invent
· Prevent
· Repair
· Tart and top, start and stop
· S is about
· 同样的世界,不同的视角
【诗词(四)】
· On the wisdom of wisdom teeth
· Stalin Rap to Hitler and Mao
· 夕阳
· Sunshine
· Temp
· Longing
· Part
· Omen
· Winter night in the north
· An Old Car
【诗词(三)】
· Snow
· My Dear Sun
· When
· Cut Bank
· When you try
· Winter in the deep north
· 你家的月亮
· Good bye, my friends
· 当生命之火慢慢熄灭
· 公猫
【语言(五)】
· 兴趣,利益和利息
· Over 和 Overture
· Ruler
· Inspire and Expire
· 哥哥的歌
· Rest
· Decadence and decay
· 阀:大人物是干什么的?
· 奴隶的心
· 为什么我们喜欢压韵?
【语言 (四)】
· Screw and screwed
· 黄
· Kind
· Sun and moon
· Free
· Norm, normal and Normans
· Bella and bellum
· Two meanings of like
· What is a theory?
· What is man?
【经济 (二)】
· Reading James Galbraith’s The
· 为他人作嫁衣裳:贸易强国的共同
· 什么是内需不足?
· 关于持续的贸易不平衡
· A long tradition to connect th
· On persistent trade imbalance
· On green economy
· What are rights: Some reflecti
· On Risk Management
· 怎样计算股票的融资成本和预期回
【杂谈 (二)】
· There is more brainwashing in
· 看女儿
· 女儿初为人母
· Weather and climate
· 老三的一篇短文
· When defects become an advanta
· Service of necessities and ser
· 女儿的帖子
· 荷花和塘泥
【科学(四)】
· Predictions in social sciences
· 数学的现状和未来
· Social structures: A perspecti
· 温度和情绪 (temperature and t
· Learning, memory and decision
· The Least Action Principle: It
· When an electron falls to a pr
· 为什么鱼比肉更容易煮熟?
· 一篇关于The Unity of Science a
【诗词(二)】
· I’d rather
· 日暮
· 池塘里的污泥
· Over and under
· Bond and bondage
· 夕阳
· Dandelion
· 早点睡觉
· 在我慢慢褪色的世界里
· 狮的低吟,诗的回声
【语言(三)】
· 相似的单词,不同的意思
· 小米和 millet
· AM is love
· 什么是不够
· Easter: 词的来源
· 论所谓的正能量 (On being posit
· Terr 是土地
· Radical 的意思是什么?
· 努力的奴隶
· Tri 是三
【诗词】
· 风筝:孩子离家
· 篝火
· 落日:致老去的人们
· 杜达尔和玛丽亚
· Deep North
· Driving crazy
· 燃烧和发烧
· 满月的冬夜
· 献给空巢的父母
· Burning and burn out
【健康(三)】
· Mentally stimulating
· On obsessive compulsive disord
· 吃盐和生育
· Ginger and gingerly
· Principle Based Medicine
· Why we need pain?
· 关于自闭症
· 健康的定义
· 针灸的原理
· 情感的守恒定律
【科学(三)】
· 数学及其在社会科学中的应用
· 为什么光线弱的地方会觉得浪漫?
· 美是平均,美是不变的性质
· 颜色和温度
· 简洁就是美
· 栖息之地:健康的树和濒死的树
· 落红不是无情物,化作春泥更护花
· 为什么肥沃的土地上很难找到先锋
· 不平等,效率和系统维护成本
· 生物学的统一理论
【语言(二)】
· 论精美
· 铁 (fer)
· 家
· 我,倭,和,we
· 鹪鹩,娇娆,wren, 人,文
· 牡丹,Botan, Botany
· 人多则移
· 英语中的几个象形词
· 他和它
· 趣味英语:一个不引人注意的前缀
【科学(二)】
· 基因突变不是完全偶然的
· 生物学和生态学的结合
· Energy consumption and cost
· 人类的平均寿命能到一百岁吗?
· 蝴蝶效应并不存在 (兼论偏微分
· 科学与经济学的统一
· 意识: 一个经济学和物理学的理论
· 诺奖得主年龄的变迁
· 学科细分: 社会停滞和衰退的表征
【健康(二)】
· On cortisol and other drugs
· 为什么负氧离子有益健康
· 吃冰和减肥
· 实用生理学
· 为什么晒太阳有好处?
· 为什么练功经常用圆型姿式?
· 脉搏中包含多少信息?
· 外科手术不伤身体吗?
· 头痛医脚
· 怎样才能改善内脏的功能
【人口(二)】
· 政府的法律和自然的法律
· 出生率,平均寿命,生活水平和社
· Holmes stories: The number of
· 个体年龄和社会年龄
· 多子多福
· 人口塌陷: 真正的悲剧
· 华人的高智商和低生育率
· 走出非洲
· 生命就是竞争
· 什么是文化
【人口】
· 聪明的代价:亚当和夏娃的故事
· 为什么大道至简
· 论移民
· 人口问题文章的一个汇总
· 人口警报?
· 人口红利和人口投资
· 多生孩子: 靠政策,还是靠自己?
· 华而不实和春华秋实
· 劝君莫惜金缕衣,劝君惜取少年时
· 政府越大,出生率越低
【政治】
· 关于全民基本收入
· 六四还是六三?
· Iron and blood
· 华人参政不够踊跃吗?
· 谁得益于大政府?兼论美国大选
· 印一百元假钞是犯罪,印一万亿真
· 量化宽松和猪肉注水
· 百年大势和英国脱欧
【杂谈】
· 搭错车
· 龙图腾的含义
· 个体的肥胖和社会的肥胖
· 在什么年纪,做什么事情
· 早晨出行和下午出行
· 男学生在哪里?
· 贱和基本
· 少数的重要性
【经济】
· 效用函数是什么样子的?
· 经济学理论不应该建立在拓扑学基
· 谁是二十世纪最伟大的经济学家?
· 谁是十九世纪最伟大的经济学家?
· 非平衡态经济学理论简介
· 凯恩斯主义适用的环境
· 从日本的负利率谈起
· 关于利率
· 生产过程各要素之间的关系
· 平衡态和非平衡态经济学
【加拿大】
· 一个登山爱好者的历险 (附视频
· 回归
· 海达圭游记
· 天尽头
· 红河谷歌词的变迁
· 洄游的三文鱼
· 碧西(BC)的风景和阿省的风景
· 中加教育比较
【语言】
· 决定和 decide
· 仇的两种读法
· 小儿子教我读书
· 汉语单词的起源
· 舒服和束缚
· 姓张的人为什么这么多?
· 纽,妞,丑,new, 牛
· 姜太公的故事
· 语言的产生和演变
【科学】
· 科学研究:缺的是钱吗?
· 数学:应用和乐趣
· 汉字和科学研究
· 社会生物学与社会
· 有趣的化学
· 蒲公英和科学研究
· 当代没有科学大师吗?
· 数学,美和现实
· 现实世界:理解数学的金钥匙
【健康】
· 按摩脚底为什么这么重要?
· 中医的疗效(续)
· 从蛋白质的不同分解途径看痛风的
· 中医的疗效
· 从哮喘的治疗谈预防
· 实用生理学
· 什么是酸性食物?
· 肥胖和内脏功能
· 呼吸的方法
· 关于抑郁
【科学与经济】
· 阅读The Unity of Science and E
· 信息和熵的等价性
· 知觉的简单和数学的简单
· 一流的研究: 真那么难吗?
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