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jingchen
注册日期: 2015-11-09
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最新发布
· Soldner’s 1801 paper on light
· Why nations fail
· The purpose of thermodynamics
· Social structure and efficienc
· Urban sprawl without populatio
· Ginger and metabolism
· The end of last ice age and pa
友好链接
分类目录
【Reading (7)】
· Why nations fail
· Worldly Philosophers: Quotes a
· J D Vance
· Blessing?
· Einstein diary
【Economics (9)】
· Social structure and efficienc
· Watchful waiting: Role of busi
· Economics: Too hard or too eas
· The purpose of a theory
· 先进和落后
· The divergence of economic per
· On Inflation
· Monopoly and common sense
· On Granger causality
· A note on scarcity
【Relativity】
· Soldner’s 1801 paper on light
· Astronauts then and now, Scien
· Is Einstein God
· Electromagnetism, relativity a
· Is relativity absolute truth?
· The history of aether
· On Twin Paradox
· Relativity and absolutism
【Economics(8)】
· Urban sprawl without populatio
· Wealth and income distribution
· A historical and spatial compa
· Stimulating demand is no more
· The function of the economic t
· Questions about GDP, Disposabl
· On the rapid change of Keynes
· pension depresses disposal inc
· On the concept of exogeneity a
· The ending of Keynes’ General
【Language (19)】
· 朝夕和 twilight
· 地名和人名
· 复活节话东升西降
· 唯唯诺诺
· 二,选,对
· 泰语和汉语
· 万众一心和别有用心
· From War Department to Defense
【Poems (15)】
· An Old Tree
· 理想主义和唯心主义
· June
· Injustice
· Decorating words
· Cover
· Heaven and Hell
· 失意的诗意
· 收获
【Science (16)】
· The purpose of thermodynamics
· Ginger and metabolism
· The end of last ice age and pa
· Are there less earthquakes now
· Empiricism and evolutionary th
· America’s mathematics in 1940
· Measuring pulses
· What is QI?
· A fun fact about red blood cel
· What determines the emissivity
【Carbon and climate (2)】
· CO2 and desertification
· Why carbon tax
· Bankrupting people: The goal o
· On the patterns of global flui
· Stefan-Boltzmann law and the e
· How atmosphere gases affect Ea
· The meanings of different epoc
· The political economy of carbo
· Geological carbon cycles and c
· On global warming
【Science (15)】
· Why is the air pressure on Ven
· Moon and mood
· 中国的历法
· Stories and science behind cal
· birth control pills increase t
· Some questions about AI
· The mechanism of eye bags
· 请教一个物理问题
· Statistics: What they attract?
【Language(18)】
· What does anti mean?
· A post from my daughter
· 右和左
· 牢
· 茶几和自己
· w = b
· 亥
· 家
· 主,住,驻,往
· 崭新的世界欣欣向荣
【Economics(7)】
· The Purpose of Equity, Diversi
· 价值理论
· Withering Ecological Economics
· On the rapid change of Keynes
· Why are dominant social theori
· Pension system and fertility
· The profit potential of a soci
· Potential energy and different
· Karl Marx and the Labor Theory
· A note on labor theory of valu
【Finance(3)】
· How hard is it to establish a
· How inflation enriches politic
· Finance: A New Theoretical Fou
【Virus and vaccine (2)】
· Natural vaccines and artificia
· Why was the Spanish Flu so dea
· COVID UPDATE: What is the trut
· The impacts of vaccines on hum
· Vaccine effectiveness in Canad
· 李跃华医生是怎么想到用苯酚治疗
· On statistics related to vacci
【Science (14)】
· How many people died from COVI
· On the measurement of expected
· How long is a day on Venus?
· Why is the air pressure on Ven
· Insightful writing on hydrogen
· Some questions about blood bra
· Mortality rates by month
【Language (17)】
· 柳的故事
· 兔年话兔
· 兔年为什么是卯年?
· Feud and Feudal
· 機遇和覬覦
· air, hair, stair
· Fantasy and fantastic
· 熊在不同语言中的发音
· 英语词 elephant 分析
· Memory
【Quantum theory (2)】
· “Parting the Red Sea" Effect
· opposite of hidden variable: N
· Empirical verification of quan
· A playlist on quantum spin
· Great Physicists and Overhyped
· A good video touching on measu
· On Bell's Inequality
· Fine Structure Constant
· How does Lagrangian turn into
· Phase velocity and group veloc
【Economics (6)】
· On Inequality (Revised)
· Inside Job and Predator Nation
· Insights from GDI
· Economy and Society by Max Web
· On Paul Samuelson
· What is the energy return from
· The power structure of a socie
· How Economics Became a Mathema
· On the current state of econom
【Reading (6)】
· public’s distrust to authorit
· Old Testament
· Reading Karl Marx
· US bombed the Nord Stream Pipe
· The Thin Red Line by James Jon
· The Call of the Wild by Jack L
· Speakable and unspeakable in q
· When Life Nearly Died
· The Rise and Fall of American
· Cells, gels and the engines of
【Song】
· A song from my son
· 儿子写给我的歌
· Video and writing by my daught
· A song from my kids as a gift
· Ace of Spades
· Mother's Day: A song to m
【Science (13)】
· A reflection on QR code
· Why water is not acidic?
· The timing of the great extinc
· The Carrying Capacity of the P
· A unified understanding of bod
· Carbon dioxide and global temp
· Seven
· Warburg effect and cancer trea
· amino acids and their genetic
【Language (16)】
· 词汇的来源:从具体到抽象
· 狐狸
· Orient rising and occident dec
· 目的和墓地
· war: ‘获‘, ’和 ‘, ’祸
· 朝夕和潮汐
· 每,梅,霉,海
· 平庸之恶,还是恶之平常?
· Easter on East
· 柳宗元
【Poems(14)】
· 势力和势利
· If
· A Tourist from Heaven
· Morning after mourning
· Blank Paper
· 努力的奴隶
· Excursion and incursion
· Who want the pandemic to end?
· Left wing and right wing
· Lion king and lion
【science (12)】
· AT and CG: What are their perc
· What generates the earth’s ma
· Gilbert Ling: A Great Pioneer
· What do physical constants mea
【Demographics】
· 民族要振兴,人口要控制?
· 十个孩子的家
· Demography, Economy, and Socie
· Demographics and government po
· Long reign of the boomers
【Language (15)】
· East is Eden
· What does Austria mean?
· Fencing and boxing
· Polis, politics and police
· Shepherd is sheepherd
· What does Harbin (哈尔滨)mea
· Leg and legal
· Chariot (車)
· 时辰和生肖
· Statistics, languages and huma
【Conservation Law】
· Zero sum game is conservation
· The long reach of the conserva
· George Gammon
· There is no liberty without sl
· The conservation law of energy
· 守恒律
· The long arm of conservation l
【Poems (13)】
· Pyramid
· Chariot and Charity
· You have to be right to have r
· Crime and Criminal
· Omnipotent and impotent
· Fort and comfort
· Secret and secretary
· Rest
· When a sunrise cause turns int
· New World Order
【Language (14)】
· River and rival
· 强有疆, 弱为肉
· 伶俐和凌厉
· Conspire
· Xiwangmu (西王母): Folklore a
· 净和静
· 什么是安宁?
· 未和末
· Animal and animosity
· Savage, salvage, save
【Science (11)】
· Why are the primary colors red
· Humans and germs: A systematic
· Why Demonize Carbon?
· Evidence in Scientific Researc
· The wisdom of the body: Immune
· Action or inaction
· Small molecules as catalysts
· A question about ivermectin (a
· Weakness in left arm and heart
【Reading (5)】
· 卡夫卡
· The fourth phase of water by G
· Critique of Hegel's Philo
· On the Jewish Question by Karl
· The Great Leveler: Violence an
· The Case Against Education by
· Some information on Korean War
· Monopoly Capital By Baran and
· Iron Law of Oligarchy
· Richard Cantillon: An Essay on
【Language (13)】
· 新和创新
· Kill and skill, laughter and s
· 平庸之恶?
· Vici, vicious and vicinity
· 敖和傲
· Double consonants
· 妇好 和 Frau
· 要,腰,west, waist
· 左右
· 山口 Yamaguchi
【science (10)】
· How to reduce noise from refri
· How do mRNA vaccines work?
· On Norbert Wiener
· What is the goal of scientific
· Oxy is acid
· New developments on the origin
· Shall we immunize for every di
· Prime Numbers and the Riemann
· 爆发力和耐力
· Measured and actual expected l
【Language (12)】
· 几个关于疆土的词
· 汉字传播时一个有趣的现象
· 禾
· 双和对
· 豪杰和浩劫
· Bear, ours and ursus
· 隋朝的杨家
· East, Easter, yeast
· Why Indo-European languages sp
· Poplar, popular, populus, popu
【History】
· The wonder of the promised lan
· Alexander the Great
· Easter on East
· Authority and Authoritarian Ru
· Seima-Turbino and ancient Chin
· 麦与来:小麦的传播
· 远古简史
· Why is the pincer formation so
· 春秋时代的几个人名
· 神话:神秘的史话
【Reading (4)】
· Dark Matter, a movie
· Politician or scientist: Who l
· The Bit Player: A Documentary
· One flew over the cuckoo'
· The Trial by Franz Kafka
· Ulysses by James Joyce
· The Economic Consequence of th
· The Philosophy of Nietzsche by
· The Philosophy of Schopenhauer
· The Philosophy of David Hume b
【Finance2】
· Hedge: The best hedging
· On the Theoretical Foundation
· John Williams and The Theory o
· What is finance?
· MM Theory:A Societal Perspecti
· Organisations as organisms
· To invest is to vest in
· On the Broad Impacts of Pensio
· Diversification and concentrat
· On equity owners and debt owne
【Health (4)】
· Acupuncture points and meridia
· On depression
· Notes on physiology and health
· Omicron spreading in nations w
· Humans and germs: An ecosystem
· What is Qi
· Salt
【Poems (12)】
· 努力的奴隶
· Public and publican
· Like and dislike
· Strive and strife
· Story and history
· The rulers and the ruled
· Swamp and wetland
· Old and cold
· Impotent and Important
· Pretend and pretender
【Reading (3)】
· The Problem of China by Bertra
· This side of paradise
· The Unbearable Lightness of Be
· One Hundred Years of Solitude
· Wolyn: The best movie about Wo
· The Unbearable Lightness of Be
· On the origin of species by Ch
· Descent of Man, by Charles Dar
· We and Zamyatin
· Comments on Apocalypse Never
【Non-equilibrium】
· Entropy: In intuitive Introduc
· A reflection on the theories o
· 新能源的社会成本
· 守恒定律在社会科学中的应用
· 有趣的化学
· 当代没有科学大师吗?
【Quantum theory】
· 关于量子理论
· A generalization of quantum th
· Quantum mechanics and Riemann
· What is quantum mechanics
· Where does hope come from
· How solar cells work?
· Why LED lights are more effici
· An Introduction to Quantum Mec
· Fourier transform and uncertai
· 一些物理和数学中基本概念的直观
【Carbon and climate】
· Carbon Dioxide and Carrying Ca
· Noah’s ark and global warming
· Carbon: The Foundation of Life
· George Orwell: The Road to Wig
· Carbon dioxide and vegetation
· Cap and trade
· Ivar Giaever:
· Carbon: The backbone of life
【The Crown (a fiction)】
· The Crown (edited and combined
· The crown (End)
· The Crown (4)
· The Crown (3)
· The Crown (2)
· The Crown (1)
【杂谈 (四)】
· 阿房宫赋和地产业
· Competition
· Young Marx (青年马克思)
· The philosophy of Wittgenstein
· Panama Canal and Darien Gap
· From No Human Is Illegal to No
· Why all belief systems (except
· A message from my daughter
· On the philosophy of Kant
· Is this true
【Virus and vaccine】
· Is it healthy to sterilize our
· Natural vaccines
· Consensus is not equal to trut
· New York City and coronaviruse
· Human beings as part of the ec
· A re-examination of models of
· Demographics and Pandemics
· The economy of RNA life
· Broad spectrum medicines
· 苯酚用于预防和治疗新冠肺炎
【语言(十一)】
· 词语和方言
· Who is a radical
· Lee and leeway
· Wisdom of the language
· Maked or made: When to break r
· How to take a rest?
· 汉语和英语:读音的相似,可能的原
· 到来和稻麦
· 关于李丹的语言学研究
【科学(九)】
· 天才是什么?
· Power is money
· 薛定谔的猫
· Red and yellow flowers: Which
· The economy of RNA and DNA
· My World View
· How kidneys get rid of acids f
· 李跃华医生注射液中苯酚的含量
· How our bodies maintain PH bal
· Why atomic groups usually are
【诗词(十一)】
· Only the powerful can proclaim
· Looting and ruling
· embryo and embroil
· scold, cold, old
· Gain and lose
· Rest
· Your pleasure is my pressure
· Are we getting more honest ove
· Understand and overlook
· A homage to our home
【故事】
· Crying wolf
· Trees and grasses
【诗词(十)】
· When the sun rises
· Observe and serve
· Sorrow
· Drift
· 对错和是非
· Illusion and disillusion
· V is for Valley
· Dead stove
· Word and sword
· Yes is for yesterday
【旅行(二)】
· Koreshan State Park
· How Arizona can sustain such a
· Redwood, Eureka and Klamath (A
· A Short Trip to US
· Two different worlds
· Granville Island
【政治(二)】
· Why is Marxism so popular?
· How much money is in politics?
· The biological impact of the p
· The purpose of government mand
· Why are criminals pampered by
· Why democracy is so fragile?
· 疫情时代的人口
· Difference between US and Cana
· On being conservative
· On Churchill
【科学(八)】
· Why acid can break down molecu
· Blood types, immune systems an
· 实验室制造的新型病毒: 对人类的
· 从侏罗纪公园说起
· How to make revolutionary idea
· On clean energy industries
· Measurement of fertility rate
【诗词(九)】
· Winter sun
· Old tree
· Victor or victim
· Lie, belie, believe
· 心
· Fall
· fine
· Going
· Love
· The most healthy food
【读书(二)】
· Fall of civilizations podcast
· 1984
· 读《夏商新考》
· East wind: Perspectives from t
· Elizabeth Barrett Browning: He
· Congo by Michael Crichton
· Kipling as a parent
· Some books about economics and
· How good were Charles Pearson
· Brave New World
【语言(十)】
· 驾驭
· 慕容和 moron
· Religion
· Pastor: The lord of pasture
· 打 call 的英语是什么?
· What is knowledge? What is fat
· Now and yesterday
· 桑干河和 sungei
· Heyday
· Farsi, Parsi and Persian
【旅行】
· A fancy meal
· Kayaking in Ucluelet
· Where is the exit?
· Your fear is smarter than you
· Be a tourist in our own city
· How many red rivers are there?
· Dams
· Differential impacts of slow a
· Getting bored?
· On the road
【读书】
· The story of civilization (Com
· Hillbilly Elegy
· Bernhard Riemann: Turning poin
· Galbraith on new ideas
· Psychology of finance (Some q
· Timeline by Michael Crichton
· Reading Money: Whence it came,
· Capitalism, socialism and demo
· Music: a mathematical offering
· A book about Riemann hypothesi
【经济(五)】
· To maximize utility is to maxi
· Pareto optimal: Whose optimal?
· comment on Nobel Prize in Econ
· 关于阿罗-德布理论
· Is gold standard viable in tod
· Beyond Growth: Toward a New Ec
· On creating wealth
· Renaissance and Reformation
· 贸易不平衡的起因和解决方法
· On universal basic income
【诗词(八)】
· Ex and in
· Apprehend and apprehensive
· Poems about old age
· Host
· Insulate
· The default choice is to defau
· Traps and trappings
· No comfort without fort
· Sword and word
· Quest
【语言(九)】
· Nostalgia
· 徐江伟的历史理论
· 楚和梦
· Advice and vice
· Principle, principal and inter
· 狼
· Tribute
· Illusion and disillusion
· The gorges are gorgeous
· When June met August
【金融】
· Passive investment strategy an
· The size of your generation an
· Why it is optimal to be optimi
· Debt is an added risk
· Should arithmetic or geometric
· What constitute risk free asse
· A brief introduction to the se
· How to measure return
· The Big Short
【科学(七)】
· What is the meaning of life ex
· 一个不会摄影的人的感悟
· What we need, big data or big
· 进化理论的数学模型
· On inequality
· Grass from the old world and t
· 人类的平均寿命能到一百岁吗?
【人口(三)】
· 中国目前的人口状况
· 一个社会人口中位年龄的趋势
· 鼓励生育的政策能提高生育率吗?
· 政府,家庭,和人口结构
· 从无籽西瓜说起
· 从炒股谈起
· The meaning of life
【诗词(七)】
· Edge
· Remember
· The power
· Truth in science and religion
· Happy in the backyard
· 野心
· Gene
· Intend
· RIP
· Nagging from an old man
【语言(八)】
· H, 日和 Helio
· Duo and double means two
· Good, gooder; bad, better
· 相似的形状,相似的读音,相关的
· 家
· 新年话创新
· Language, languish, anguish
· 钟表
· How to learn English effective
· 不通则痛,通则不痛
【科学(六)】
· 请教一个统计学的问题
· 数学及其应用
· On amateur and academic resear
【经济(四)】
· How much we need to save for r
· How pension system destroys ou
· Shall we buy insurance?
· An Entropy Theory of Value
· Total value of gold and some
【音乐】
· Suo Gan
· Mainstream rappers
· A Candle in the Wind
· 缺憾之美
· Swing low
· Going home
· River of no return
· Raw and refined: Two versions
【经济(三)】
· Own something small wholly or
· Money as a performance enhance
· How much we pay for retirement
· How to reduce anxiety over fi
· How to trim a tree or an econo
· A critique of economic theory
· The most depressing (exciting)
· On the concepts of earning, in
· 数学:应用和乐趣 (修订版)
【诗词(六)】
· Spring up and fall down
· Press
· Within and Without
· Verse
· Front
· Heroine and Heroin
· Sterilize
· Win
· Low
· Port
【诗词(五)】
· Pet and Pest
· Ease
· 忘,妄,望
· Seasons
· Envelope and develop
· Sorrow
· Home
· Haze
· Ex and Re
· Edge
【科学(五)】
· Why highly educated women and
· On the concept of perfectness
· Reflection from a riddle
· On averaging denominators
· Integrating mathematical finan
· 苦难是最好的学校
· Read The need for a new public
· The earth is a gigantic batter
【语言(七)】
· 想象和相象
· 汉语和英语读音的相似
· 双字词的来源
· 标致和婊子
· Credible and Incredible
· 英语和汉语类似的构词法
· Lect
· Excite and Incite
· Forget and For Get
· Lax and relax
【杂谈(三)】
· 经纬和泾渭
· Heretics are true believers
· Faith or good deeds
· 养儿还是育女?
· Should adult children stay wit
· 女儿制作的录像
· 儿子唱的rap
· 女儿带着女儿来看我们,写的一段
· Frills
【语言(六)】
· 腿脚和退却
· Copulate, copy, populate
· Emergence and emergency
· I am, I love
· Invent
· Prevent
· Repair
· Tart and top, start and stop
· S is about
· 同样的世界,不同的视角
【诗词(四)】
· On the wisdom of wisdom teeth
· Stalin Rap to Hitler and Mao
· 夕阳
· Sunshine
· Temp
· Longing
· Part
· Omen
· Winter night in the north
· An Old Car
【诗词(三)】
· Snow
· My Dear Sun
· When
· Cut Bank
· When you try
· Winter in the deep north
· 你家的月亮
· Good bye, my friends
· 当生命之火慢慢熄灭
· 公猫
【语言(五)】
· 兴趣,利益和利息
· Over 和 Overture
· Ruler
· Inspire and Expire
· 哥哥的歌
· Rest
· Decadence and decay
· 阀:大人物是干什么的?
· 奴隶的心
· 为什么我们喜欢压韵?
【语言 (四)】
· Screw and screwed
· 黄
· Kind
· Sun and moon
· Free
· Norm, normal and Normans
· Bella and bellum
· Two meanings of like
· What is a theory?
· What is man?
【经济 (二)】
· Reading James Galbraith’s The
· 为他人作嫁衣裳:贸易强国的共同
· 什么是内需不足?
· 关于持续的贸易不平衡
· A long tradition to connect th
· On persistent trade imbalance
· On green economy
· What are rights: Some reflecti
· On Risk Management
· 怎样计算股票的融资成本和预期回
【杂谈 (二)】
· There is more brainwashing in
· 看女儿
· 女儿初为人母
· Weather and climate
· 老三的一篇短文
· When defects become an advanta
· Service of necessities and ser
· 女儿的帖子
· 荷花和塘泥
【科学(四)】
· Predictions in social sciences
· 数学的现状和未来
· Social structures: A perspecti
· 温度和情绪 (temperature and t
· Learning, memory and decision
· The Least Action Principle: It
· When an electron falls to a pr
· 为什么鱼比肉更容易煮熟?
· 一篇关于The Unity of Science a
【诗词(二)】
· I’d rather
· 日暮
· 池塘里的污泥
· Over and under
· Bond and bondage
· 夕阳
· Dandelion
· 早点睡觉
· 在我慢慢褪色的世界里
· 狮的低吟,诗的回声
【语言(三)】
· 相似的单词,不同的意思
· 小米和 millet
· AM is love
· 什么是不够
· Easter: 词的来源
· 论所谓的正能量 (On being posit
· Terr 是土地
· Radical 的意思是什么?
· 努力的奴隶
· Tri 是三
【诗词】
· 风筝:孩子离家
· 篝火
· 落日:致老去的人们
· 杜达尔和玛丽亚
· Deep North
· Driving crazy
· 燃烧和发烧
· 满月的冬夜
· 献给空巢的父母
· Burning and burn out
【健康(三)】
· Mentally stimulating
· On obsessive compulsive disord
· 吃盐和生育
· Ginger and gingerly
· Principle Based Medicine
· Why we need pain?
· 关于自闭症
· 健康的定义
· 针灸的原理
· 情感的守恒定律
【科学(三)】
· 数学及其在社会科学中的应用
· 为什么光线弱的地方会觉得浪漫?
· 美是平均,美是不变的性质
· 颜色和温度
· 简洁就是美
· 栖息之地:健康的树和濒死的树
· 落红不是无情物,化作春泥更护花
· 为什么肥沃的土地上很难找到先锋
· 不平等,效率和系统维护成本
· 生物学的统一理论
【语言(二)】
· 论精美
· 铁 (fer)
· 家
· 我,倭,和,we
· 鹪鹩,娇娆,wren, 人,文
· 牡丹,Botan, Botany
· 人多则移
· 英语中的几个象形词
· 他和它
· 趣味英语:一个不引人注意的前缀
【科学(二)】
· 基因突变不是完全偶然的
· 生物学和生态学的结合
· Energy consumption and cost
· 人类的平均寿命能到一百岁吗?
· 蝴蝶效应并不存在 (兼论偏微分
· 科学与经济学的统一
· 意识: 一个经济学和物理学的理论
· 诺奖得主年龄的变迁
· 学科细分: 社会停滞和衰退的表征
【健康(二)】
· On cortisol and other drugs
· 为什么负氧离子有益健康
· 吃冰和减肥
· 实用生理学
· 为什么晒太阳有好处?
· 为什么练功经常用圆型姿式?
· 脉搏中包含多少信息?
· 外科手术不伤身体吗?
· 头痛医脚
· 怎样才能改善内脏的功能
【人口(二)】
· 政府的法律和自然的法律
· 出生率,平均寿命,生活水平和社
· Holmes stories: The number of
· 个体年龄和社会年龄
· 多子多福
· 人口塌陷: 真正的悲剧
· 华人的高智商和低生育率
· 走出非洲
· 生命就是竞争
· 什么是文化
【人口】
· 聪明的代价:亚当和夏娃的故事
· 为什么大道至简
· 论移民
· 人口问题文章的一个汇总
· 人口警报?
· 人口红利和人口投资
· 多生孩子: 靠政策,还是靠自己?
· 华而不实和春华秋实
· 劝君莫惜金缕衣,劝君惜取少年时
· 政府越大,出生率越低
【政治】
· 关于全民基本收入
· 六四还是六三?
· Iron and blood
· 华人参政不够踊跃吗?
· 谁得益于大政府?兼论美国大选
· 印一百元假钞是犯罪,印一万亿真
· 量化宽松和猪肉注水
· 百年大势和英国脱欧
【杂谈】
· 搭错车
· 龙图腾的含义
· 个体的肥胖和社会的肥胖
· 在什么年纪,做什么事情
· 早晨出行和下午出行
· 男学生在哪里?
· 贱和基本
· 少数的重要性
【经济】
· 效用函数是什么样子的?
· 经济学理论不应该建立在拓扑学基
· 谁是二十世纪最伟大的经济学家?
· 谁是十九世纪最伟大的经济学家?
· 非平衡态经济学理论简介
· 凯恩斯主义适用的环境
· 从日本的负利率谈起
· 关于利率
· 生产过程各要素之间的关系
· 平衡态和非平衡态经济学
【加拿大】
· 一个登山爱好者的历险 (附视频
· 回归
· 海达圭游记
· 天尽头
· 红河谷歌词的变迁
· 洄游的三文鱼
· 碧西(BC)的风景和阿省的风景
· 中加教育比较
【语言】
· 决定和 decide
· 仇的两种读法
· 小儿子教我读书
· 汉语单词的起源
· 舒服和束缚
· 姓张的人为什么这么多?
· 纽,妞,丑,new, 牛
· 姜太公的故事
· 语言的产生和演变
【科学】
· 科学研究:缺的是钱吗?
· 数学:应用和乐趣
· 汉字和科学研究
· 社会生物学与社会
· 有趣的化学
· 蒲公英和科学研究
· 当代没有科学大师吗?
· 数学,美和现实
· 现实世界:理解数学的金钥匙
【健康】
· 按摩脚底为什么这么重要?
· 中医的疗效(续)
· 从蛋白质的不同分解途径看痛风的
· 中医的疗效
· 从哮喘的治疗谈预防
· 实用生理学
· 什么是酸性食物?
· 肥胖和内脏功能
· 呼吸的方法
· 关于抑郁
【科学与经济】
· 阅读The Unity of Science and E
· 信息和熵的等价性
· 知觉的简单和数学的简单
· 一流的研究: 真那么难吗?
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知觉的简单和数学的简单
   

知觉的简单和数学的简单

每天早晨,太阳从东边升起,每天晩上,太阳从西边落下,太阳每天围绕地球转一圈,这是显然的。但这不是我们从课本上学到的,我们学到的是,地球每天自转一圈,同时围绕太阳公转。为什么我们的知觉和正规的教育这么不同?

如果采纳太阳和其它天体围绕地球运转的理论,行星轨道的计算非常复杂,而采用太阳中心说,行星轨道的计算变得非常简单,也就是说,正规的理论采用日心说,是由于其数学的简单性。但并不是所有的理论,都以数学的简单性为标准。

自从熵理论从一百多年前提出以来,很多科学理论的突破都借助了熵的概念。比如说普郎克量子公式的推导[1, 2]和爱因斯坦光量子理论的推导[3],都借助于熵函数。为什么用了熵函数问题会简化呢?用吉布斯的话[4]
The method in which the co-ordinates represent volume and pressure has a certain advantage in the simple and elementary character of the notions upon which it is based … On the other hand, a method involving the notion of entropy, the very existence of which depends upon the second law of thermodynamics, will doubtless seem to many far-fetched, and may repel beginners as obscure and difficult of comprehension. This inconvenience is perhaps more than counterbalanced by the advantages of a method which makes the second law of thermodynamics so prominent, and gives it so clear and elementary an expression. 

因为热力学第二定律,也称为熵定律,是自然界最普遍的定律,用作自变量往往使问题的数学表达变得非常简单。


但当一个理论建立起来以后,这些早期探索者的方法并没有被后来的教科书采用。讲授量子论或光量子论,不会提到熵,讲授热力学,教科书上用的自变量仍然是体积和压强,而非吉布斯所用的熵和温度。为什么呢?一提到体积和压强,大多数人都明白我们讨论的是什么,但一提到熵,大概没有一个人对这个词有清晰的直觉。 我们先讨论熵的重要性,然后再试图理解为什么人们对熵这个量没有像体积,压强和温度这样的直觉。水从高处流下,可以带动水轮发电;风是空气的定向运动,可以带动风轮运转;太阳的表面大约六千度,太阳发出高频的可见光,地球发出低频的红外光,这频率的差异推动着地球上的活动。从最一般的角度,一个系统从小概率状态向大概率状态演化,而这个概率的测度就是熵,用物理学的语言,系统由低熵状态向高熵状态演化,这就是熵定律,自然界最普遍的定律,人们经常从平衡态的角度看熵定律,给人一种荒凉和死亡的感觉。但是,如果从非平衡态的角度,熵的流动,经常以水流,电流,光流的形式表达出来,是生命的源泉,因为所有的生命都需要利用熵流来生存。熵是我们最需要的信息,实际上,熵就是信息本身,这就是为什么信息的数学表达式是熵函数。既然熵对人和所有生命这么重要,人体为什么不能直接探测熵这个物理量, 就像人们能够探测体积,压强和温度一样?这可能是由于熵主要是表达数量巨大的微小粒子之间的关系,很难想象知觉系统能够探知熵的大小。但数学方法不受知觉系统的直接限制,由于熵增加是自然界最普遍的现象,以熵函数为自变量的数学方法往往最为简单, 为早期研究者探索问题的答案提供了捷径。而后来的教学方法,侧重于教学的简单,更多的采用人们知觉所熟悉的变量。

既然如此,为什么日心说,一个和知觉相抵触的理论,成为在大众中传播的理论呢?这是因为整个社会认为日心说太重要了,因为日心说最终导致了经典力学的建立,导致了科学革命。但是从了解自然和社会这个角度,熵理论应该和日心说一样重要,如果不是更重要的话。越来越多的人认识到热力学现象对整个世界和思维的根本性影响,2003年,两组不同的心理学家写过两篇文章,它们的标题分别是 The First Law of Psychology is the Second Law of Thermodynamics [5] 和 the second law of thermodynamics is the first law of psychology [6].


这表明,他们强烈地意识到热力学对了解思维的重要性。在我的工作中,提供了很多热力学和统计力学对了解思维的具体应用 [7,8]. 但是我们大家对热力学和统计力学很少了解,这阻碍了热力学和统计力学理论的研究和推广。

也许有人认为熵理论太难,但熵理论的信息论表述仅需要用到对数函数[9], 任何中学都可以教。也许有人认为熵理论的应用过于高深,中学生很难懂,但很多熵理论的应用只需用到对数函数,能够应用到日常生活中人们熟悉的问题[7,8],熵理论的应用往往比传统理论简单得多。这些熵理论的应用, 无需作为单独的经济学,金融学或心理学理论来讲授, 这些理论非常简单, 可以直接作为数学课中对数函数的应用, 或者信息理论的应用,或者热力学和统计力学理论的应用。


总而言之, 有很多方法, 可以让社会更多地了解熵理论。如果我们愿意付出努力, 让人们从中学开始, 就了解热力学和熵的种种奇妙应用, 我们就可以给社会带来第二次科学革命。因为热力学和的作用渗透到生活的每一个领域, 这个新的科学革命也将影响生活的每一个领域。 



参考文献

1. Planck, M. (1900).On an Improvement of Wien’s Equation for the Spectrum. Verh. Deut. Phys. Ges2, 202-204.

 

2. Planck, M. (1901).On the law of distribution of energy in the normal spectrum. Annalen der Physik4(553), 1.


3. Einstein, A. 1905 (1989), On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light. In The collected papers of Albert Einstein (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press.


4. Gibbs, J. 1873 (1906), Graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids, Collected in Scientific papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Ox Bow Press


5. La Cerra, P. (2003). The First Law of Psychology is the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Energetic Evolutionary Model of the Mind and the Generation of Human Psychological Phenomena, Human Nature Review, 3, 440-447


6. Tooby, J. Cosmides, L. and Barrett, C. (2003).the second law of thermodynamics is the first law of psychology” Evolutionary development and the theory of tandem, coordinated inheritances. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 129, No. 6, 858-865.


7. Chen, J. (2005). The physical foundation of economics: An analytical thermodynamic theory, World Scientific, Hackensack, NJ


8.  Chen,J. (2015) TheUnity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory, Springer


9. Jaynes, E. (1957). InformationTheory and Statistical Mechanics. PhysicalReview, 106: 620-630




 
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