美国人肥胖的成因和现状

肥胖，说到底，除了极少数个例因为遗传因素之外，就是吃的不够健康，外加运动不够。前者，一则来自经济原因，再则，或者更为重要的，是因为习惯。而习惯，又是相互影响的结果特别是来自父母的影响。后者，也是因为条件和习惯。

由于此，当人们将美国肥胖率过高的原因，归结为教育程度和经济原因的时候，我觉得，有点搞错了方向。这些要素或许是长期坏习惯得以形成的原因，更多的，恐怕还是人们“懒惰”的结果，也是大公司拼命打广告，误导消费者的结果。这两个因素的“贡献”是提供了惯性。

美国的普通消费者太容易相信大公司的一面之词。

实际上，至少对于我，消灭肥胖，不是一件很困难的事情，如果你真的想做到的话，特别是对于孩子。有些城市，高达四成人口过于肥胖的事实，确实是让没有亲眼见到的人无法想象出。

America’s Fattest Cities

April 12, 2013 by Douglas A. McIntyre, Alexander E.M. Hess, Michael B. Sauter, Samuel Weigley

Obesity may be the most closely followed health care issue in the United States. The rate of obesity has increased dramatically in the past two decades, growing from 13% in 1960 to 34% nationally. As a result, costs associated with treating obesity have exploded. Obesity was estimated to cost $190 billion annually in additional medical expenses, or more than 20% of health care spending, and double earlier figures, according to a study published last year in the Journal of Health Economics.

In general, obesity rates remain high in several areas of the country, including much of southern Texas, Mississippi, Alabama and West Virginia, and the shrinking cities of the industrial Rust Belt. Based on data published in theGallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 11 metropolitan areas with the highest obesity rates. For the second year in a row, McAllen, Texas, had the highest obesity rate and Boulder, Colo. had the lowest.

Poverty and educational attainment are among the greatest predictors and have a direct bearing on the incidence of obesity. Of the 11 cities, eight have a higher poverty rate than the national rate of 15.9%. In McAllen, Texas, the city with the highest obesity rate, 37.7% of adults lived below the poverty line. All 11 cities also have lower percentages of adults with bachelor’s degrees than the nationwide rate. By contrast, all the cities with the lowest rates of obesity had better educational attainment than the national average rate, and nine also had poverty rates below the national rate.

According to Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index research director Dan Witters, low educational attainment and high poverty rates can encourage poor decisions that make obesity more likely. “As education is lower, health literacy is lower,” Witters explained, meaning that America’s poor are frequently uninformed about healthy behavior.

He also noted that people also are less likely to make healthy choices, like maintaining a good diet and regular exercise, if they cannot afford them. Witters describes low health literacy and low income as an “unholy duo, where people are making easy, inexpensive, and high-calorie choices for their food.”

As might be expected, people in the cities with the highest obesity rates are much less likely to exercise regularly. In nine of the metro areas with the highest obesity rates, a smaller proportion of of residents reported exercising at least 30 minutes per day, three days per week, than the national rate. To make matters worse, people in these cities are much more likely to smoke. More than 25% of residents in five of the 11 cities reported smoking, compared to the 19.2% nationwide.

The cities with the highest obesity rates also tended to eat poorly. A majority had a smaller proportion of residents that reported eating healthy all day, compared to the national rate of 66.5%. Part of this has to do with the availability of healthy food. According to the USDA data on food access, it is extremely difficult to buy affordable healthy food in large parts of these metro areas.

These poor diets and exercise predictably have led to disastrous health consequences. The majority of the cities struggling with obesity have higher than average rates of heart attacks and residents suffering from hypertension. All 11 had above-average rates of diabetes, and six were in the top 10% among all metro areas. Residents of these cities also were much more likely to experience pain, joint and knee pain in particular.

24/7 Wall St. reviewed the 11 metropolitan statistical areas with the highest percentages of residents that reported in 2012 having a body mass index of 30 or higher, as measured in the Gallup-Healthways Well-being Index. We also reviewed a wide range of data collected as part of the well-being index for the 189 metro areas measured. These include health outcomes such as diabetes and hypertension rates, exercise and healthy eating, and smoking. We also considered poverty rates, income and educational attainment from the U.S. Census Bureau for 2011, the most recent available data. We also looked at census tracts in these areas identified by the USDA as low income and low access areas for food, where residents have low income and live 1 mile (in urban areas) or 10 miles (in rural areas) from a grocery store or supermarket.

These are America’s fattest cities.

11. Erie, Penn.
> Pct. obese: 32.5% (tied for 10th highest)
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 28.5% (93rd highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 45.2% (3rd lowest)
> Poverty rate: 16.4% (181st lowest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 24.2% (164th lowest)

One of the big problems for Erie that contributes to its high obesity rate is a lack of exercise. Just 45.2% of Erie residents claimed that they exercised at least 30 minutes a day for at least three days during the past week, lower than all but two metro areas surveyed by Gallup-Healthways. While as many as 93.6% of residents said it was easy to get fruits and vegetables — among the top third of all metro areas — only 90.1% said it was easy to find a safe place to exercise — among the bottom third of all metro areas.

10. Beaumont-Port Arthur, Texas
> Obesity rate: 32.5% (tied for 10th highest)
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 33.3% (29th highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 52.2% (79th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 17.6% (135th highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 15.7% (27th lowest)

Not only were Beaumont metro area residents among the most obese in 2012, but they also ranked as some of the most physically unhealthy Americans in the nation. Only 73.5% of those surveyed noted they had no health problems that kept them from age-appropriate activities, among the worst rates in the nation. Similarly, more than 15% had diabetes — also among the worst rates. Beaumont area residents also do not tend to practice healthy behaviors. Just 56.6% of respondents told Gallup they ate healthy all day, the second-worst rate in the nation. Additionally, there are large parts of both Beaumont and Port Arthur where residents live far from any source of healthy and affordable food, such as grocery stores.

9. Reading, Penn.
> Obesity rate: 32.8%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 31.2% (52nd highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 46.4% (7th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 13.7% (85th lowest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 23.0% (145th lowest)

In 2012, Reading had one of the highest obesity rates in the nation for the third year in a row. As many as 6% of residents surveyed stated they had experienced a heart attack, the 10th highest percentage for any metro area in the United States. Residents also were more likely than the majority of Americans to have high blood pressure and cholesterol. When it comes to healthy behavior, just 46.4% of residents exercised at least three times per week for 30 minutes, among the worst rates in the nation. However, residents were more likely than most people surveyed to report easy access to affordable fruits and vegetables.

8. Charleston, W.Va.
> Obesity rate: 32.9%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 41.1% (2nd highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 49.0% (25th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 18.2% (118th highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 21.8% (124th lowest)

Charleston’s high obesity rate has led to significant health problems among the area’s residents. More than 41% reported high blood pressure, more than all but one metro area. In addition, 6.3% of the adult population had experienced a heart attack, the fifth-highest percentage of all metro areas, while 37.1% of the population had recurring pain in their knee or leg, more than all but two metro areas. More than 32% of the population smoked as of 2012, more than all other metro areas. Just 84.8% of the population reported that was easy to find affordable fruits and vegetables, the third-lowest percentage of all metro areas. Meanwhile, less than 82% of respondents said it was easy to find a safe place to exercise, the lowest rate in the country.

7. Toledo, Ohio
> Obesity rate: 33.0%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 29.1% (85th highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 55.0% (59th highest)
> Poverty rate: 20.2% (66th highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 23.5% (154th lowest)

Toledo residents were more likely than most Americans to have high cholesterol, high blood pressure or diabetes, or to have suffered a heart attack. Among the problems facing Toledo, 10.4% of residents stated they lacked access to a safe place to exercise, versus 8% nationally. Residents also were more likely than most Americans to smoke, with 23.5% of people surveyed in the area reporting they smoked, versus 19.2% nationwide. Toledo had a 20.2% poverty rate in 2011, well above the national rate of 15.9%.

6. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, S.C.
> Obesity rate: 33.1%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 40.9% (3rd highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 55.8% (46th highest)
> Poverty rate: 18.9% (98th highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 24.4% (169th lowest)

Nearly 41% of the adult residents in the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area reported having high blood pressure, the third-highest percentage of all metro areas in the nation. Moreover, 17.5% of the adult population has been told they have diabetes, more than all but one metro area. Lack of medical care could be exacerbating the obesity problem. As many as 21.7% of the population did not have health insurance in 2011, the second worst rate in the country and almost triple the national average. Access to affordable, healthy food is inadequate in the areas in and around both Myrtle Beach and Conway.

5. Hagerstown-Martinsburg, Md.-W.Va
> Obesity rate: 33.4%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 33.8% (26th highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 49.7% (30th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 13.6% (84th lowest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 19.2% (81st lowest)

Hagerstown residents rated poorly for practicing healthy behaviors. Less than 61% of those surveyed ate healthy all day, and less than half exercised regularly — both worse than the majority of metro areas. However, respondents were nearly as likely to report access to affordable, healthy food as most Americans, and were more likely to report they had access to a safe place to exercise. As of 2011, just 19.2% of adult residents were college graduates, versus 28.5% nationally. Hagerstown was among the top 20% nationwide for diabetes, hypertension, heart attacks and high cholesterol rates.

4. Mobile, Ala.
> Obesity rate: 33.7%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 35.6% (12th highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 52.6% (86th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 19.4% (84th highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 20.2% (102nd lowest)

The Mobile metropolitan areas is poorer than most, which may contribute to its high obesity. The poverty rate in 2011 of 19.4%, while far from the highest, was well above the 15.9% across the country. Meanwhile, the median household income of $42,372 was more than $8,000 less than the national median. Worse, only 71.4% of the population said they had all the money they needed to buy food at all times in the past 12 months, less than all but two other metropolitan areas. Approximately 35.6% of the population were told they had high blood pressure, while 14.1% of the population were diagnosed with diabetes, both among the highest percentages of all metro areas surveyed.

3. Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, Ark.
> Obesity rate: 34.7%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 37.3% (5th highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 52.7% (87th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 14.7% (118th lowest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 27.9% (132nd highest)

Just 58.9% of Little Rock area residents claimed they ate healthy all day, one of the lowest rates in the United States. The lack of healthy eating may partially be attributable to the fact that large parts of Little Rock do not have nearby access to healthy, affordable food. Like many metro areas, the high obesity rate likely has contributed to the area residents’ poor overall health. More than 37% of the adult population has been told they have high blood pressure, the fifth-highest percentage of all metro areas. More than 28% of the adult population had recurring pain in the knee or leg, among the highest of all metro areas surveyed.

2. Huntington-Ashland, W.Va., Ky.
> Obesity rate: 37.7%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 43.3% (the highest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 46.5% (8th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 19.9% (72nd highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 18.8% (74th lowest)

Only 67% of those surveyed in the Huntington area stated they had no health problems preventing them from participating in normal activities, tied for the worst percentage in the nation with Charleston, W.Va. Just 77% of residents stated they had enough energy to do what they wanted in the past day, also the lowest percentage in the nation. Additionally, more than 43% of residents had high blood pressure, while 8.9% of those surveyed had experienced a heart attack, in both cases the highest rates in the nation. Just 87.5% of residents claimed they had access to a safe place to exercise, one of the lowest rates in the country.

1. McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, Texas
> Obesity rate: 38.5%
> Pct. with high blood pressure: 26.6% (57th lowest)
> Pct. exercise regularly: 52.2% (79th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 37.7% (the highest)
> Pct. with at least bachelors degree: 16.0% (30th lowest)

McAllen was the fattest metropolitan area in the country in 2012, with 38.5% of the adult population considered obese. The high obesity rate has likely contributed to area residents’ poor health. More than 21% of the population has been diagnosed with diabetes, more than any other metro area in the United States. Poverty may play a large role in the community’s health problems as well. The metro region had the highest poverty rate in the country, with 37.7% of the population living below the poverty line in 2011. More than 17% of the population also lacked health coverage that year, among the highest of all U.S. metro areas. The vast majority of the McAllen metro area is located in a food desert, indicating a severe lack of access to healthy foods for residents.