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| 灵活的英语 - 动词时态 |
| 灵活的英语 - 动词时态 动词时态和完成时动词 (Perfect Tenses) 很多中国人经常对学好英文的难度有所抱怨。但学英语并不比学汉语困难,其实它甚至可能比学汉语更容易,因为英语的基本词汇比汉语小,而且没有同音异字的复杂性。 学语言要掌握两个关键:词汇和语法。 语法是制定词汇和动词之间的关系的规则。动词是英语语法的连杆,不正确的动词应用会让听者有“丈二和尚”的感觉。英语动词,尤其是它复杂的动词时态,是我们学英语的绊脚石。 中国人对英语动词的恐惧我很同情,不过这种语言的简单和复杂性是个双刃刀,我本人认为汉语超简单的动词时态是导致汉语模棱两可的重要原因,反过来说,英语的复杂动词却是让英语成为世界上最精确和国际法律公认语言的最大原因之一。 英语有14个动词时态,它们是: 注:括号内“英式中文”翻译特意蹩脚以充份表达英文句子的原意。 1. 现在时 (Present Tense) I walk, he walks, she walks, we walk, they walk 《我现在走》 2. 过去时 (Past Tense) I walked, he/she/we/they walked 《我过去走》 3. 将来时 (Future Tense) I will walk, he/she/we/they will walk 《我将来走》 4. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense) I have walked, he/she has walked, we/they have walked 《我现在已经走了》 5. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect Tense) I had walked,等等 《我过去已经走了》 6. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect Tense) I will have walked,等等 《我那时会已经走了》 7. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous) - I am walking,等等 《我现在正在走着》 8. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous) I was walking,等等 《我那时正在走着》 9. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous) I will be walking,等等 《我那时会正在走着》 10. 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous) I have been walking,等等 《我直到现在正在走着》 11. 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous) I had been walking,等等 《我直到那时正在走着》 12. 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous) I will have been walking,等等 《我将来会直到那个时候正在走着》 13. 强调性现在时 (Present emphatic) I do walk,等等 《我有走的!》 14. 强调性过去时 (Past emphatic) I did walk,等等 《我那时有走的!》 今天我们要谈“完成时”动词。 (所有“完成时”动词都遵守同样的规则,这里我们只需要谈“现在完成时”。“将来完成时” “will have” 有另外一个用法,以后再谈。) “现在完成时”动词,用来表示一个动作在一个不确定的时间发生过了。具体的发生时间并不重要。也就是说,“现在完成时”只可以用在非具体时间已发生的事,如:有史以来,从来没有,一次,很多次,好几次,以前,到目前为止,已经,可是,等等。(ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc。) 如果动作发生在一个确定的时间,比如:昨天,一年前,上星期,当我还是个孩子,当我在日本生活,在那一刻,这一天,有一天,等等,你不能使用“现在完成时”。(yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.) 请看下面例子: * I have walked this route before. * I have seen that movie twenty times. * I think I have met him somewhere. * There have been many earthquakes in California. * People have traveled to the Moon. * People have not traveled to Mars. * Have you read the book yet? * Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. * Has there ever been a war in the United States? * Yes, there has been a war in the United States. 错: * I have walked this route yesterday. (这句子应该改成 I walked this route yesterday.) 因为下一章我们要谈 “have” 的奇妙用法,现在把上面第一到第四个例子以“have”代替“walk”给大家看看: 1. 现在时 (Present Tense) I have, he has, she has, we have, they have 2. 过去时 (Past Tense) I had, he/she/we/they had 3. 将来时 (Future Tense) I will have, he/she/we/they will have 4. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense) I have had, he/she has had, we/they have had 例子: * I have two dollars. * He had two dollars. * I think she will have the money tomorrow. * They have had many earthquakes before. 错: * They have had many earthquakes last year.
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