Ohno Taiichi 的工程师。他改变了几十年来“垄断”汽车行业的, 由福特首先使用的mass production 这个生产模式。Taiichi认为,福特的这个模式虽然有很多优点,比如可以大幅度降低生产成本,但也有很多问题,比如,如果机器配置出了问题,就要等到产品最后完成后才能返工,导致大量积压的废品无法处理,间接地提高了生产成本;而且,这种分工细致的传统制造体系很容易让工人对日复一日单调乏味的工作产生厌倦,从而增加废品和事故率, 加上工人在这种批量生产制度中并没有被要求对质量负责,所以他们往往是被动的完成任务了事。更重要的是,由于生产周期长,改换机器设备费事费时,因此这种生产模式往往产品单一,品种有限(福特那句著名的“They can have any color they want, as long as its black”,非常生动地概括了这个特点)。这一点,在汽车行业刚刚开始的时候还尚可接受,但当顾客需求越来越多样化的50年代,就显然不那么符合市场需求了。因此,Taiichi花了好几年时间,研究出了一整套新的生产模式,被称为Toyota Production System - TPS。它将更换不同车型所需要的工具和机械配置时间从一般的一天减少到了1962年的15 分钟,在1971 年更减少到了区区三分钟! 这样一来,丰田汽车可以在同一条生产线上安装不同设计的车型,而不需要增加更多的成本,因此丰田的产品越来越品种繁多,却仍然能将成本控制在让同行竞争对手无法企及的程度。当然,丰田还有其他许多举措,比如质量小组,给予员工对质量控制的充分自主权,以及主动征求顾客意见和建议,并积极将这些建议采纳到新车型设计过程中这样一些“反行业潮流”的“革命性”举措。
和其他日本汽车制造商一样,丰田对部件制造商的依赖也超过传统上美国汽车工业的标准。
2005年,丰田,本田和尼桑使用的部件中,高达35%来自供应商,而这个数字在GM 和福特只有大约15%。这个决策上的不同,从另外一个方面说明日本和美国汽车行业对待零部件的不同态度和措施。一般来说,日本汽车制造商一般会采用所谓“双轨制”的部件合同制,也就是说,除了最关键的部件坚持内部设计和制造以外(比如本田就绝对不会外包它的引擎设计和制造,因为那是它的“核心竞争力”来源之一),一般会依靠一批长期合作的“first tier suppliers"。 这些供应商和丰田本田这样的公司都有很久远的合作关系,两者合作紧密,已经超过了传统意义上的市场买卖关系;而一些更加“边缘”性质的部件,则从所谓的“第二梯队”供应商购买。这 些供应商可能就没有太紧密和长久的合作关系,是比较市场化的交易关系。这次出现问题的CTS 公司,应该是属于后者,而问题就出在这样的供应商身上,不能不让人深感“全球价值链”的脆弱程度。正如那句老话说的那样,the strength of the chain depends on the weakest link, 而如何保证即便是整个链上最“微弱”的一环都能够经得起冲击,也因此成为全球化企业博弈的一大挑战。当然, CTS 表示,他们为许多汽车制造商生产踏板和其他设备,丰田的订单只占总额的3%。至于事故踏板的责任所在,该公司坚持自己是完全按照丰田的设计所做,而为其他公司生产的同类产品(不同设计)并没有这样的问题,所以责任不在自己身上。目前对此下结论还太早。
Thanks! This is related to my field, so I am familiar with the "Toyota Story".
You are right, Toyota needs to be responsible for its own mistakes, especially now the facts seem to show that their parts designs are the real reasons behind the problem. I just heard a news clip yesterday at NPR about how these recalls are affecting the morale of Toyota workers back in Japan, and how this whole thing is weighing on Japanese "national pride". The ramification of these recalls are much more serious than I originally expected.
Thanks for pointing out my error in the reference to Greek mythology - I actually know very little about these Greek gods and legends - should have double checked with my boys before writing that down:).
I think it is a law of nature. It’s easy to get complacent (and corrupt and arrogant) when you’re numero uno for so long. Just look at GM, IBM, Merrill Lynch. And in politics one doesn’t need to look further than China.
Yes, it’s indeed hard to run a large company like 丰田, but if you’re number one – and especially if if you’re number one – you MUST try harder to stay number one. Just imagine if you were the only game in town, like in China…
We all need to be accountable to someone. Ultimately 丰田 is accountable to its customers (i.e. the "market"). In politics, the accountability is to the "stakeholders".
I am not "blaming" the supplier for Toyota's trouble, as I pointed out in the article, the real reason and cause of the problems are not that clear yet, although Toyota seems to make gestures to take full responsibility for this mistake, which is something I totally admire. Remember what happened a few years ago when Ford had the tire problem? What a messy finger pointing that incidence caused.
I was just trying to use this incidence as a "talking point", to discuss some of the challenges global businesses face today in this changing environment. Even if the problem is in the design of Toyota's parts (now it loosk more like it's caused by problems of the electronic components, which are also outsourced to other suppliers- maybe designed by Toyota, I don't know), the challenges mentioned in this article are still issues they have to deal with. And I totally agree that "the bigger you get, the more dominant and successful you are, the harder it is to continue to improve", which is really the irony behind the "continuous improvement" mantra of the TQM system pioneered by the Japanese.
I totally agree. This is the point! Watanabe, Former CEO, of Toyata, wanted to become #1 in Auto industry so bad. He got it. Then he lost the job, Toyata lost money. And now there is quality problem.
You can blame a part supplier for the quality problem. Who is part supplier going to blame? Materials companies, electronics designers? We buy cars from Toyota, who is supposed to impose high standard on quality control.
Thanks for the comments! I read a little more details about the technical stuff behind this and it looks like the problem likely lies in the electronic control of the pedals - and the recall involves reprogramming of the system. I guess the problem is more serious than I first thought.
I just read this newest development about Prius. Given that all the parts and components for this model are made and designed in Japan, it seems to elude the problem to Toyota's internal problem like you pointed out. So perhaps the rapid growth creates its own "Hercule's heels"(?)
Thanks for your comments. Whether it's the quality problem with the supplier or the design problem, it's still in dispute. I just added a few sentences at the end of the second to the last paragraph to clarify this, and also added a related link about the supplier.