中國1990 年的人均排放是2.1mmt(see the link for details), 當時的人口是1.14億, 因此可以算出大當時的總排放量大概是2.35 億; 而2005 年人均排放增加到3.6,人口也增長到1.3 億,so 總排放量大約是4.7億。但由於2005 年中國出口的比重大大增加,大約應該再在這個數字上加1/3,所以可以估計2005 年中國的總排放量大概是6.2 億 -- i.e., 15 年中增加了2.5 倍左右。但因為2005 年的GDP 比1990 年增加了8倍(從2000 B 增長到18230 B),所以單位排放量仍然降低了差不多一半。 未來二十年,即便這個“強度”會下降45%, 但由於GDP 會保持持續增長,實際的總排放量仍然會上升,只是速度可能會得到控制。這裡就不算了。相比之下,美國在1990 到2005 年間, 排放總量(total emission - not carbon intensity)增加了15%; 算上目前提出的到2020 年達到相對2005 年水平降低17%的承諾,美國這個排放第一大國,在1990 年到2020 年之間也只會降低排放4%!!!
而另外一個排放“巨頭”歐洲,在這方面則比美國實在得多,(歐盟的2020 年計劃排放量將比1990 年降低30%),也因此對美國的減排期望高得多(歐盟希望美國在在2020 年達到相對1990年水平 20% 的減排量). 話說回來,歐盟之所以緊逼美國不放,除了紙面上那些冠冕堂皇的理由外,恐怕還有一層說不出口的意圖,那就是用環境和能源這張自己占有話語權的牌,來重新獲得最近十幾二十年來旁落的國際事務發言權。聰明務實如美國,當然不會買這個賬了。雖然歐洲各國對美國不願意承擔更多責任的“耍滑頭”做法很不滿, 但相對前任小布什政府根本不承認氣候變暖這個命題, 甚至單方面退出“京都協議”的“牛仔”風格,小奧至少在表面上是“committed to the cause of climate control" 的。不過,口頭承諾和實際行動,還是有千差萬別的 -- 這也是為什麼許多人對奧總“獎也得了,兵也增了”的“實用主義”外交策略有不同看法的原因之一。當然,美國不買歐洲的賬,可能還是有“我是老大,怎能聽你指揮”的“別苗頭”的心理在起作用;而弄得奧總和參議員們焦頭爛額的醫療改革和各項金融體制改革,也讓這些立法者們無瑕他顧。
二,發達國家是否應該對發展中國家提供資金和技術援助?
“聯合國氣候變化框架公約”規定發達國家有義務向發展中國家應對氣候變化提供資金和技術支持。這個公約雖然已經通過十幾年,發達國家的這一承諾仍然只停留在紙面上,這次希拉里承諾美國將在2020 年以前,每年向發展中國家提供1000 億美元($100 B) 的資金援助,應該是一個好的開端。但美國的這一承諾不是白給的,用希拉里的話來說,就是“有附加條件”的 -- 這個附加條件,就是接受資助的國家,必須同意接受聯國和給予資助的國家的關於排放措施的檢查。對此,中國提出異議,認為這種要求是干涉中國內政,不應該成為接受資助的條件。在這個議題上,美國一些決策人士也提出異議,認為中國有高達 幾十億美元的外匯存款,不應該再接受美國等發達國家的資助,而應該把這些資助“讓給”更需要資金的其他發展中國家。對此,中國當然是據理力爭,指出儘管中國的確擁有巨額外匯,但人均GDP 和其他收入指標仍然是發展中國家的水平,因此不應該被“雙重標準”對待。在這個問題上,中方態度強硬,毫不相讓,表現了應有的外交立場,值得支持。
昭君,那個cap and trade 立案就是法律,現已在眾院通過,參院能否通過還是未知數,因為參院已被醫改立案弄得焦頭爛額,根本無暇辯論。而這次奧巴馬在個哥本哈根的原本意圖是達成協議並簽字,就是有法律效義的協議,但他幾乎沒有得到任何東西。而參院待議的立案就是要規定如何 cap and trade, 完全是交易,只要你有錢,可以買carbon credit, 就可以繼續污染。那改善全球變暖就完全成了交易,錢就是法律。這樣的立案,slolution, 你能相信他們是在嚴肅對待全球變暖導致地球危機的這個問題嗎?
Coody: Sorry, I got you and Coolboy mixed, because of a comment he posted after the rap I posted a couple of days ago. Plus, you two were posting comments at the same time so I got confused. I'm in the middle of a debate tournament my son attends (I'm volunteering as a judge), so I don't really have much time to go over the comments carefully before responding. So if I missed your points or got my responses mixed with the ones to other people's, I apologize.
I don't pay too much attention to China-Taiwan relationship, so I can't really comment on your point. Sorry:).
I am not Cool Boy. I can see you did not get the point. But, it seems China has shown a little he wants to be a wolf in the world instead of pig. Is it true? 美國向台灣銷售武器 Probably 這個將在這個月底,就會見分曉.
Coody (Cool Boy): Thanks for the clarification. I think if that's what happens, it should be the ideal situation. Of course, that is, if the UN inspectors can be objective and unbiased:).
PS, verification will be made by the UN but rather a specific country. If China agrees verification, it will be verified by the UN but not US. Similarly, the US will not be verified by the China but the UN.
But, US never said its target cannot be verified. If China wants to verify US, I do not think US will have problems. China, however, does not want but will do by itself. I did not see you have mentioned this key difference between two countries.
Looks like several of us are posting comments at the same time, so the order is a bit messed up now:). I agree promise to reduce emission is one thing, and hold oneself accountable is another. But this applies to both China and US. I don't think US is entitled to the right to monitor China's efforts whenever it wants to just because it loans the capital, but can deny other countries' request that it should also be true to its words. I certainly understand the "divergence" of these two countries on this issue, but accountability and responsibility shouldn't be a double standard.
Air pollution and CO2 content/emission are again two different things. You may have a cup of very salty water that looks very clean or you may also have a cup of very dirty water that has little salt in it. US government does not care the air pollution in China at all. Japanese government worried about the air pollution in China because the air pollution in China also affects Japan when it moves to the east. Japanese government actually paid/helped China some in cleaning up the air pollution.
昭君,你好,許久未聊了。這個cap and trade 的內幕太深了,排碳是表面的。中國政府是給了奧巴馬個台階下,他其實什麼都沒得到。建議你去youtube上看一個新的視頻,“conspiracy theory - global warming".那個jesse ventura 是前明尼蘇達州州長。看了你可能就會重新想了。
中國總理溫家寶在講話中指出,中國在1990至2005年,單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放強度(carbon intensity = total emission/GDP)下降46%。而在未來十年,這個carbon intensity量會比2005年再下降40%-45%(也就是說,到2020年,中國的carbon intensity相對1990 level 將會下降整整70%)!
The problem is how to prove it. That is what the US wants China to be examined by the world. But, China does not want. China said we promise we will do it and even do it better. How to prove it? Do you know understnad one of the main divergences between two contries?
再看了一下有關的定義,發現中國的1990-2005 減低46%不是指的“排放總量”,而是“單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放量”, 而美國的減少4% 是指的總量。兩者是蘋果和桔子之比,所以才有混淆的結果。So I'll take out the added sentence in the third paragraph to avoid confusion.
I guess this is a logical problem: if the data does not show the part related to exports at all, then you cannot any longer to use exportation to explain the data itself, right?