上周二 (12/3/2013), 伊利諾州議會以62 比53的投票結果,通過了歷史性的公共事業員工退休金改革法案(SB1, Illinois Public Pension Reform Act),長達數年的 pension改革終於走出了實質性的一步。周三州長馬上簽署了該法案,但受到法案直接影響的州政府雇員工會(包括州立大學員工工會-University Professionals of Illinois, or UPI)則誓言將對此法案的合法性提出訴訟。雖然現在還無法預料訴訟的結果會如何,但這個歷史性的改革法案具體條款如何,是否能如其所願逐步解決病入膏肓的伊州退休金體系的問題,還是值得分析分析的。
1。Impose cap for "pensionable salary" -- 對“可用於退休金計算”的工資收入設立上限。以前,拿年金(annuity)的退休人員的每年退休金額是根據退休前最高工資和服務年限來計算的。如果一個教授退休前最高工資是$150K,而且總共服務了三十年的話,那麼他可以在退休後每年獲得退休前最高工資的80%(也就是$120K)。而目前的改革方案將用來計算退休金的收入上限設為$110K,超過這個部分的收入將不計入退休金的計算。也就是說,不管你退休前工資多高,退休後的年金最多也就是$88K一年(假設在系統內工作滿30年的話)。這個改革當然對收入高的政府員工有負面的影響,而且影響不是一點點。
2。不僅如此,新的退休金改革計劃還將降低退休人員每年退休金的“Cost of Living Adjustment” (or COLA) 漲幅。以前,伊州退休人員每年可以得到3%的COLA adjustment,這個漲幅的目的是用來 cover 每年的通脹(也就是所謂“生活成本增長率” )。新法案將這3%的漲幅限制於前$25K的收入,超過這個限額的部分將不再享受任何漲幅。別小看這每年3%的漲幅,如果你做一個簡單的計算,就會發現,假如一個退休人員的退休年金為$72K,按照現在的每年3%的增長幅度,退休二十年後他的年收入將為$120K;而改革之後,退休二十年之後則只能拿到$85K。退休人員的實際損失還是相當大的。
4。儘管上面的幾個舉措都是不利於州工作人員的,但該法案有一條卻是對員工有利的--那就是它提議將員工的投入分額從目前的8%降低到7%。這也是為什麼伊州的共和黨議員們對該法案頗有微詞的原因,因為他們認為,這其實是法案的提出者(伊州民主黨大佬 Michael Madigan) 企圖討好民主黨大票倉--公共事業工會的做法。有評論者認為這個法案是“兩邊都不討好”,這也是一個重要原因。不過,考慮到伊州是民主黨的老巢(尤其是芝加哥地區),幾大工會對本地選舉有着舉足輕重的影響,法案的倡議者也不能不考慮到工會的一些利益。
此外,還有一些 funding methods 方面的改變。比如,目前在 "Defined Benefits" 計劃中的工作人員(也就是不管到退休時退休計劃中的錢有多少,退休人員只按照上面所說的 formula 拿年金,從一般的概念來講是一種”旱澇保收“的做法),有5%可以獲得許可在2015年七月前選擇”凍結“這部分的退休計劃,而進入”Defined Contribution “的計劃(但具體這5%是如何決定,被凍結的那部分計劃在退休時如何領取年金,詳細的措施都還沒有出台)。這個做法實際上是允許一部分(當然5%這個比例在我看來有點太小了)的員工漸漸與州政府的退休計劃脫鈎,自己管理自己的退休金,這其實上是在向很多私營企業的做法靠攏。事實上,許多其他州政府的工作人員早就已經沒有伊州這樣的pension 系統了; 而伊州最近兩年對退休金計劃的漸進改革,已經導致很多新加入公共事業的員工選擇100% 的 “defined contribution”。很多退休計劃專家認為,100% 的 Defined Contribution Plan (也就是完全由市場決定退休金的回報,沒有Defined Benefits 的“guarantee" )是很不保險的,尤其是考慮到伊州公共事業員工本來就不參加 social security。不過,相比許多私營企業(比如Enron)員工在公司倒閉之時,一輩子的心血完全付之東流,公共事業員工至少還是有一定的保障。所以,雖然因為這些改革自己退休後的收入會大大縮水,我覺得這些舉措總的來說還是大勢所趨,否則的話伊州只有一天天垮下去。當然,這個法案是否能最後真正執行,還要看公共事業工會是否能夠在法庭上成功挑戰它的合法性。至於這個過程會拖多久,就讓我們拭目以待吧
A.自我儲蓄的RRSP,不超過收入的20%, income tax-deferred, growth is tax-free; B.聯邦政府的CPP,年交$2K左右,65歲後可領,max.~$1K/month; B-2.聯邦政府的老年金補助,給中低收入的老人,65歲後可領,每月數百到千餘; C.雇主退休金,DBPP or DCPP or combined.
說說C。DCPP一般是員工交6%,雇主等額match,投資回報自求多福。DBPP,以聯邦政府的員工計劃往往是取average of 5 best earning years, 2% for each year served, max.70%, age+service>=85. 員工contribution各計劃不同,有free ride, 也有近10%的。
So you must be in the CALPERS system! I was working at CSU campus for a short term, so I have a little bit invested in that plan. Also because of my time with the CSU system, I will receive SS benefits (a little bit) too. So I'm going to get benefits from different sources when I retire and sure hope our plan is in good condition for the next 10-15 years :)!
另外謝謝你補充加州州政府員工的退休金結構。曾經在加州公立大學系統工作了半年,對 的情況有點了解。照你這樣說,伊州的退休制度還遠遠不是最慷慨的呢。這樣的體系何以為繼? ___________________________________ I did check the SURS report.
The plan has a balance of 14.7b, covers 199k people. In 2012, it received 1.3b as contribution from various sources including employees and the state, but benefits payouts are at 1.856b.
For the same period, the california plan that I belong to has a balance of 41.86b, covers 176k members, In 2012, it takes in 2.1b contribution, and the payouts are 2b.
另外謝謝你補充加州州政府員工的退休金結構。曾經在加州公立大學系統工作了半年,對 的情況有點了解。照你這樣說,伊州的退休制度還遠遠不是最慷慨的呢。這樣的體系何以為繼? __________________________________________ Thanks, sorry that I cannot only write in English now. The california income tax brackets are pretty rediculous, and as you can see it favors the rich. Over the years, I am in this 9.3% bracket, even if I just make average salary here.
Retirement plans are very complicated. With your data, I realised that the Illinois one is poorly funded at 40+%. In California, there was a crisis several years ago in our system, since it was under 100% funded, and we started to contribute to the plan. YES, we did not contribute to our retirement plan for over 20 years, and we had something called contribution vacation.
You may hear from media that California is very poor, however, if you look at the balance of three major pension plans in California: Cal PERS, CalSTRS, UCRP, the balance is more thatn the Chinese national retirement plan.
From you posting, my conclusion that given the current funding level of SURS and other plans in Illinois, you do have a very nice pension deal.
這是美國各級政府普遍性的一個問題。 ________________________________ It will be more shocking until you hear my case: I work for an institution in California. We have a pension plan better than the Illinois one (for one, theirs is calculated based on the highest 96 months, and ours on 36 months, and the state is contributing 12% of the cost) plus full medical benefits for life for the entire family after 20 years of service. On the top of that, we have social security just like everyone else, and the employer is contributing another 7.5%.
結婚的 For earnings between $0.00 and $14,248, you'll pay 1.00% For earnings between $14,248.00 and $33,780, you'll pay 2.00% plus $142.48 For earnings between $33,780.00 and $53,314, you'll pay 4.00% plus $533.12 For earnings between $53,314.00 and $74,010, you'll pay 6.00% plus $1,314.48 For earnings between $74,010.00 and $93,532, you'll pay 8.00% plus $2,556.24 For earnings between $93,532.00 and $2,000,000, you'll pay 9.30% plus $4,118.00 For earnings over $2,000,000.00, you'll pay 10.30% plus $181,419.52
大教授, 伊州的州稅是 flat tax,所以對高收入者當然不像聯邦收入稅那樣“偏向”。好像加州的州稅是類似聯邦收入稅,最高的 bracket 是 10.3% (for individuals with income above $1M or couples with income over $2M)。所以最近幾年常聽說那裡的富人們不堪越來越重的稅負“逃離”到其他州甚至其他國家。不過,加州的超級富豪多多,即便這樣,也不會造成太大的影響。