這裡先借用椰子在文章後面對讀者的回覆來做一個定義:Political correctness (adjectivally, politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term denoting language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and institutional offense in occupational, gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, handicap, and age-related contexts......Thus, politically incorrect connotes language, ideas, and behavior, unconstrained by orthodoxy and the fear of giving offense"。椰子在後面還做了一個自己的註解:“可見這是在社交場合或公眾場所以及可供人們閱讀的媒體上,人們為避免得罪弱勢群體(常見於有色人種或女性在場),而在言語上極其注意自己的遣詞造句以免造次,冒犯了人。標準是當時主流社會認可的價值或說法,這樣也可以延伸到不僅是弱勢群體,還有某種政治制度、意識形態在具體社會裡是正確的”。它的起源,正如一位網友在椰子文章後面指出的,正是來源於馬列主義陣營; 但在社會主義陣營里主要用於袒護政府的意識形態,到了美國這個資本主義社會,卻漸漸演變成為保護弱勢群體和易手傷害的群體的東西,這中間的漸變過程到底如何,雖然超過了本文的範圍和本人的能力所及,本身就是值得探討的問題。
Dr. Thio Li-Ann擔任人權法教授,但這個決定遭到了學校同性戀學生的反對--因為這位學者(她同時也是新加坡議會成員)在新加坡曾經對反對同性戀行為的議案投過贊成票。NYU 的LGBT 協會組織了748 名學生聯名上書,抗議學校雇用教授,他們在信中說:“By bringing Dr. Thio to NYU, the Law School is acting in opposition to its own policy of nondiscrimination and undermining its commitment to advancing human rights world-wide. This is a step backwards in the Law School’s longstanding support of the LGBT community。”在這樣的壓力下,Thio 教授決定拒絕紐約大學的聘書。對此事件,一位法學專家評論道:“..gay students (and members of other historically disadvantaged groups) are said to suffer actual discrimination when the administration hires faculty members who argue against anti-discrimination laws. This confusion of speech and action─ of advocating for discrimination and actually engaging in it ─ is common in academia, where academic freedom is too often limited to the freedom to advance prevailing ideals of equality.” and, "once again, the advocates of “diversity” and “tolerance” have shown themselves remarkably intolerant of different points of view. Academic freedom takes a back seat to political correctness. "
還有許多,有些不見得涉及“政治正確”,所以就不多說。但有一個比較有深遠影響的案子(Stronach v. Virginia State University) 這裡有必要提一下。2008 年,佛吉尼亞法院判決校方不經過教授同意改動學生成績並未違背學術自由原則(“that no constitutional right to academic freedom exists that would prohibit senior (university) officials from changing a grade given by (a professor) to one of his students”)。但法庭也申明,它並不認為校方有權“強迫”教授修改學生的成績(如果這樣的話就違背了學術自由); 但在這個案子裡,學生直接向校方提出抗議,校方出面干預,並不構成違法。這個案子引起了非常強烈的反響,不少學者認為是學術自由受到打擊的又一個里程碑。
昭君, 謝謝你。我想說的是統治階級與被統治階級是我們這個學科(社會學)無法繞過,或者說是一個非常significant的,one of the defining feature of society的學術觀點。從你和高天的討論我也看到學科之間看世界的角度和術語都有極大差別。馬克思是我非常佩服和推崇的學者,他對資本主義社會的性質的揭示很深刻。
我和椰公這兩天都在家裡討論這個話題呢。我們總結了一下政治正確大概可分為三類,(1)國家或社會制度層次的,意識形態層次的,即在美國不能說社會主義制度也有其優越性, (2)在公共場合,不能說stereotype的東西,關於種族的、性別的、性取向的,一說就是政治不正確了,對公眾人物後果可以很嚴重; (3)第三類是你文章尾巴里那一類的,屬於label型的,聽起來搞笑,但是也要注意,否則也不知怎麼就踩了誰的尾巴了。(不過要那些是真的,那我可是經常政治不正確,像我從來只說unemployment,不會說“between two jobs"這樣的話。)
twocentsworth: "It is ONLY when "political correctness" is used as a CLUB to beat the unconventional, the "wild spirits", the "free thinkers", the "anti-socials" etc. into line that it becomes repugnant".
昭君, Apologize for writing in English...it's hard enough writing my own blog in Chinese, but of course for the sake of all other readers, please feel free to reply in Chinese.
Reader 天擇 is on a very crucial point. "Political correctness" exists for very good reasons, such as protecting minority rights etc. etc. It is ONLY when "political correctness" is used as a CLUB to beat the unconventional, the "wild spirits", the "free thinkers", the "anti-socials" etc. into line that it becomes repugnant. (And I think you stated as much in your piece.)
This is one excellent essay! The comment about Dr. Thio is right on. Society often walks on eggshell when it comes to political correctness. The result is that “special interests” end up carrying the day, and those who are only sometimes politically incorrect are silenced.
On a bigger scale this is what happened to 聶紺弩 in the beautiful narration in 往事並不如煙。中國文革 was a huge exercise in stamping out political incorrectness. 它的目的和作用,就是要消滅所有”politically incorrect”的分子。
Your other examples, too, are very much on topic.
As for your examples of “politically correct” phrases, here’s one from me. For a long time a member of my family kept referring to her fiancé as “my partner”. We thought it was hilarious. It sounded more like they were a law firm or a business enterprise, than a loving relationship.
Wow... this awsome, collected if it is okay with you.
“Bald”=“Comb-Free” “Blind”=“Visually Challenged”, Can't even say "visually impaired"? “Prostitute”=“Sex Care Provider” “Ugly”=“Cosmetically Different” “Unemployed”=“Involuntarily leisured”
A Criminal - unsavory character Cheating - Academic Dishonesty China – Porcelain Dead - Actuarially Mature Drug Addict - Chemically Challenged Fat - horizontally gifted Short - vertically challenged Homeless - outdoor urban dwellers Prisoner - client of the correctional system Stupid - differently-brained