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Istanbul, Hagia Sophia TUR(土耳其伊斯坦布尔“繁荣之门”·圣智大教堂) 2020-04-29 08:22:11

2015-06-26

Hagia Sophia0001.JPG

【Aiden in English】

        Churches are an acceptable way of demonstrating art. Some architectures are simply unmatched by the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Arriving in Europe, we could not escape the lush history of religion. Religion sort of… is the history in an exotic area. 

        Among all the religions in the world, one emerges from the rest, and this one is Islam. With them came a type of church that defined every Christian Catholic or Orthodox architectural law. It became a mosque. We have arrived in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and the only city in the world on two continents. Here, each civilization from all three significant empires has left behind fascinating aspects of its diverse cultures and traditions. And well, let’s say Istanbul incarnates highly religious beliefs. When I mention it, I mean going to extremes. 

        Today’s highlight was the famous mosque called Hagia Sophia, the Church of Holy Wisdom. This wondrous model of Byzantine architecture was built by Constantine the Great in 325 and converted into a mosque by Sultan Mehmet in 1453. The Islamic faith doesn’t permit religious iconic imagery in a place of worship. Still, the Byzantine mosaics were so exceptional that they weren’t destroyed; they were just plastered over and added more Muslim elements. They were only dramatically revealed in 1936 when the building became a museum.

        The minarets rose high up into the sky, spiraling up and up as if they were reaching for the clouds. The shining gold dome of sparkling and the reflected lights made the air around it seem to shimmer. Unlike in Europe, the unique mosaic marble and pillars held up a massive dome decorated with mosaics. However, a few changes through the years had to be made to the building. It had collapsed two times previously due to the miscalculations of the dome’s weight and pressure. The knowledge of that piece of information didn’t exactly calm my nerves. So, throughout the tour, instead of saying and repeating, “Don't look down,” I whispered: “don’t look up!” I took special notice of the floor and nearly lower walls. The color varied, but as far as I could tell, the material looked the same as all the Greek churches I visited. You guessed it (hopefully)! It was marble! Yet, why was there a green and red variation of colors? The answer was that the white marble on the floor was local from Ephesus, while the ones in different colors were imported from Egypt and other Mediterranean countries. That led to the question of why the mosque absolutely had no painting. Every picture, pattern, or decoration was a mosaic. The work was nice but not wildly good. What astonished me was how they got the piece of art onto the dome roof. They had to work with the dome on the ground and then carefully lift it onto the walls. Or people had to get a considerable boost from a platform to reach the roof, not to mention putting tiny pebbles into place. The building mainly resembled the Byzantine style. The mosques also created some different styles. They had the other styles of the world as ingredients, and the architect of Hagia Sophia tossed them in the oven, and out came … whatever masterpiece you call this.

        The Islamic culture gained much fame through mosques because nothing resembles these structures of glory. The Christian churches are significant, but sometimes, something different turns into what we need for a masterpiece.

【红霞译】

        教堂可谓艺术再现形式,某些出自古罗马、拜占庭及奥斯曼帝国的宗教建筑风格迥异,彼此之间形成了鲜明对比。一旦走进欧洲,我们根本无法回避早已根深蒂固的宗教历史,宗教俨然与异国风情密不可分。

        纵观天下所有宗教,伊斯兰教彻底打破基督教、天主教、东正教的清规戒律,全新创出与众不同的清真寺。眼下我们置身土耳其规模最大、世界上唯一地跨欧亚两大陆的城市,这个曾为三大帝国首都的伊斯坦布尔承袭了多元性文化以及本民族传统之精髓,将神圣的宗教信仰推向极致,甚至可以说达到了非常极端的境地。

        今天我们出游焦点集中在著名的清真寺圣索非亚大教堂,也叫上帝圣智教堂。公元325年间,由君士坦丁大帝始建这座美轮美奂的拜占庭式建筑;1453年,苏丹·穆罕默德着手改造成清真寺。伊斯兰教规通常不允许在敬拜真主的地方出现圣像,但因欣赏拜占庭马赛克镶嵌工艺才没有完全销毁基督殿堂,只不过涂上石灰将原有象征基督教的部分掩盖起来,重新加固装修并增设了具有穆斯林特色的建筑结构,直到1936年圣索非亚大教堂作为博物馆进入公众视线,历史真相才昭然若揭。

        圣索非亚大教堂的尖塔直冲云霄,而且一个赛过一个,大有欲与天公试比高之势;穹窿顶尖金光闪耀,反射的余辉令周围一切黯然失色。与欧洲其它教堂不同,独树一帜的马赛克大理石柱支撑对角线为直径的圆顶,上面全部装饰着镶嵌图案,多年来该清真寺不断维修加建,之前曾因穹顶重量和压力计算失误而出现过两次倒塌事故,听来不免令人心惊肉跳,所以在参观期间,我不是反复告诫自己莫往下看,而是喃喃地提醒自己:“千万别抬头朝上张望!”我有意盯着地面几乎接近墙角,眼前五颜六色,所用材料倒与我去过的希腊所有东正教堂没啥两样,你猜得出(希望如此)!没错,正是大理石!但为什么有绿色和红色不同颜色变化呢?原来白色大理石来自本国以弗所,而其它带色的则全部从埃及和地中海其它国家进口,由此引申出清真寺为何要涂颜料问题。实际上,这里每一幅画、每一个图案、每一帧装饰全靠马赛克,做工精致讲究,但材料本身非常普通。我十分好奇它们是怎样被贴到穹顶上的,想不到要先把穹顶拿下来放在地面,然后再小心翼翼地举上去恢复回位,换句话说,人们必须借助擎天梯子方能够到顶部,且不提同时还要捎带上用来装饰的鹅卵碎石。圣索非亚大教堂主要沿袭了拜占庭建筑风格,隐含不少独到之处,建筑师们在借鉴国际先进设计的同时勇于革新,历经千辛万苦…终于打造出来震撼天下的不朽杰作。

        清真寺极大地弘扬了伊斯兰教文化,世上没有什么比如此形象的建筑更能体现穆斯林精神。尽管基督教教堂在所有宗教建筑中独领风骚,但有时大千世界需要新生事物来完善自身。

Today in History(历史上的今天):

2015: Istanbul, the Gate of Felicity TRU(土耳其伊斯坦布尔·东西合璧)

2015: Istanbul, Grand Bazaar of Turkey(土耳其伊斯坦布尔·大集市)

2014: Chili's(红辣椒烧烤酒吧)


Panorama of Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque

(圣智大教堂清真寺·全景)


Hagia Sophia (圣智大教堂 06-27-2015)


Minarets (宣礼塔)


Sadırvan for Ritual Ablutions (供受洗仪式使用的水池)

Remains of the Older Church (老教堂遗物)


The 5th-Century Remnants of Theodosian (五世纪天赐大教堂遗物)

2015-06-26_Hagia Sophia-30001.JPG

Church of Saint Sava (启蒙者教堂 06-26-2015)

2015-06-27_Hagia Sophia_Mosaic_Apse of the Virgin and Child 后殿《圣母子》-30001.JPG

Apse of the Virgin and Child (后殿《圣母子》 06-26-2015)


Apse of the Virgin and Child (后殿《圣母子》马赛克)

2015-06-26_Hagia Sophia_Loge of the Empress-10001.JPG

Loge of the Empress (皇后包厢 06-26-2015)


Loge of the Empress (皇后包厢)


Polychrome Marble Revetment (彩色大理石护墙)


Medallions and Chandeliers (项链垂饰与枝形吊灯)


The Face of the Hexapterygon (六翼天使脸)

6-Winged Angel (六翼天使)


Christian & Islamic Elements (基督教和伊斯兰元素)

Mihrab Located in the Apse Pointing toward Mecca

(位于后殿面朝麦加的壁龛)

Mihrab (壁龛)

2015-06-26_Hagia Sophia_Vaulting Nave-20001.JPG

Vaulting Nave (拱形中殿 06-27-2015)


Pulpit (讲坛)


Ceiling Decoration Showing Original Christian Cross Still Visible through the Later Aniconic Decoration

(天花板装饰显示出原始的基督教十字架,在后来非标志性装饰中依然可见)


Marble Floor of the Omphalion (脐点大理石地面)

Lustration Urn Brought from Pergamon by Murad III & Carved from A Single Block of Marble in the 2nd Century BC

(由穆拉德三世从帕加马古城带来的由一块公元前二世纪完整大理石做成的洁净骨灰缸)


Wishing Column (许愿柱)


Sultan Mahmud I's Library in 1739 & Decorated w/ 16-18th Century Iznik_ Kutahya & Tekfur Palace Tiles

(1739年用16—18世纪伊兹尼克、屈塔希和泰富尔瓷砖建成的苏丹·马哈茂德一世图书馆)

The Loggia of the Empress w/ the Columns Made of Green Thessalian Stone 

(柱子由绿色塞萨尔石制成的女皇凉廊)


Imperial Gate Mosaic (帝王门马赛克)


Details of Imperial Gate Mosaic (帝王门马赛克细节)


Imperial Gate Relief (帝王门浮雕)

Southwestern Entrance (西南门)


10th-Century Southwestern Entrance Mosaic Panel

(十世纪西南门马赛克板)

Southwestern Entrance (西南门)



The Deësis Mosaic (三圣像马赛克)


The Comnenus Mosaic (约翰二世马赛克)


The Empress Zoe Mosaic (皇后佐伊“生命”马赛克)

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· Leeds Castle, the Loveliest on
· Port of London @ Tilbury, Engl
· Windsor, the Royal Borough UK(
· Salisbury, Britain's Tall
· Ringwood, the Market Town Engl
· New Forest NP, the Royal Hunti
· Woodhenge, Neolithic Calendar
· Stonehenge, the Giant's R
· Middle of Nowhere @ North Sea(
· Edinburgh, Firth of Forth Scot
【Vatican(欧洲梵蒂冈'2015)】
· St. Peter's Basilica, Vat
· World's Smallest Country,
【Malta(欧洲马耳他'2015)】
· Mdina, the Medieval Capital of
· Valletta, the II-Belt of Malta
· European Colonized Nation, Mal
【Turkey(欧洲土耳其'2015)】
· Istanbul, Topkapi Palace TUR(
· Istanbul, the Gate of Felicity
· Istanbul, Grand Bazaar TUR(土
· Golden Horn @ Marmara Sea, TUR
· Bosporus Strait, the Narrowest
· Seljuk, the Sacred Place TUR(
· Kusadasi, the Aegean Resort TU
· Dardanelles Strait, Sea of Hel
· Istanbul, the Blue Mosque TUR(
· Istanbul, the Basilica Cistern
【Bulgaria(欧洲保加利亚'201】
· Nessebar, Thracian Influence B
· Nessebar, Religious Art BGR(保
· Nessebar, Pearl of Black Sea(
【Romania(欧洲罗马尼亚'2015】
· Constanta, the Oldest City ROU
· Bucharest, La Belle Epoque ROU
· Bucharest, Balkan Paris ROU(罗
· Dimitrie Gusti Natl Village Mu
· Ceausescu's Dictatorship,
【Greece(欧洲希腊'2015-18)】
· Katakolon, Traditional Dishes
· Olympia, the Promised Land GRC
· Olympia, Mountain of the Gods
· Cape Sounion, Temple of Poseid
· Rhodes, Grand Master of the Kn
· Rhodes, Acropolis of Lindos in
· Cycladic Mykonos, Greece(希腊
· Delos, Apollo & Artemis GR
· Khios, Nea Moni of Chios Greec
· Khios, the Homer's Stone
【Italy(欧洲意大利'2015-24)】
· Oceania Marina @ Civitavecchia
· Livorno Port on the Ligurian I
· Florence w/ Ponte Vecchio, ITA
· Florence, the City of Lilies I
· Florence, Public Arts in Italy
· Florence, Piazza della Signori
· Florence, Piazza del Duomo ITA
· Florence, Santa Croce of Italy
· Pisa, Home to Galileo in Italy
· Pisa, the Leaning Tower of Ita
【Europe(欧洲掠影'2015-24)】
· Historic Center of Bruges, Bel
· Leeds Castle, the Loveliest on
· Port of London @ Tilbury, Engl
· Le Havre, the Beautiful Concre
· Rouen Cathedral, Monet's
· Rouen, City of One Hundred Bel
· Saint-Malo, the Corsair City i
· Mont St-Michel, Wonder of the
· Dinard, Cannes of the North in
· Walled Town of Concarneau, Fra
【Mexico(中美洲墨西哥'2014)】
· Farewell to Riviera Maya, Mexi
· Tulum Mayan Ruins, Mexico(墨西
· Chichen Itza Mayan Ruins, Mexi
· Cancun Getaway, Mexico(墨西哥
· Cozumel, Mexico(墨西哥科苏梅尔
【Morocco(非洲摩洛哥'2024)】
· Agdir, the White City of Moroc
· Hassan II Mosque, Morocco(摩洛
· Casablanca, the Atlas Lions of
· El Jadida, the Hamptons of Mor
· Portuguese City of Mazagan, Mo
【Botswana(非洲博茨瓦纳'201】
· Chobe, Wild Mania Safari BWA(
· Chobe NP, Botswana(博茨瓦纳乔
【South Africa(非洲南非'201】
· Nothing like Johannesburg, SA(
· Cape Town, the Legislative Cap
· From Indian to Atlantic Ocean,
· Tala, Game Reserve Safari SA(
· Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park
【Mozambique(非洲莫桑比克'2】
· Maputo, Eccentric Elephant Fet
· New Year's Day on Mozambi
· New Year's Eve on Mozambi
【Tanzania(非洲坦桑尼亚'201】
· Safari in Selous Game Reserve
· Zanzibar, the Stone Town TZA(
【Maldives(亚洲马尔代夫'201】
· Malé Atoll, Neverland Maldives
· Submarine in Male, Maldives(马
【India(亚洲印度'2013)】
· Easy Fishing in Cochin, India(
· Hindu in Mangalore, India(印度
· God's Power of Goa, India
· Elephanta Caves near Mumbai, I
· Potpourris in Mumbai, India(印
· 纽约领事馆印度签证(Indian Visa
【UAE(中东阿联酋'2013)】
· Rub Al Khali Desert Safari, UA
· Golden Frenzy in Sharjah, UAE(
· Dubai, Top of the World in UAE
· Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, UAE
· First Day in United Arab Emira
【Asia(静观亚洲'2013-19)】
· Beijing, Last Day in Hometown
· Cheng Mansion Banquet, China(
· Nanjing, Ever Cry, Never Life
· Suzhou Museum, IM Pei Masterpi
· Suzhou, Shantang Hist Cultural
· Suzhou, Cold Hill Temple in Ch
· Suzhou, Tiger Hill of China(中
· Suzhou, Pan Gate Scenic Area i
· Suzhou, Venice of the East in
· Suzhou, Lion Grove Garden of C
【Indian Ocean(穿越印度洋'1】
· Home Sweet Home(印度洋旅游归来
· Nothing like Johannesburg, SA(
· Chobe, Wild Mania Safari BWA(
· Chobe NP, Botswana(博茨瓦纳乔
· Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe(津巴
· Cape Town, the Legislative Cap
· From Indian to Atlantic Ocean,
· Tala, Game Reserve Safari SA(
· Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park
· Maputo, Eccentric Elephant Fet
【Ecuador(南美洲厄瓜多尔'20】
· Santa Cruz Island, Ecuador(厄
· Kicker Rock/Witch Hill, Ecuado
· Frigatebird Hill, Ecuador(厄瓜
· N Seymour, Ecuador(厄瓜多尔北
· Bachas Beach, Ecuador(厄瓜多尔
· Bartolome Island, Ecuador(厄瓜
· Sullivan Bay of Santiago Is, E
· Isabella Island, Ecuador(厄瓜
· Rabida Island, Ecuador(厄瓜多
· James Bay of Santiago Is, ECU(
【Brazil(南美洲巴西'2013)】
· Rio de Janeiro, the Carnival C
· Rio de Janeiro, the Marvelous
· Capital Brasilia, Brazil(巴西
· Travel Break in Brazil(巴西旅
· Iguazu Falls, Brazil(巴西伊瓜
【Argentina(南美洲阿根廷'20】
· Iguazu NP, Argentina(阿根廷伊
· Buenos Aires, Paris of S Ameri
· Buenos Aires, Fair Winds ARG(
· Buenos Aires, Good Airs ARG(阿
· Puerto Madryn, the Diving Capi
· Cruise @ Sea on New Year'
· Malvinas/Falkland Is, S Americ
· Glacier Alley CHL & Ushuai
【Chile(南美洲智利'2012)】
· Cape Horn, the Furious Fifties
· Glacier Alley CHL & Ushuai
· 2012 Antarctic Dream(小学四年
· Amalia Tidewater Glacier, Chil
· Puerto Montt, the Fujiyama Cit
· Valparaiso, the Pacific Jewel
· Vina Del Mar, the Garden City
· Santiago, City of the Island i
· Capital Santiago, Chile(智利首
· Easter Island, Moai Statues Ch
【S.America(漂流南美洲'2012】
· Santa Cruz Island, Ecuador(厄
· Kicker Rock/Witch Hill, Ecuado
· Frigatebird Hill, Ecuador(厄瓜
· N Seymour, Ecuador(厄瓜多尔北
· Bachas Beach, Ecuador(厄瓜多尔
· Bartolome Island, Ecuador(厄瓜
· Sullivan Bay of Santiago Is, E
· Isabella Island, Ecuador(厄瓜
· Rabida Island, Ecuador(厄瓜多
· James Bay of Santiago Is, ECU(
【非洲埃及(Egypt'2011)】
· 埃及开罗·千塔之城(Cairo, the C
· 埃及古尔代盖·红海度假胜地(Hurg
· 埃及香水文化(Egyptian Perfume)
· 埃及卢克索·最大的神殿(Luxor, t
· 埃及卡纳克·最老的神殿(Karnak,
· 埃及哈布城·神殿祭庙(Medinet, H
· 埃及底比斯·热气球空游(Thebes,
· 埃及尼罗河·游轮(Nile, Cruising
· 埃及康翁波·二神庙(Kom Ombo, Te
· 埃及阿布辛贝·双神庙(Abu Simbel
【Africa(漫游非洲'2011-24)】
· Agdir, the White City of Moroc
· Hassan II Mosque, Morocco(摩洛
· Casablanca, the Atlas Lions of
· El Jadida, the Hamptons of Mor
· Portuguese City of Mazagan, Mo
· Moroccan & Canarian Magic(
· Nothing like Johannesburg, SA(
· Chobe, Wild Mania Safari BWA(
· Chobe NP, Botswana(博茨瓦纳乔
· Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe(津巴
【大洋洲澳大利亚(Australia'】
· 澳洲蓝山·国家公园和高山岩洞(Bl
· 澳洲悉尼·绿宝石城(Sydney, the
· 澳洲艾尔斯巨石·多头国家公园(Ay
· 澳洲大洋路·沉船海岸(Great Ocea
· 澳洲墨尔本·文学城(Melbourne, t
· 澳洲堪培拉·相约首都(Reunion in
· 澳洲菲利普岛·仙企鹅游行(Philli
· 澳洲塔斯马尼亚·荒原(Tasmania,
· 澳洲·骑在羊背上的国家(Riding o
【大洋洲新西兰(New Zealand'】
· 新西兰峡湾国家公园(Fiordland N
· 新西兰达尼丁·文学城(Dunedin, t
· 新西兰达尼丁·南方的爱丁堡(Dune
· 新西兰基督城·花园之城(Christch
· 新西兰首都惠灵顿·风城(Wellingt
· 新西兰怀奥塔普“圣水”地热奇境(W
· 新西兰罗托鲁阿·硫磺之城(Rotoru
· 新西兰陶波·淡水火山口湖区(Taup
· 新西兰怀托摩·萤火虫水洞(Waitom
· 新西兰奥克兰·异乡重逢(Reunion
【横渡大洋洲(Oceania'2009-1】
· 澳洲蓝山·国家公园和高山岩洞(Bl
· 澳洲悉尼·绿宝石城(Sydney, the
· 澳洲艾尔斯巨石·多头国家公园(Ay
· 澳洲大洋路·沉船海岸(Great Ocea
· 澳洲墨尔本·文学城(Melbourne, t
· 澳洲堪培拉·相约首都(Reunion in
· 澳洲菲利普岛·仙企鹅游行(Philli
· 澳洲塔斯马尼亚·荒原(Tasmania,
· 澳洲·骑在羊背上的国家(Riding o
· 新西兰峡湾国家公园(Fiordland N
【Caribbean(航游加勒比海'20】
· Farewell to Riviera Maya, Mexi
· Tulum Mayan Ruins, Mexico(墨西
· Chichen Itza Mayan Ruins, Mexi
· Cancun Getaway, Mexico(墨西哥
· Punchlines on Carnival Glory(“
· Sandbar, Offshore Bar Grand Ca
· Roatán, the Coral Reef Hondura
· Water Caye, Barrier Reef of Be
· Cozumel, Mexico(墨西哥科苏梅尔
· Scavenger Hunt @ Caribbean Sea
【夏威夷(Hawaii'2007)】
· 夏威夷“挪威·以爱为荣”号游轮的
· 夏威夷州火神岛·相聚之岛(Oahu t
· 夏威夷州可爱岛·花园之岛(Kauai
· 夏威夷州茂宜岛·火神之岛(Maui,
· 夏威夷州大岛(Hawaii, the Big I
· 幼儿班·出游夏威夷的契机(Excuse
【Junior(大学三年级'2023-24】
· Errand Run w/ the Junior Helpe
· 3-Michelin-Starred Per Se, NYC
· A Lasting Imprint @ Jr Spring
· 1-Michelin-Starred Gramercy Ta
· 1-Michelin-Starred Estela, NYC
· Snow Pleasure of the Fleeting
· Convivial Lunches in Holiday S
· Reunion of GHCS Class 2017, PA
· Chinatown & Little Italy,
· 2023 Thanksgiving @ CGCC, PA(
【Sophomore(大学二年级'2022】
· Quiet Quitting for Summer Brea
· Cost of a Couch Potato(躺平的
· House Interior Painting(粉刷房
· Juneteenth Weekend Dined @ Nec
· Move in East Village for Inter
· Memorial Luncheon @ Legal Sea
· Welcome Home Lunch @ China Gou
· NYU Sophomore Move-out Day, NY
· Godspeed Sophomore Spring Brea
· Spring Break—Open to the Whole
【Freshman(大学一年级'2021-】
· Freshman Yr @ Washington Sq, N
· NYU Freshman Move-out Day, NYC
· Godspeed Spring Break in Newar
· Hazy Shade of Winter in Jr. Sp
· Back-to-School Day in Newark,
· 1st Snowflakes on 5-Bean Day(
· Liberty State Park, NJ(新州自
· Wandering in Seaport, NYC(纽约
· A Flyaway Kite on NYU Move-in
【12th Grade(高中四年级'202】
· 2021 NPHS Commencement Ceremon
· NPHS Class of 2021 Senior Clas
· The Progressive Tiger(老虎在进
· Thank-You Note to a History Te
· Thank-You Note to an English T
· Sr. Prom for Class of 2021(202
· Special Talents(特殊才能)
· Shape Perspective & Identi
· Intellectual & Academic In
· How to Use College Education(
【11th Grade(高中三年级'201】
· Uniqueness(杂谈与众不同)
· Book Report—A Deep Dive into a
· Dead Dog in the Street(街头死
· Film Criticism—Webs of Intrica
· Film Criticism—Character Movie
· Brains in Comedy(幽默思维)
· The Graveyard(归宿)
· 2020 Free Summer English Writi
· Poem—What’s in the Closet?(诗
· An Attempt on Leadership(初试
【10th Grade(高中二年级'201】
· Beijing, Last Day in Hometown
· Cheng Mansion Banquet, China(
· Nanjing, Ever Cry, Never Life
· Suzhou Museum, IM Pei Masterpi
· Suzhou, Shantang Hist Cultural
· Suzhou, Cold Hill Temple in Ch
· Suzhou, Tiger Hill of China(中
· Suzhou, Pan Gate Scenic Area i
· Suzhou, Venice of the East in
· Suzhou, Lion Grove Garden of C
【9th Grade(高中一年级'2017】
· Beijing, TongRenTang Chinese M
· Beijing, the Prosperous WangFu
· Beijing, Heart for Friendship
· Nanjing, Brotherly Affection i
· Shanghai, Nanjing Intercity Ra
· Shanghai, the Magic City of Ch
· Shanghai, Paris of the East in
· Shanghai Bund, Pearl of the Or
· Shanghai, Starbucks Reserve Ro
· Shanghai, a Bite of Local Cuis
【8th Grade(初中三年级'2016】
· Alpine Waterfront Towns, Swiss
· Einsiedeln, Abbey & Cheese
· Alpine Potpourri, Swiss(瑞士阿
· Lucerne, Pilatus the Dragon Mt
· Lucerne, Heart of the Country
· Lucerne, Salvation through Chr
· Lucerne, Romantic Pearl of Swi
· Lucerne, the Mournful Lion Swi
· Lucerne, the Chapel Bridge Swi
· Lucerne, Variety of Standard S
【7th Grade(初中二年级'2015】
· 2016 MontCo Youth Field Day(20
· Windsor, the Royal Borough UK(
· Salisbury, Britain's Tall
· Ringwood, the Market Town Engl
· New Forest NP, the Royal Hunti
· Woodhenge, Neolithic Calendar
· Stonehenge, the Giant's R
· Seine Estuary, France(法国塞纳
· Le Havre, the Rebuilt City FRA
· The Seine in Paris, France(法
【6th Grade(初中一年级'2014】
· Istanbul, Topkapi Palace TUR(
· Istanbul, the Gate of Felicity
· Istanbul, Grand Bazaar TUR(土
· Golden Horn @ Marmara Sea, TUR
· Bosporus Strait, the Narrowest
· Nessebar, Thracian Influence B
· Constanta, the Oldest City ROU
· Bucharest, La Belle Epoque ROU
· Bucharest, Balkan Paris ROU(罗
· Dimitrie Gusti Natl Village Mu
【5th Grade(小学五年级'2013】
· Playdate on Labor Day(劳工节邀
· Labor Day Weekend Bowling(劳工
· Labor Day Weekend Party(劳工节
· Last Day of GHCS Camp, PA(宾州
· Spoons Card Game @ GHCS Camp(
· Origami @ GHCS Camp, PA(宾州光
· Yo Yo @ GHCS Camp-2(宾州光华中
· Last Week of GHCS Camp, PA(宾
· Reunion w/ Old Friends, NJ(新
· Last Day of YMCA Camp, PA(宾州
【小学四年级(4th Grade'2012】
· 小学四年级·费城自然博物馆(Acad
· 小学四年级·新泽西州桑迪胡克国
· 小学四年级·蒙哥马利郡青少年野
· 从美国奇幻小说了解中国汉代传说
· 小学四年级·特拉华州利河伯“开阔
· 2013 Lavner Video Game Design
· 小学四年级·从俄国浪漫到革命(Fr
· 小学四年级·宾州法国溪流州立公
· 2013 Drama Camp-5(小学四年级·
· 小学四年级·费城管弦乐团“体育大
【小学三年级(3rd Grade'2011】
· 小学三年级·巴西签证纽约行(Braz
· 小学三年级·蒙哥马利郡青少年野
· 小学三年级·烟囱雨燕驻我家(2012
· 小学三年级·朋友生日聚会(2012 D
· 2012 Tennis Camp(小学三年级·网
· 2012 Music Man Jr. Stills(小学
· 2012 Music Man Jr(小学三年级·
· 小学三年级·水上派对(2012 Pool
· 2012 Camp Report(小学三年级·夏
· 2012 Drama Rehearsal(小学三年
【小学二年级(2nd Grade'2010】
· 2011 Drama-Sports Camp-5(小学
· 2011 Drama-Sports Camp-4(小学
· 2011 Drama-Sports Camp-3(小学
· 2011 Drama-Sports Camp-2(小学
· 2011 Drama-Sports Camp-1(小学
· 小学二年级·戏剧夏令营(2011 Dra
· 小学二年级·业余活动(2011 Extra
· 小学二年级·夏令营(2011 Summer
· 小学二年级·结业典礼(2011 Year-
· 小学二年级·胚胎发育学(Embryolo
【小学一年级(1st Grade'2009】
· 澳洲蓝山·国家公园和高山岩洞(Bl
· 澳洲悉尼·绿宝石城(Sydney, the
· 澳洲艾尔斯巨石·多头国家公园(Ay
· 澳洲大洋路·沉船海岸(Great Ocea
· 澳洲墨尔本·文学城(Melbourne, t
· 澳洲堪培拉·相约首都(Reunion in
· 澳洲菲利普岛·仙企鹅游行(Philli
· 澳洲塔斯马尼亚·荒原(Tasmania,
· 澳洲·骑在羊背上的国家(Riding o
· 新西兰峡湾国家公园(Fiordland N
【学前班(Kindergarten'2008-】
· 牙买加八条河·冒险之都(Ocho Rio
· 哥斯达黎加·奇山异水(Colorful T
· 巴拿马运河(Panama Canal)
· 哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳·魔城(Cartagen
· 阿鲁巴·开心之岛(One Happy Isla
· 佛州迈阿密·古巴风味(Miami, Cub
· 学前班·两个星期(夏令营之后开学
· 学前班算术·孩子的花销(Math on
· 学前班·夏令营(2009 Summer Camp
· 学前班·证书奖状奖杯(2009 Award
【幼儿班(Preschool'2007-08)】
· 幼儿班·吃在“嘉年华·佳运”号游轮
· 波多黎各“富港”·妩媚之岛(Island
· 多米尼加·水淙石之国(Larimar of
· 圣基茨和尼维斯·火山岛(Volcanic
· 巴巴多斯·盛夏光年(Eternal Summ
· 多米尼克·加勒比天然岛(Nature I
· 圣托马斯“双”岛·加勒比海门户(Ca
· 夏威夷“挪威·以爱为荣”号游轮的
· 夏威夷州火神岛·相聚之岛(Oahu t
· 夏威夷州可爱岛·花园之岛(Kauai
【万花筒(Kaleidoscope)】
· 2024 Spelling Bee @ GHCS, PA(
· 2024 Lansdale Intl Spring Fest
· 2024 Teachers' Appreciati
· 2024 Loong Year Heralded w/ Au
· Lunar New Year Woodblock Print
· A Well-Sprouted Cardamom w/ Ca
· A Teenager w/ Life, Courage, &
· 2024 Guanghua Loong New Year G
· Potpourri Simmered from Guangh
· See You @ the Guanghua Gala, P
【中美洲开曼群岛(Cayman Is'】
【中美洲洪都拉斯(Honduras'2】
【中美洲伯利兹(Belize'2014)】
【非洲纳米比亚(Namibia'2014】
【非洲赞比亚(Zambia'2014)】
【非洲津巴布韦(Zimbabwe'201】
【非洲马达加斯加(Madagascar'】
【非洲肯尼亚(Kenya'2013)】
【非洲塞舌尔群岛(Seychelles'】
【亚洲阿曼(Oman'2013)】
【Galapagos(南美洲达尔文群岛】
【南美洲乌拉圭(Uraguay'2013】
【中美洲牙买加(Jamaica'2009】
【中美洲哥斯达黎加(Costa Rica�】
【中美洲巴拿马(Panama'2009)】
【中美洲哥伦比亚(Columbia'2】
【中美洲阿鲁巴(Aruba'2009)】
【中美洲波多黎各(Puerto Rico】
【中美洲多美尼加(Dominican Rep&#】
【中美洲圣基茨(St.Kitts'200】
【中美洲巴巴多斯(Barbados'2】
【中美洲多米尼克(Dominica'2】
【中美洲圣洁群岛(Virgin Is'】
 
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